15 research outputs found
MgAl2O4์ ์ฐ์ํฉ์ฑ ์ค LiF ์ฒจ๊ฐ๋ฌผ์ ์ํฅ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ฃ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2017. 8. Shinhoo Kang.Due to the excellent mechanical properties and high transparency from near-UV to mid-IR (190<ฮป<6000nm), MgAl2O4 has been used for optical engineering applications, such as armored window systems, high energy laser windows and lightweight armor.
In order to fabricate high quality transparent ceramics, high quality starting powder is necessary.
So we focused on the combustion synthesis method which has recently drawn the attention of researchers due to multiply advantages. But the combustion synthesis method still have some disadvantages need to be overcome. Based on the mechanism of spinel formation, we decided to introduce some additive to improve this method. After calculation, the promising of LiF additive was certified.
With different amount of LiF, combustion synthesis of MgAl2O4 (MAS) was investigated in relation to the synthesis conditions, powder properties, thermodynamic aspects and sinterability. Using citric acid as a single fuel, only hard-agglomeration MAS was obtained with high carbon contamination and poor sinterability which cannot be used as transparent ceramic raw materials. However, by introducing LiF, good property MAS powder can be synthesized. This is because LiF can effectively reduce the formation energy of MAS, remove the residue carbon, reduce agglomeration degree and promote the crystal growth during the combustion reaction. Through 2-steps calcination, the as-obtain high purity powders have been consolidated into transparent ceramics (T=81.0%) by SPS at T=1200โ for 20min holding under P=80MPaChapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Study Background 1
1.2. Synthesis of MgAl2O4 Powders 4
1.3. LiF Additive 7
1.3.1. Sintering Additive 7
1.3.2. Synthesis additive 7
1.4. Objective of the Study 10
Chapter 2. Experimental Methods 11
2.1. Sample Preparation 11
2.2. Characterization Methods 14
Chapter 3. Results and Discussion 15
3.1. Powder Synthesis 15
3.1.1 Reaction Equation & Thermodynamic Aspects 15
3.1.2. TGA DSC 17
3.2. Material characterization of as obtained MgAl2O4 22
3.2.1. Particle Morphology 22
3.2.2. Different Additives 25
3.2.3. Impurity 27
3.2.4. 2 steps calcination 30
3.3. Sintering 35
3.3.1. Air Sintering 35
3.3.2. SPS 37
Chapter 4. Conclusions 39
Reference 40
๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ด๋ก 42
Acknowledgement 43Maste
์ ์ฑ ๊ธฐ์ด๋ฐ์ค์ ์ง๋๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฅ ์ง๋จ์ ์ํ ์ ๊ฐํ ์ผ์์ ์ ๋์ ์ฑ๋ฅ ํ๊ฐ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ๊ธฐ๊ณํญ๊ณต๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2017. 8. ์ค๋ณ๋.A gearbox is one of the critical components in rotating machinery. Timely prediction of gearbox faults become of great importance to minimizing unscheduled machine downtime. Most of gearbox diagnosis studies are focused on the development of gearbox diagnosis algorithms using costly vibration sensors. However, vibration sensor cost matters in some applications, thus pushing to the use of a low-cost accelerometer, such as a knock sensor. This study uses a planetary gearbox with a knock sensor, known to be cheap and good for application (i.e., diesel engines) to detect high frequency.
This study develops a quantitative sensor evaluation process for fault diagnosis. The performance of the sensor is evaluated in terms of vibration performance and fault diagnosis performance. Vibration performance evaluates the sensor's noise level through an experiment using an electro-dynamic transducer. The fault diagnosis performance is evaluated by analyzing the vibration signal obtained from the faulty gear through gearbox feature engineering to check whether the fault has been separated or not.
In this study, two ideas will be proposed. First, some quantitative metrics will be used to evaluate the performance of the sensor. The vibration performance of the knock sensor is comparatively evaluated with the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The stable frequency range of the knock sensor for the fault diagnosis is defined based on the SNR value. From the point of view of the fault diagnosis evaluation, fault separation capability is carried out by probability of separation (PoS) and Fisher discriminant ratio (FDR). Second, a new application of the base signal of feature used for the fault diagnosis will be proposed. The filtered signal obtained by the alternative signal processing method(i.e., autoregressive-minimum entropy deconvolution (AR-MED) and spectral kurtosis (SK)) in the case of no tachometer is used as a difference signal. Analyze the frequency range and periodicity of the fault signal to determine the availability of the feature calculated with the newly applied differential signal.
Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed sensor evaluation process and metric: 1) one-stage planetary gearbox in a wind-turbine rig tester and 2) a swing reduction gear (two-stage planetary gearbox) in an excavator. It is concluded that a knock sensor can be used for the fault diagnosis of a gearbox.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Scope of Research 2
1.3 Structure of the Thesis 3
Chapter 2. Technical Background 4
2.1 Fault Diagnosis in a Planetary Gearbox 4
2.1.1 Vibration Characteristics of a Faulty Gearbox 4
2.1.2 Signal Processing Methods 6
2.1.3 Features for Fault Diagnosis 9
2.2 Overview of Sensor Selection 11
2.2.1 Specification of Accelerometer 12
2.2.2 Selection of a Knock Sensor 14
Chapter 3. Knock Sensor Evaluation from the Viewpoint of Vibration Measurement 17
3.1 Conventional Sensor Assessment Method 17
3.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 18
3.3 Method of Estimating the SNR 19
3.4 Results and Discussion 20
Chapter 4. Knock Sensor Evaluation from the Viewpoint of Fault Diagnosis 22
4.1 Review of Fault Diagnosis 22
4.1.1 Model-based Methods 22
4.1.2 Signal Processing Based Methods 23
4.1.3 Discussion 24
4.2 Fault Diagnosis using Two Types of Difference Signals 25
4.2.1 Definition of Difference Signal 25
4.2.2 Methodology for Estimation of the Difference Signal 26
4.3 Results and Discussion 28
4.3.1 Description of Experiments 28
4.3.2 Comparison of Fault Diagnosis using Signal Processing Results 33
4.3.3 Comparison of Diagnostic Performance using Quantitative Metrics 49
Chapter 5. Conclusions and Future Work 54
5.1 Conclusions and Contributions 54
5.2 Future Work 55
Bibliography 57
๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ด๋ก 63Maste
์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋ ์ฌ์ฑ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋ ธ๋์๊ฐ ๋ณํ์ ์ด์ค์ฐจ๋ถ๋ฒ ์ถ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์ฌํ๊ณผํ๋ํ ์ฌํ๋ณต์งํ๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๊ตฌ์ธํ.This study examined the impact of COVID-19 on married mothers domestic labor time, using data from the 5th to 8th wave(2014~2021) of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families(KLOWF). It also assessed the change in the gender gap of domestic labor time and determined which theory, either economic exchange theory or the doing gender theory, provides a better explanation for the division of domestic labor after the pandemic. To address these three research questions, Difference-in-Differences(DiD) analysis with marital status, gender, and female-breadwinner models was conducted.
The key findings are as follows. First, care work hours of married mothers increased after the pandemic. To answer the first research question, What was the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the domestic labor hours for married mothers?, the DiD analysis with married mothers as the treatment group and unmarried women as the comparison group was conducted. The results suggest that married mothers experienced a larger increase in care work hours compared to unmarried women, but this was not the case for housework and domestic labor hours.
Second, married mothers experienced a larger increase in housework, care work, and domestic labor hours compared to their husbands. To answer the second research question, What was the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the gender gap of domestic labor hours?, the DiD analysis with married mothers as the treatment group and their husbands as the comparison group was conducted. The results show that married mothers saw a greater rise in the amount of time spent on housework, care work, and domestic labor. That is, the COVID-19 has widened the gender gap in the domestic labor hours.
Third, in families in which the wife earns more than their husband, both partners changes in care work and domestic labor hours were not significantly different, and wives housework hours increased more than their husbands. To address the third research question, Which theory, either economic exchange theory or doing gender theory, provides a better explanation for the division of domestic labor after COVID-19 pandemic?, the DiD analysis with married mothers earning more than their husbands as the treatment group and their husbands as the comparison group was conducted. The results suggest that breadwinning wives experienced a larger increase in housework hours than their husbands, while the partners changes in care work and domestic labor hours were not significantly different. It shows that gender norms had a greater influence on the division of domestic labor after the pandemic, than economic rationality.
This study made several meaningful contributions to the existing literature. First, The study made a theoretical contribution by demonstrating that the level of defamiliarization in South Korea decreased after the pandemic, as the government shifted its responsibilities of domestic labor to women within families. It also discovered that the gender norms were more influential than economic rationality, in determining the division of domestic labor after the COVID-19. The study makes a methodological contribution by using the quasi-experimental DiD method to analyze KLOWF, which addressed limitations in data and analysis found in previous studies. One of the policy implications of the study is that the aggressive quarantine policies, such as kindergarten and school closure, prevented the spread of the disease but widened the gender gap within families. And given that the division of domestic labor is heavily influenced by gender norms, positive incentives are needed to encourage equal distribution of domestic labor hours. To overcome the ideal worker norm hindering fathers from participating in domestic labor and mothers from pursuing their career, consistent working hours regulation policies should be established to decrease the amount of working hours.
The limitations of this study are as follows. The models in the analysis lack some labor market variables, as the sample included non-employed wives to address selection bias and enhance external validity. Also some variables from the economic exchange theory and the time availability theory were not included in the analysis since they would have absorbed the impact of COVID-19 in the DiD estimators. Accordingly, this hindered the identification of the pathways through which COVID-19 affected domestic labor hours.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 2014๋
๋ถํฐ 2021๋
๊น์ง ์กฐ์ฌ๋ 5์ฐจ๋ถํฐ 8์ฐจ๊น์ง์ ์ฌ์ฑ๊ฐ์กฑํจ๋์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋
์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋
์ฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋จ์ฑ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์์ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ณํํ์๋์ง, ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ตํ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ ์ค ๋ฌด์์ ์ํด ๋ ์ ์ค๋ช
๋ ์ ์๋์ง ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ง๋ฌธ์ ๋ตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ํผ์ธ์ฌ๋ถ ๋ชจํ, ์ ๋ ๋ชจํ, ์ฌ์ฑ์๋์์๋ชจํ์ ์ค์ ํ์ฌ ์ด์ค์ฐจ๋ถ๋ฒ์ ํ์ฉํ ๋ถ์์ ์ค์ํ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์์ฝํ๋ฉด ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋
์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋๋ด๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ฝ๋ก๋19๋ ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋
์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋๊ฐ?๋ผ๋ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋
์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ฒ์น์ง๋จ์ผ๋ก, ๋ฏธํผ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋น๊ต์ง๋จ์ผ๋ก ๋ ์ด์ค์ฐจ๋ถ๋ฒ์ ์ค์ํ์ฌ ๋์ถ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ค. ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋
์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋๋ด๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ์ ๋ฏธํผ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋นํด ๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์์ผ๋, ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ์๋ ์ ์ํ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋ค.
๋์งธ, ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋
์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด๊ธ, ๊ฐ์ฌ, ๋๋ด๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ์ด ๋ชจ๋ ๋จ์ฑ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์๋ณด๋ค ๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ์ฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋จ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ณํํ์๋๊ฐ?๋ผ๋ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋
์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ฒ์น์ง๋จ์ผ๋ก, ์ด๋ค์ ๋จ์ฑ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ๋น๊ต์ง๋จ์ผ๋ก ๋ ์ด์ค์ฐจ๋ถ๋ฒ์ ์ค์ํ์ฌ ๋์ถ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ค. ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋
์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด๊ธ, ๊ฐ์ฌ, ๋๋ด๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋จ์ฑ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์๋ณด๋ค ํฐ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ฝ๋ก๋19๋ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ์ ์ ๋ ๊ฐ ๋ถํ๋ฑ์ ๋์ฑ ์ฌํ์ํจ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
์
์งธ, ์๋ด์ ์๋์ด ๋จํธ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋
์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฐ ๋๋ด๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋์ด ๋จ์ฑ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์๋ณด๋ค ์์ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์ฌ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋์ ๋ ํฐ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ฝ๋ก๋19๋ก ์ธํ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋ ๋ถ๋ด์ ๋ถ๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ตํ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ๋๋๊ฐ, ์ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ๋๋๊ฐ?๋ผ๋ ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ๋ถ์ ๋์์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์๋์ด ๋จ์ฑ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋์ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ๋ก ํ์ ํ ๋ค ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋
์ฌ์ฑ์ ์ฒ์น์ง๋จ์ผ๋ก, ์ด๋ค์ ๋จ์ฑ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์๋ฅผ ๋น๊ต์ง๋จ์ผ๋ก ๋ ์ด์ค์ฐจ๋ถ๋ฒ์ ์ค์ํ์ฌ ๋์ถ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋ค. ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์๋ด์ ์๋์ด ๋จํธ๋ณด๋ค ๋์ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋
์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ฌ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ์ด ๋จ์ฑ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์๋ณด๋ค ๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์ง๋ง, ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋๋ด๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ์ ๋ณํ๋์๋ ๋ ์ง๋จ ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ฆ, ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ตํ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ก๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ฃผ์ ํจ์๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ๋จผ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ํจ์๋ก์, ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ดํ๋ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋ ๋ถ๋ด์ด ๊ฐ์กฑ ๋ด ์ฌ์ฑ์๊ฒ ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ฉด์, ํ๊ตญ์ ํ๊ฐ์กฑํ ์์ค์ด ๋ฎ์์ก์์ ๋ฐํ๋๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฝ๋ก๋19 ์ดํ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ์ด์ง ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ์ ์์ด ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ตํ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ค ์ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ์๋ํ์์์ ํฌ์ฐฉํ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ก ์ ํจ์๋ ์ค์คํ์ค๊ณ์ธ ์ด์ค์ฐจ๋ถ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฑ๊ฐ์กฑํจ๋์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ํ์ฌ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋
ธ์ ํ๋ ์๋ฃ์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ์์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ํ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฐํ ์ถ์ ์ ํตํด ์ฝ๋ก๋19๊ฐ ๊ธฐํผ ์ ์๋
์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋๋ถ๋ด์ ๋ฏธ์น ์ํฅ์ ๋ํ ์ค์คํ์ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํจ์๋ ์ ๊ทน์ ๋ฐฉ์ญ์ ์ฑ
์ผ๋ก ์ฝ๋ก๋19์ ํ์ฐ์ ์ต์ง๋์์ผ๋, ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฉด์์ ํ๊ตญ ์ฌํ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ ์์ญ์ ์ ๋ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ ์ฌํ๋ผ๋ ๋น์ฉ์ ์น๋ ์์ ๋ฐํ๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ ๋ ๊ท๋ฒ์ด ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ฉด, ๋จ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋ ๋ถ๋ด์ ์ด์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ฑ์ค๋ฆฝ์ ์ ์ฑ
์ค๊ณ๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ธ์ผํฐ๋ธ ์ ๊ณต์ด ํ์ํจ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋จ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์ํ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ํ๋์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ํดํ๋ ์ด์์ ๋
ธ๋์ ๊ท๋ฒ์ ํด์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ํด, ์ผ๊ด์ฑ ์๋ ๊ทผ๋ก์๊ฐ ๋จ์ถ ์ ์ฑ
์ ํตํ ์ฅ์๊ฐ ๋
ธ๋ ๋ฌธํ ํํผ๋ฅผ ์ ์ธํ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ณ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ๋จผ์ , ์ ํ ํธํฅ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋์ฒํ๊ณ ์ธ์ ํ๋น์ฑ์ ํ๋ณดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ทจ์
์ฌ์ฑ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๋น์ทจ์
์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋ถ์ ๋์์ ํฌํจํ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ๋
ธ๋์์ฅ ๊ด๋ จ ์์ธ์ด ๋ถ์์ ํฌํจ๋์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ตํ ๊ด์ , ๊ฐ์ฉ์๊ฐ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ์๋ค์ด ์ฝ๋ก๋19์ ์ํฅ์ ํก์ํ ๊ฒ์ ์ฐ๋ คํ์ฌ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ณ์๋ค์ ๋ถ์์ ํฌํจํ์ง ์์๊ณ , ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ ๋ณํ์ ์ธ๋ถ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๋ด์ง๋ ๋ชปํ๋ค. ํ์์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ด๋ฌํ ํ๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ณด์๋๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ค.์ 1 ์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ธฐ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ 5
์ 2 ์ฅ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6
์ 1 ์ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์ค์์ฑ 6
์ 2 ์ ์ฝ๋ก๋19๋ก ์ธํ ๋ณํ 12
์ 3 ์ ์ฝ๋ก๋19์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ๋ฌด๊ธ๋
ธ๋์๊ฐ 19
์ 3 ์ฅ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 34
์ 1 ์ ๋ถ์๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์์๋ฃ 34
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ 44
์ 3 ์ ๋ณ์์ค์ 47
์ 4 ์ฅ ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 54
์ 1 ์ ํผ์ธ์ฌ๋ถ ๋ชจํ 54
์ 2 ์ ์ ๋ ๋ชจํ 67
์ 3 ์ ์ฌ์ฑ์๋์์๋ชจํ 78
์ 5 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 86
์ 1 ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์์ฝ 86
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํจ์ 89
์ 3 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ๊ณ์ ํ์์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ํ ์ ์ธ 96
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 99์
Preparation and evaluation of mosapride matrix tablet for sustained release
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ฝํ๊ณผ, 2014. 2. ๊น๋๋.๋ชจ์ฌํ๋ฆฌ๋๋ ์์ฅ๊ด์ด๋ ์กฐ์ ์ ๋ก ์์ฅ๊ด ์ด๋์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ฃจ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ, 5 mg์ฉ ๋ณต์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. ์ ์์ฆ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ํ๋ถ๋์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ์ํ๊ธฐ์ฆ์(์์ฐ๋ฆผ, ๊ตฌ์ญ, ๊ตฌํ ) ์ผ๋ก, ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ์ํด ์ ๋ฐ๋ ์์ฅ๊ด ์ฆ์์ ์ํ์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฒ๋ฐฉ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํ๋ฃจ ์ธ ๋ฒ์ ๋น๋ฒํ ๋ณต์ฉ๋ฒ์ ํ์์ ๋ณต์ฝ์์๋๋ฅผ ๋ฎ์ถ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ํ๋ฃจ ํ ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ณต์ฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ ์ ํ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ณต์ฝ์์๋๋ฅผ ๋์ผ ์ ์๋ ๋ชจ์ฌํ๋ฆฌ๋์ ์ด์์ ์ธ ์ฉ์ถ ์์์ 1์๊ฐ์ 33% ์ด์, 6์๊ฐ์ ์ฝ 66%, 9์๊ฐ์ 80% ์ด์์ผ๋ก ์ค์ ํ์๋ค. ๋งคํธ๋ฆญ์ค ์ ์ ์ ๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ 311.19 mg, ๊ฒฝ๋๋ ์ฝ 80 N์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ถ์ด ๋จ๋ฐ ํ์ ๊ธฐ๋ก ํ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ ์ ๋ ์ง๋ฆ 11 mm์ ์ํ์ด์๋ค. ์ดํ ์ฉ์ถ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ ์ ์ ์ฉ์ถ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค. ๋ชจ์ฌํ๋ฆฌ๋์ ์ฉ์ถ ์ํ์ HPLC๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ฒ๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ฑ์ ์ด์ ์ฒ๋ฐฉ์ ์ฉ์ถ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ๋์๋ค. ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฐฉ F17์์ ์ด์์ ์ธ ์ฉ์ถ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ ์ฉ์ถ์์์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, in vitro ์์์ ๋ชจ์ฌํ๋ฆฌ๋์ ์ง์ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ถ์ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋์๋ค.Abstract I
List of Tables IV
List of Figures V
1. Introduction 1
2. Materials and Methods 6
2.1. Materials 6
2.2. Preparation of mosapride sustained-release tablets 6
2.3. In vitro dissolution test 8
2.4. HPLC analysis and validation 8
3. Results and Discussion 10
3.1. Preparation of mosapride sustained-release tablets 10
3.2. Validation of analytical methods 10
3.3. In vitro dissolution test of mosapride sustained-release tablets 11
4. Conclusion 14
References 16
์๋ฌธ์ด๋ก 42Maste
ํ์ ๋๋ ธํ๋ธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ ๋๋ ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์ด๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ
Thesis(doctoral)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ๋ถ,2005.Docto
Impacts of Firm Size and Industrial Diversity on office market volatility
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณํํ๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ๊น๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ.์ ์ด๋ค ์ง์ญ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ง์ญ์ ๋นํด ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ทจ์ฝํ๊ฐ? 2008๋
๋ถ๋์ฐ์์ฅ์ ๋ถ๊ดด์์ ์์๋ ๊ธ์ต์๊ธฐ๋ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ฐ ์ง์ญ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ์นจ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์์ง๋ง ๊ทธ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ ์ง์ญ๋ง๋ค ๋งค์ฐ ๋ฌ๋๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๋ ์์ธ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํด ๋ค์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง์ญ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ ์์ธ์ด ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง ๋์งธ, ๊ทธ ์์ธ์ ์ง์ญ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ณ๋์ฑ๊ณผ๋ ์ด๋ค ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋์ง ์ง์ญ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ก๋ฏธํฐ์ธ ๋ถ๋์ฐ์์ฅ์์์ ์ค์ฆ๋ถ์์ ํตํด ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 2007๋
๋ถํฐ 2014๋
์ฌ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ 25๊ฐ ๋ฉํธ๋กํด๋ฆฌํ ์ง์ญ ์คํผ์ค์์ฅ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ค์ก๋ค. ์ข
์๋ณ์๋ ์คํผ์ค์์ฅ์ ์ค์ง์๋๋ฃ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ณ์๋ก๋ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ฃผ๋ก ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ๊ธฐ์
๊ท๋ชจ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์
์ ๋ค์์ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ณ ์ฉ์ฑ์ฅ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์คํผ์ค์์ฅ์ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด๋ ์คํผ์ค ์ธ๋ฒคํ ๋ฆฌ(inventory)๋ฅผ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒํ ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ถ์๋ชจ๋ธ์ ํฌํจํ๋ค.
ํจ๋๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋จผ์ ๊ธฐ์
๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ค์์ฑ ๋ณ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ๋
๋์ ๋นํด ๋ค์์ฑ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ปค์ง์๋ก ์คํผ์ค์์ฅ ์๋๋ฃ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์์ฅ์ ๋ค์ํ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ์กด์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ์ด๋ค์ ๋
ธ๋์์ฅ์์ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ํํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ฆ, ๊ฒฝ์ ์ํฉ์ ๋์๋ฐฉ์์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ๊ณ ์ฉ์์ฅ์ ๋ค์ํ ๋์ฆ(needs)๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์ํฌ ์ ์๊ณ ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ์ค์ด๋ ๊ณ ์ฉ์ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ์คํผ์ค ์์ฅ์์์ ๋ณ๋์ฑ ์ญ์ ์ค์ด๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋๋ถ์ด์ ์คํผ์ค์์ฅ์ ๊ท๋ชจ๋ณ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์
๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ค์์ฑ์ด ๋ผ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์ดํด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์คํผ์ค์์ฅ์ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ํด์๋ก ๊ทธ ์ํฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ค์ ์ฆ๊ฐํจ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค.
์ฐ์
๋ค์์ฑ ์ญ์ ์ ๋
๋์ ๋นํด ๋ค์ํด์ง๋ฉด ์คํผ์ค์์ฅ ์๋๋ฃ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ด๋ค ์ง์ญ์ ์ฐ์
์ด ๋ค์ํ๊ฒ ์กด์ฌํ๊ณ ์ด ์ฐ์
๋ค์ ๊ณ ์ฉ์๋ค์ด ๊ณ ๋ฃจ ๋ถํฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์๊ธฐ์ ๋์ฒํ๊ณ ์์ฅ์ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ์ค์ด๋ ๋ฐ ๋ณด๋ค ์ ์ตํ ์ ์์์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฐ์
๋ค์์ฑ์ด ๋ผ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์คํผ์ค์์ฅ์ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ํฐ ์ง์ญ์์ ๋ณด๋ค ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋๋์์ผ์๋ก ๋
ธ๋์ด๋์ ์ํ ๋ง์ฐฐ์ ์ค์
์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ด ๊ธธ์ด์ง๊ณ ์ผ์๋ฆฌ๊ฒฐํฉ์ด ์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง์ง ์์ ์ฐ์
๋ค์์ฑ์ ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฐ๊ฐ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค.
๊ณ ์ฉ์ฑ์ฅ๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์คํผ์ค ์ธ๋ฒคํ ๋ฆฌ ์ญ์ ์์๋ก ์ ์ํ ๊ณ์๋ฅผ ๋ณด์์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์ฅ์ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ๋ณด๋ค ํฌ๊ณ ํ๋ฐํ ๊ณณ์์ ์์์ ๊ณต๊ธ ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ ์ด ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ ธ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ด ์ค์ด๋ค๊ฒ ๋๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์คํผ์ค ์์ฅ์ ์๋๋ฃ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ผ์น๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์์ธ์ ํ์
ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ค์ฆํด ์ง์ญ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ๋ค์ํด์ง์๋ก ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ด ์ค์ด๋ค ์ ์์์ ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ค์ฆ๋ถ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋, ์ง์ญ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ์ค์ด๊ณ ํ๋ณต๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐํ ์ง์ญ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถํด๋๊ฐ๋ ๋ฐ ์์ฌ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฉฐ ๋ํ ์คํผ์ค์์ฅ์ ๋ณ๋์ฑ๊ณผ ์ํ์ ๊ดํด ๋์๊ณํ ๋ฐ ๋ถ๋์ฐ์์ฅ๋ถ์ ๋ถ์ผ ์ค๋ฌด์๋ค์ ๋ณด๋ค ์ฌ๋ ๊น์ ์ดํด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ผ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.โ
. ์๋ก 1
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ 1
1) ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1
2) ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ 3
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฒ์ 4
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 5
โ
ก. ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6
1. ๋ถ๋์ฐ์์ฅ๋ถ์ ์ด๋ก ๋ฐ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ 6
1) ๋ถ๋์ฐ์์ฅ๋ถ์ ์ด๋ก 6
2) ๋ถ๋์ฐ์์ฅ์ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 8
(1) ๋ถ๋์ฐ ์์ฅ์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ(cycle) ๋ฐ ์ง์ญ์ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 8
(2) ์คํผ์ค์์ฅ์ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 9
2. ๋ค์์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 11
1) ๋ค์์ฑ์ ์ ์ 11
2) ๋ค์์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 12
(1) ์ฐ์
๋ค์์ฑ๊ณผ ์ง์ญ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 13
(2) ๊ธฐ์
๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ค์์ฑ๊ณผ ์ง์ญ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 14
3. ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ฐจ๋ณ์ฑ 15
โ
ข. ์ค์ฆ๋ถ์์ ์ํ ๋ชจํ ์ค์ 16
1. ๋ถ์์๋ฃ ๋ฐ ๋ณ์์ ์ ์ 16
1) ๋ถ์์๋ฃ 16
2) ๋ณ์์ ์ ์ 18
(1) ์ข
์๋ณ์ ์ ์ 18
(2) ๋
๋ฆฝ๋ณ์ ์ ์ 18
2. ์ค์ฆ๋ถ์์ ์ํ ํจ๋๋ชจํ ์ค์ 24
1) ํจ๋ ๋ถ์์ ๊ฐ์ 24
2) ํจ๋ ๋ถ์์ ์๋ฆฌ 25
3) ํจ๋ ๋ชจํ์ ์ ํ 26
4) ๋ชจํ์ ์ค์ 28
โ
ฃ. ์คํผ์ค์์ฅ ๋ณ๋์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ์ค์ฆ๋ถ์ 29
1. ๊ธฐ์ ํต๊ณ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ ๋ณ์์ ์๊ณ์ด ๋ณํ 29
1) ๋ณ์๋ค์ ๊ธฐ์ ํต๊ณ 29
2) ๋ณ์๋ค์ ๋ณํ ์์ 30
2. ๋ถ์๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 37
1) ํจ๋ ๋จ์๊ทผ ๊ฒ์ 37
2) ํจ๋๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 38
3) ์คํผ์ค์์ฅ๊ท๋ชจ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํจ๋๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 41
โ
ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก 45
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์ฝ 45
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์์ฌ์ ๊ณผ ํ๊ณ 47
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 49
๋ถ๋ก 55Maste
A Legal Study on Adaptation of the ISM Code to Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)
Along with increasing connectivity over the globe, public awareness of safety has grown higher than ever in history. The maritime industry is not exempted from this. In conventional shipping, maritime safety management had merely focused on ships themselves as independent and isolated objects at sea. This approach has extended to a broader context by undergoing a series of accidents. Emphasis on the
human elements and management systems have been developed to fill the void in maritime safety management. In the present time, the ISM Code plays a key role in this respect.
The world is changing rapidly, and new technologies are being developed at an exponential speed. Such movement does also happen in shipping despite its well-known conservativeness. Unfortunately, the maritime regulatory scheme is often tardy in reacting to changes. The maritime industry and its safety management are facing the challenge of innovation at this point in time although the ISM Code has been implemented for two decades. This study aims in attempting to deal with this dilemma.
In this thesis, the ISM Code is investigated in two phases, the present and the impending future. Firstly, this study examines the status quo of the ISM Code implementation in order to reflect on both the positive and negative effects that the Code has brought to the industry. The challenges are identified as highly relevant
to the human factor and interlinked with each other. For this reason, continuous learning as the backbone of safety management may be influenced in a negative way. Secondly, with respect to autonomous ships, the matter of remote control of ships poses the main challenge in applying the ISM Code. In particular, the role of
a shipmaster creates a gap relating to its remote operation. Moreover, additional elements to be considered for MASS operations such as a remote control centre and cybersecurity require development of regulations.
The challenges need to be addressed in terms of operational and implementation issues for the sake of effective adaptation of the ISM Code to MASS. New roles are suggested to be introduced as a result of analysis on the responsibility and authority of the master as set out in the Code for different degrees of autonomy. On account of inherent challenges of the ISM Code implementation, mandating ESG reporting through the Code is envisaged to resolve the issue and will, in turn, contribute to safety in the maritime domain. Furthermore, this study confirms that the human element will remain at the centre of MASS operations, therefore the importance of the human factor consideration is highlighted. In this context, the proposals for incorporating ergonomics in the design and development of a remote control centre and engaging operational personnel with an SMS are outlined in pursuit of continuous improvement in safety
management.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Section 1. Background and objectives 1
Section 2. Scope and methodology 7
Chapter 2. The framework of the ISM Code and its contributions to maritime safety 10
Section 1. The framework of the ISM Code 10
I. Background 10
II. Legislative basis 12
III. Concept 15
IV. Key players 19
Section 2. Assessment of the ISM Codeโs contributions to maritime safety 25
I. Contributions of the ISM Code to maritime safety 25
II. Autonomous ships emerging as a game changer 27
Chapter 3. Present challenges of the ISM Code 33
Section 1. Inherent challenges 33
I. Formalism vs. Problem solving 33
II. Bureaucratization vs. Masterโs function 35
III. A wide disparity between managers and seafarers 37
Section 2. Novel challenges 39
I. Master 40
II. Remote control centre 46
III. Cybersecurity 47
Chapter 4. Proposals for adaptation of the ISM Code to MASS 49
Section 1. Operational elements 49
I. Key players 49
II. Operation systems 61
Section 2. Improvement proposals 67
I. Policy proposal 67
II. Legislative proposal 69
Section 3. Summary 72
I. Safety management system for autonomous ships 72
II. The way forward 76
Chapter 5. Conclusion 78
Section 1. Summary 78
Section 2. Conclusion 80
References 83Maste
Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Bowen Disease in Nail Apparatus
Squamous cell carcinoma of the nail apparatus is a rare phenomenon. Because of its indolent course and similarpresentation to other benign conditions, correct diagnosis in the early stages is practically difficult. We here reporttwo cases of periungual squamous cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowens disease). Thesecases emphasize the importance of extra vigilance and high suspicion when facing intractable atypical lesions on thefingers. Repetitive biopsy with exploratory nail plate extraction should be considered to acquire appropriatespecimens, which is critical for early and correct diagnosis.N