12 research outputs found
Influence of the Ambivalent Sexism of Elementary School Teachers in Gender-equal Teaching Attitudes
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Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μ¬λ²λν μ¬νκ΅μ‘κ³Ό(μΌλ°μ¬νμ 곡), 2021. 2. λͺ¨κ²½ν.This study investigated the gender-equal teaching attitudes of elementary school teachers and the factors of ambivalent sexism that have influence on teaching attitudes. Due to recent incidents and controversies related to gender issues, the demand for gender sensitivity education is increasing socially. The purpose of this study is to revitalize discussions on gender equality culture in the educational field in response to these social needs and to suggest practical plans. To this end, consideration started with how gender equality education has been mainly conducted in subject areas such as social studies, and in what areas it has been concentrated. As a result, gender equality education in the subject most often dealt with the issue of discrimination based on the hostile view of a specific gender and the social role in the public domain. However, this study was conducted under the awareness that the various gender-related controversies that are occurring today are not necessarily the result of explicit discrimination issues.
To this end, 'Does elementary school teachers' sexism affect gender-equal teaching attitudes?' was set as a research question. The sub-hypothesis established to find out this is as follows.
Sub-hypothesis 1. The weaker the hostile sexism of elementary school teachers, the higher the gender-equality teaching attitudes.
Sub-hypothesis 2. The weaker the benevolent sexism of elementary school teachers, the higher the gender-equality teaching attitudes.
In order to verify the above research hypothesis, this study conducted an online survey on 291 elementary school teachers nationwide who have experience in guiding students' life. The analyzed data included hostile sexism and benevolent sexism as independent variables. Gender, age, teaching experience, number of completion of gender equality training, and recognition of the need for gender equality education were set as control variables to verify the research hypothesis. Multiple regression analysis was conducted by setting gender-equal teaching attitudes as the dependent variable. In addition, variance analysis was performed by dividing the sample into four groups according to the pattern of ambivalent sexism.
The analysis results are as follows. The sexism of elementary school teachers was affecting the gender-equal teaching attitudes. Both benevolent sexism and hostile sexism showed statistically significant results at p <.001 level. Therefore, the hypothesis 'The weaker the hostile sexism of elementary school teachers will have a higher gender-equal teaching attitudes' and 'The weaker the benevolent sexism of elementary school teachers will have a higher gender-equal teaching attitudes.' all were adopted.
Through the above analysis results, the following conclusions were drawn. First, teachers had more benevolent sexism that existed implicitly than hostile sexism that was explicitly seen. However, until now, it has been very rare that the training for teachers and school education for students has officially dealt with benevolent sexism. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare the discussion about other levels of sexism with reference to these results.
Second, both hostile sexism and benevolent sexism of teachers have a significant effect on gender-equal teaching attitudes. Among them, benevolent sexism has a greater influence. If the problem of gender equality only focuses on hostile sexism without such awareness, there is a possibility that the factors that have a significant influence on the practice of gender equality by teachers may be missed. Therefore, gender equality education with diverse perspectives should be reflected to enhance the effectiveness of policies and education.
Third, irrespective of the two types of sexism, the dichotomy of gender roles and gender characteristics negatively affects teachers' gender-equal teaching attitudes. When looking at the results of regression analysis, the items of competitive gender differentiation and complementary gender differentiation were simultaneously negatively affecting the dependent variable. Gender differentiation refers to the view that men and women have different characteristics, so that there are separate fields and roles for each gender. Teachers showed that their stereotypes about jobs and social roles have decreased a lot, but they are still not free from stereotypes about gender characteristics. Therefore, before discussing social roles and division of work in the home, it is necessary to consider more fundamental personal characteristics and personalities.
Finally, some implications can be obtained from the influence of the controlling variable. First, as a result of statistical verification, the training program for gender equality has not played a major role in raising teachers' gender equality awareness and willingness to practice. It is necessary to consider whether the contents and methods of the gender equality training program currently being conducted are appropriately implemented to produce desirable results. The second is the awareness of teachers' need for gender equality education. Nearly half of the teachers are aware of the need for gender equality education in order to cultivate students' citizenship, but because it is practically impossible, they advocate maintaining the current state. In this situation, it is possible to think about ways to deal more actively with related topics in subject areas such as social studies. If timely issues of the current society are treated as learning topics, students would feel more closely with their own problems and actively cultivate the spirit of democratic citizenship.λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ΄λ±νκ΅ κ΅μ¬μ μ±νλ±μ κ΅μ νλμ μ΄μ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλ μκ°μ μ±μ°¨λ³μ£Όμ μμΈλ€μ νꡬν΄λ³΄μλ€. μ΅κ·Όμ λΆκ±°μ§ μ± κ΄λ ¨ μ¬κ±΄κ³Ό λ
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Abstract 107Maste
Localized surface plasmon based super resolution imaging technique with nanostructures
Interdisciplinary Program in Nanomedical Science and Technology/λ°μ¬In this dissertation, I have investigated the plasmon enhanced total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy for improvement of imaging sensitivity and imaging resolution using various nanopatterns in total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. First, I have found the feasibility of the evanescent field enhancement based on dielectric thin films and metal nanostructures in TIRF microscopy for sensitivity enhancement. The enhancement was associated with the overall field intensity amplification. To maximize the field intensity, multi-layers of dielectric films and metal nanopatterns are designed and fabricated using film evaporation and electron beam lithography, respectively. The sensitivity enhancement was confirmed with fluorescent beads and quantum dots attached on cancer cells. Especially, to find the optimum design parameters of plasmon enhanced TIRF microscopy using metal, plasmon momentum mismatches between near field and far field are also determined using rigorous coupled wave analysis. The numerical results are experimentally verified with fluorescent beads on various nanopatterns, such as nanowires and nanoislands. The results confirm that momentum mismatching when exciting plasmons can increase the consequent emission of fluorescence substantially. Consequently, I have introduced three kinds of plasmon-based techniques for super resolution imaging under diffracted-limited: 1) Surface plasmon-enhanced randomly activated (SUPRA) TIRF microscopy 2) nanoscale localization sampling technique and 3) plasmon based spatially activated light microscopy. For SUPRA-TIRF microscopy, I have investigated the imaging resolution enhancement by exciting randomly amplified local hot spots. The random hot spots are activated by chemically synthesized nanoislands. The distribution of hot spots can be adjusted for efficient excitation of fluorescent molecules. This technique was experimentally verified by imaging fluorescent beads and visualizing endocytosis of fluorescent adenoviruses. The results confirm the enhancement of resolution, which was more prominent at higher concentration of fluorescent molecules. For an NLS technique, periodic nanohole arrays that create locally amplified hot spots are fabricated. The localized near field hot spot temporally samples microtubular movement for enhanced spatial resolution. A four times improvement in spatial resolution compared to conventional TIRF microscopy is demonstrated. The resolution enhancement is achieved by imaging rhodamine-labeled microtubules that are sampled by the hot spots to provide sub-diffraction-limited images at 76 nm resolution in the direction of movement and 135 nm orthogonally. The intensity distribution produced by the NLS is measured to be broader than that of conventional imaging, which is consistent with the improvement of imaging resolution. NLS can be useful for moving objects that have a high labeling density of for performing fluctuation spectroscopy in small volumes, and may allow super-resolution on demand by customizing nanoantenna structures for specific resolution needs. On the other hands, PSALM is based on the spatially switched activation of local amplified hot spots under multiple light incidence conditions. The feasibility of the concept was demonstrated by imaging fluorescent beads on a two-dimensional gold nanowire of a 100-nm-wide grating ridge, the size of which is the measure of the imaging resolution. The result confirms the performance of PSALM for imaging the beads at a resolution below the conventional diffraction limit.Further studies of these techniques are expected to provide super resolution under 50 nm to observe and track extremely small molecules or proteins at/near cell membranes.restrictio