시간 사용의 경제학에 대한 세 가지 소고

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사회과학대학 경제학부,2020. 2. 이정민.본 박사학위논문은 시간 사용에 중점을 두고 개인의 의사결정을 연구한다. 첫째로, 학원 강습 시간대를 직접 규제하는 교육 정책이 고등학생의 시간사용에 미친 효과를 분석한다. 둘째로, 비시장 시간(non-market time)의 가치에 영향을 미치는 지역아동센터의 확대가 기혼 여성의 노동공급에 미친 효과를 분석한다. 셋째로, 출산 전 장시간 근로가 여성 관리자의 출산 후 고용 확률을 낮추는지 검증한다. 본 논문의 첫 번째 장은 10시 이후 학원 운영을 금지하는 법적 제한이 예상과 달리 학원에서 보내는 시간을 오히려 증가시켰음을 보인다. 지역별로 정책의 도입 시점이 다른 사실을 활용하여 이중차분법을 이용하여 법적 제한이 학생들의 시간 사용에 미친 효과를 추정한다. 추정 결과는 제한 정책의 도입이 학생들의 수면 시간을 유의하게 증가시켰지만, 동시에 학원에서 보내는 시간 역시 증가시켰음을 나타낸다. 선뜻 이해하기 어려운 결과를 이해하기 위하여 시간 일지 자료의 장점을 활용하여 제한 정책이 규제 시각 전과 후에 미친 효과를 개별적으로 추정한다. 변형된 삼중차분법 및 군집추정법을 통한 추정결과는 제한 정책이 효과적으로 도입되어 10시 이후 학원에서 보내는 시간을 유의하게 낮췄음을 제시한다. 하지만 동시에, 학생들은 제한 정책 이후 10시 이전에 학원에서 보내는 시간을 유의하게 늘린 것으로 나타난다. 또한 이러한 10시 이전의 학원 시간 증가는 야간자율학습의 대폭적인 감소를 동반한다. 10시 이후의 학원 시간의 감소분보다 10시 이전의 학원 시간의 증가분이 컸기 때문에 전체적인 학원 시간은 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 개인의 시간 사용을 제한하는 정책의 경우 하루 내 시간 대체를 고려해야 함을 제시한다. 본 논문의 두 번째 장은 지역아동센터의 공급이 기혼 여성의 노동공급에 미친 효과를 연구한다. 지역아동센터는 18세 이하의 아동에게 교육과 보호를 제공하기 때문에 어머니들의 일과 가정 양립에 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다. 지역아동센터는 저소득 가정의 경우 무료로 이용할 수 있기 때문에 저소득 가정의 어머니들의 보육 비용을 낮춘다. 본 연구는 지역아동센터에 대한 보조금을 지급하는 정책의 도입 이후 지역아동센터가 빠르게 늘어났다는 사실을 이용한다. 정책 도입 이후 지역아동센터의 확장 속도가 지역별로 상이하였기 때문에, 식별을 위하여 지역별 공급률의 변동을 활용한다. 이중차분법을 통한 추정결과는 지역아동센터 공급률의 증가가 기혼 여성의 노동시장참여를 유의하게 높였음을 제시한다. 이러한 노동공급에 대한 긍정적인 효과는 초등학생 자녀를 가졌을 확률이 높은 어머니에게서 발견되었는데 이는 지역아동센터의 주 이용자가 초등학생이기 때문이다. 추정 결과의 잠재적인 편의를 덜기 위하여 공급률에 대한 도구변수로 보조금률을 이용한다. 도구변수를 이용한 추정결과 역시 이중차분 분석결과를 확인해준다. 본 장의 발견은 저소득층을 겨냥한 보육시설의 확대가 초등학생 자녀를 가진 저소득 여성의 노동공급을 증가시킴을 제시한다. 본 논문의 세 번째 장은 장시간 근로가 어머니들의 노동공급에 미치는 효과를 분석한다. 본 연구는 출산 이전의 근로 환경과 출산 이후의 고용 확률을 연결한다. 두 조사 시점 사이에 출산을 경험한 여성관리자 표본을 이용하여, 출산 이전에 근로자들이 평균 12시간 이상 일터에 머무는 회사에 근무했을 경우 출산 이후 근로할 확률이 낮은지 검증한다. 분석 결과는 출산을 경험한 새로운 어머니들은 출산 전 근로시간이 매우 긴 회사에 근무했을 경우 출산 후 일할 확률이 유의하게 낮음을 제시한다. 본 장은 어린 자녀를 가진 여성관리자들이 장시간 근로의 비용에 민감함을 제시한다.This thesis studies individual decision-making with emphasis on time use. First, I investigate the effect of educational intervention which regulates timing of private tutoring on time use of high school students. Second, I examine the impact of expansion of Community Child Center, which alters value of non-market time, on labor supply of married women. Third, I test whether working long hours before childbirth lowers employment probability of female manager after motherhood. The first chapter shows that implementation of the legal restriction which inhibits operation of private tutoring academies after 10PM had unexpectedly increased time spent on private tutoring. I exploit the fact that the adoption timings of curfew were different across regions and estimate the impact of the legal restriction on students time usage using the difference in difference estimator. I find that the curfew significantly increased sleep time of high school students as well as time spent in private tutoring academies. To understand the puzzling finding, I utilize information on timings of activities in time diary data and investigate the impact of policy on time allocation before and after the designated curfew time. The results from the modified triple difference estimator and the bunching estimator suggest that the curfew was successfully implemented and time devoted to private tutoring after 10PM decreased notably. However, students significantly increased time spent in private tutoring institute before 10PM. The increase in private tutoring before the curfew time was accompanied by major reduction in after school self-study session. Average time spent on private tutoring increased as the increase in private tutoring before 10PM was greater than the decrease in private tutoring after 10PM. This result suggests the policy which restricts time use of individuals has to consider intraday substitution. The second chapter examines how supply of Community Child Center affects labor supply of married women. The Community Child Center is expected to help mothers to reconcile their work and family life whereas the center provides education and protection to the children under 18. The center reduces childcare cost of low-income mothers as low-income households are free to use the center. I exploit the fact that Community Child Center rapidly increased after policy of subsidizing the center was introduced. For the purpose of identification, I exploit regional variation in centers coverage rate since after the introduction of subsidy, expansion rates of the center were notably different across regions. The result from the difference in difference estimation shows that increase in coverage rate of the Community Child Center significantly increases labor force participation of married women. I find positive labor supply effect for mothers who were likely to have primary school-aged child whereas most of the center users were primary school-aged children. I instrument regional coverage rate with regional subsidy to alleviate potential biases in estimate. The instrumental variable estimation confirms the result from the difference in difference estimation. The finding in this chapter suggests that availability of low-income targeted childcare center increases labor supply of low-income women with primary school-aged children. The third chapter studies the impact of long working hours on maternal labor supply. I relate pre-childbirth work environment to employment probability after childbirth. Using sample of managerial women who experienced childbirth between survey year t-1 and t, I test whether working at the firm where on average employees stay at workplace more than 12 hours lowers probability of work after childbirth. The result suggests that new mothers who worked at the corporate with very long average working hours are significantly less likely to work after giving birth to child. This chapter shows that female managers with young child are sensitive to the cost of working long hours.Contents Chapter 1 A Balloon Effect: Unintended Consequences of Closing Private Tutoring Academies at 10PM 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Institutional Background 5 1.3 Data 9 1.4 Empirical Methodologies 12 1.5 Impact on Daily Total Time 15 1.6 Impact on Intraday Time Allocation: Hour-by-Hour Regression 18 1.7 What is Going on 23 1.8 Conclusion 26 Chapter 2 Supply of Community Child Centers and Labor Supply of Married Women 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Institutional Background 45 2.3 Data 49 2.4 Empirical Strategy 51 2.5 Estimation Result 53 2.6 Robustness Checks 58 2.7 Conclusion 59 Chapter 3 Working Long Hours and Female Managerial Employment after Motherhood 81 3.1 Introduction 81 3.2 Conceptual Framework 84 3.3 Data 87 3.4 Empirical Strategies 90 3.5 Results 92 3.6 Conclusion 95 Reference 106 Appendix 117 국문초록 129Docto

지적장애 노인의 건강한 노화를 위한 댄스스포츠활동 프로그램 적용 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 체육교육과, 2014. 8. 김연수.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a modified 12 weeks dancesport program on healthy aging among older adults with intellectual disability (ID) by analyzing variations in functional fitness, age-related hormones and antioxidant enzymes. Data were collected from a sample of 40 older adults with ID attending two different community welfare centers located in C and S cities, respectively. 20 participants from each community welfare center were recruited for the experiment. In the experiment, 20 participants from each center were assigned to either experimental or control groups (C: exercise group, S: control group). The dancesport program was administered for 12 weeks, 2 times a week for 90 minutes per session. An identical analytic procedure was conducted for both pre and post tests, which measured functional fitness (i.e., cardiovascular endurance, strength of upper and lower extremities and flexibility), age-related hormones (Human growth hormone (HGH), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)) and antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Catalase (CAT)). A total of 26 participants (experimental group: 14 and control group: 12) were retained for the analysis because 14 participants dropped from the program. SPSS 20.0 was used to analyze the data gained from the sample. The results of the experiment are summarized as follows. First, a significant interaction effect (<.05) was found for every criterion selected in the measure of functional fitness (cardiovascular endurance (<.05), strength of upper extremity (<.01), lower extremity (.05) and flexibility (.01)), which indicates that the program improves functional fitness in older people with ID. Second, with respect to the age-related hormone, there was a significant interaction effect for HGH (<.05) and DHEA-S (<.01), yet there was not one for IGF-1t. However, it was observed that the width of in the experimental group was lower than the control group. Lastly, among the three indicators of the antioxidant enzyme, an interaction effect was found for GPx (<.05). While a significant amount of attention has been given to the development of sporting programs and their related research for older people without disabilities, little attention has been given to older people with ID. The current study was designed to close this gap by investigating the effects of a 12 weeks dancesport program on healthy aging among older adults with ID by analyzing variations in functional fitness, age-related hormones and antioxidant enzymes. As the results showed, this study provides meaningful insights into understanding the effects of a dancesport program for older people with ID, as the study revealed the positive effects of a dancesport program in improving functional fitness, age-related hormones (except for IGF-1), and one of the variables (GPx) in antioxidant enzymes.I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Significance of the study 1.2. Purpose of the study 1.3. Research hypothesis II. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Intellectual disability 2.1.1. ID and lifespan 2.2. Aging 2.2.1. Physical activity and oxidative damage 2.3. Music and dancesport III. MATERIAL and METHOD 3.1. Participants 3.2. Experimental design 3.3. Biochemical and anthropometric measurements 3.3.1. Body composition 3.3.2. Functional fitness 3.3.3. Blood analysis 3.4. Exercise program 3.5. Statistical analysis IV. RESULTS 4.1. Participant characteristics 4.2. The change of anthropometric characteristics 4.3. The change of functional fitness 4.3.1. Cardiovascular endurance 26 4.3.2. Upper body muscular strength 4.3.3. Lower body muscular strength 4.3.4. Flexibility 4.4. The change of age-related hormones 4.4.1. HGH 4.4.2. DHEA-S 4.4.3. IGF-1 4.5. The change of antioxidant enzymes 4.5.1. SOD 4.5.2. GPx 4.5.3. CAT IV. DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION REFERENCES ABSTRACT IN KOREAN APPENDIXDocto

Bone Healing properties of Autoclaved Autogenous Bone Grafts lncorporating Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic protein-2 and comparison of Two Delivery Systems in a Segmental Rabbit Radius Defect

Purpose: This study aims to validate the effect of autoclaved autogenous bone (AAB), incorporating Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (ErhBMP-2), on critical-sized, segmental radius defects in rabbits. Delivery systems using absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) and fibrin glue (FG) were also evaluated. Methods: Radius defects were made in 12 New Zealand white rabbits. After autoclaving, the resected bone was reinserted and fixed. The animals were classified into three groups: only AAB reinserted (group 1, control), and AAB and ErhBMP-2 inserted using an ACS (group 2) or FG (group 3) as a carrier. Animals were sacrificed six or 12 weeks after surgery. Specimens were evaluated using radiology and histology. Results: Micro-computed tomography images showed the best bony union in group 2 at six and 12 weeks after operation. Quantitative analysis showed all indices except trabecular thickness were the highest in group 2 and the lowest in group 1 at twelve weeks. Histologic results showed the greatest bony union between AAB and radial bone at twelve weeks, indicating the highest degree of engraftment. Conclusion: ErhBMP-2 increases bony healing when applied on AAB graft sites. In addition, the ACS was reconfirmed as a useful delivery system for ErhBMP-2.ope

Heights and spatial relationships of the facial muscles acting on the nasolabial fold by dissection and three-dimensional microcomputed tomography

The aim of this study was to clarify the heights and spatial relationships of the facial muscles acting on the nasolabial fold (NLF) by dissection and three-dimensional microcomputed tomography for use in aesthetic treatments. This study used 56 specimens from 34 embalmed adult Korean. A reference line (RF) was set to imitate the NLF after removing the skin, from the superior point of the alar facial crease to the lateral point of the orbicularis oris muscle at the level of the corner of the mouth. The heights and spatial relationships of the facial muscles along the RF could be categorized into five main patterns. The dominant pattern was that the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle (LLSAN), levator labii superioris muscle (LLS), zygomaticus minor muscle (Zmi), and zygomaticus major muscle (Zmj) were on the medial third, medial half, middle third, and lateral third of the RF, respectively. In micro-CT imaging, beneath the skin of the medial half of the NLF, the LLSAN and Zmi fibers inserted into the dermis of the NLF and adjacent to the NLF. Beneath the skin of the middle third of the NLF, the Zmi fibers were found before the muscle inserted into the dermis of the NLF and adjacent to the NLF. Beneath the skin of the lateral third of the NLF, the lateral margin of the orbicularis oris muscle and some Zmj fibers were found at the location of the NLF. The present study utilized dissections and micro-CT to reveal the general pattern and variations of heights and spatial relationships of the facial muscles passing beneath the NLF. These findings will be useful for understanding which muscles affect specific parts of NLFs with various contours, for reducing the NLF in aesthetic treatments, and for reconstructing the NLF in cases of facial paralysis.ope

Micro-computed tomography with contrast enhancement: An excellent technique for soft tissue examination in humans

Manual dissection and histologic examination are commonly used to investigate human structures, but there are limitations in the damage caused to delicate structures or the provision of limited information. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) enables a three-dimensional volume-rendered observation of the sample without destruction and deformation, but it can only visualize hard tissues in general. Therefore, contrast-enhancing agents are needed to help in visualizing soft tissue. This study aimed to introduce microCT with phosphotungstic acid preparation (PTA-microCT) by applying the method to different types of human tissue. Specimens from human cadavers were used to examine the orbicularis retaining ligament (ORL), nasolabial fold (NLF), and the calcaneal tunnel of the sole. Using PTA-microCT, relevant information of human structures was identified. In the ORL study, tiny and delicate ligamentous fibers were visualized in detail with multidirectional continuity. In the NLF study, complex structural formation consisting of various types of soft tissue were investigated comprehensively. In the calcaneal tunnel study, the space surrounded by diverse features and its inner vulnerable structures were examined without damage. Consequently, we successfully applied the PTA-microCT technique to the analysis of specific human soft tissue structures that are challenging to analyze by conventional methods.ope

Stereotactic topography of the greater and third occipital nerves and its clinical implication

This study aimed to provide topographic information of the greater occipital (GON) and third occipital (3ON) nerves, with the three-dimensional locations of their emerging points on the back muscles (60 sides, 30 cadavers) and their spatial relationship with muscle layers, using a 3D digitizer (Microscribe G2X, Immersion Corp, San Jose CA, USA). With reference to the external occipital protuberance (EOP), GON pierced the trapezius at a point 22.6 +/- 7.4 mm lateral and 16.3 +/- 5.9 mm inferior and the semispinalis capitis (SSC) at a point 13.1 +/- 6.0 mm lateral and 27.7 +/- 9.9 mm inferior. With the same reference, 3ON pierced, the trapezius at a point 12.9 +/- 9.3 mm lateral and 44.2 +/- 21.4 mm inferior, the splenius capitis at a point 10.0 +/- 5.3 mm lateral and 59.2 +/- 19.8 mm inferior, and SSC at a point 11.5 +/- 9.9 mm lateral and 61.4 +/- 15.3 mm inferior. Additionally, GON arose, winding up the obliquus capitis inferior, with the winding point located 52.3 +/- 11.7 mm inferior to EOP and 30.2 +/- 8.9 mm lateral to the midsagittal line. Knowing the course of GON and 3ON, from their emergence between vertebrae to the subcutaneous layer, is necessary for reliable nerve detection and precise analgesic injections. Moreover, stereotactic measurement using the 3D digitizer seems useful and accurate for neurovascular structure study.ope

Three-dimensional structure of the orbicularis retaining ligament: an anatomical study using micro-computed tomography

The orbicularis retaining ligament (ORL) is an important structure for maintaining the eyelid and cheek skin and contouring the characteristic facial appearance. However, the ORL is a delicate structure that is easily damaged in manual dissection. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the ORL using a micro-computed tomography (mCT) with phosphotungstic acid (PTA) preparation for the acquisition of its three-dimensional information non-destructively. Twenty-two specimens were obtained from non-embalmed human cadaver (mean age 73.7 years). Multidirectional images of the mCT showed that the ORL consisted of continuous tiny plates with a multilayered plexiform shape. The modified Verhoeff Van Gieson staining and immunofluorescence revealed a ligamentous tissue consisting of multiple fibroelastic bundles. The preorbicularis fibres of the ORL had more layers and a more intricate arrangement than its retro-orbicularis fibres. The number, complexity and ambiguity of the ORL fibres increased in the lateral area and their density and extent increased near the dermis. Its dermal anchorage was shown as a confluence of its fibroelastic tissue into the dermis. The ORL comprises a multilayered meshwork of very thin continuous fibroelastic plates and its related cutaneous deformities might be a complicated outcome of subcutaneous tissue shrinkage, lipid accumulation and ORL retention.ope

Anatomical analysis of the distribution patterns of occipital cutaneous nerves and the clinical implications for pain management

Purpose: Establishing the distribution patterns of occipital cutaneous nerves may help us understand their contribution to various occipital pain patterns and ensure that a proper local injection method for treatment is employed. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the detailed distribution patterns of the greater occipital nerve (GON), lesser occipital nerve (LON), and third occipital nerve (TON) using the modified Sihler's staining technique. Methods: Ten human cadavers were manually dissected to determine the nerve distributions. Specimens from eight human cadavers were treated using the modified Sihler's staining. Results: In all cases, distinct GON branches proceeded laterally and were intensively distributed in the superolateral area from their emerging point. Very thin twigs were observed at the middle-trisected area, which had a fan-like shape, in the middle-upper occipital region. Conclusion: The LON and TON distribution areas were biased to the lateral side below the superior nuchal line, although these nerves exhibited multiple interconnections or overlapping areas with the GON. Furthermore, a nerve rarified zone in the shape of an inverted triangle was identified in the middle occipital area. Our findings improve our understanding of the occipital nerve anatomy and will aid in the management of occipital pain in clinical practice.ope

Morphological difference of symphysis according to various skeletal types using cone-beam computed tomography

The aim of this study was to investigate a correlation between the morphology of the mandibular anterior alveolar bone and four facial skeletal types in orthodontically untreated adults. From the samples of 658 digital volumetric tomographys (Cone-beam CT), 40 subjects including 7 males and 33 females between 18 and 46 years old were selected while patients under the age of 18, orthodontically treated, with severe crowding (Little’s irregularity 6 over) or missing tooth and non-average(&amp;lt;90, 102&amp;lt;) of IMPA angle were excluded. According to the ANB angle (ClassⅠ: 0-4˚, ClassⅡ: 4˚ over) and SN-mandibular plane angle (low angle: 25-32˚, high angle: 38-49˚), the subjects were classified under 4 groups as ClassⅠ low angle, ClassⅠ high angle, ClassII low angle and Class II high angle with 10 subjects in each group. Tomography was carried out using Dinnova (Willmed, Seoul, Korea) and 3D analysis was carried out by OnDemand 3D (CybermedInc., Seoul, Korea). The bone volume(㎣) of the mandibular incisor bony support and the following parameters were measured on the sagittal sections corresponding to the 4 mandibular incisors’ axis: the cross sectional area of total bone(㎟), the area of the cancellous bone(㎟) and the thickness(㎜) of labial and lingual alveolar bone at 2㎜, 3㎜ under the CEJ(cemento-enamel junction). GLM, Kruskal-Wallis test and Tukey HSD test were subsequently implemented to determine a correlation. The lingual cortical bone thickness of the lateral incisors at 2, 3㎜ under CEJ was greater in the ClassⅠ low angle group than other 3 groups (p&amp;lt;0.05). No statistically significant differences by facial types were found in the volume of the mandibular incisor bony support, cross-sectional area of total alveolar bobe and cancellous bone area at the mandibular incisor axis(p&amp;gt;0.05). The result of this study found that there was a statistically significant relationship between facial skeletal types and the thickness of lingual mandibular incisor bony support. Patients in ClassⅠ, low angle group have a thicker lingual mandibular incisor bony support than ClassⅡ, high angle patients.;본 연구는 수평적, 수직적 안면 골격 유형에 따른 하악 전치부 치조골의 형태학적 차이를 알아보기 위하여 시행하였다. 이대목동병원 교정과를 내원한 환자 중 2011년 2월부터 2012년 4월까지 Cone-beam computed tomography(Cone-beam CT)를 촬영한 환자 658명을 대상으로 하였다. 그 중에서 만 18세 이하, 교정 치료를 받은 환자, 하악 전치부위에 과밀이 심한 환자(Little’s irregularity 6이상), 결손치아가 있는 환자, IMPA가 평균 크기(90&amp;lt;IMPA&amp;lt;102)에서 벗어난 환자를 제외 하였다. ANB각(Ⅰ급: 0-4˚, Ⅱ급: 4˚이상)과 하악 평면각(SN-MP각; 하악 평면각이 작은 군: 25-32˚, 하악 평면각이 큰 군: 38-49˚)을 기준으로 4 군당 각각 10명씩 추출하였다(Ⅰ급 하악 평면각이 작은 군, Ⅰ급 하악 평면각이 큰 군, Ⅱ급 하악 평면각이 작은 군, Ⅱ급 하악 평면각이 큰 군). Cone-beam CT 자료를 이용하여 하악 전치부 치조골의 부피(㎣), 하악 4절치 치축 기준 시상단면의 단면적(총 단면적, 해면골 단면적; ㎟), 백악법랑경계(CEJ; cemento-enamel junction) 2㎜, 3㎜ 아래 순, 설측 치조골 두께를 측정하였다. 4 군 내에서 측절치의 백악법랑경계 2㎜, 3㎜ 하방 설측 치조골 두께가 통계적으로 유의성이 있었는데(p&amp;lt;0.05), Ⅰ급 하악 평면각이 작은 군이 나머지 3 군 보다 두꺼웠으며, 좌, 우 측절치 모두 통계적으로 유의성이 있었다(p&amp;lt;0.05). Ⅰ급 군 내에서 하악 평면각이 작은 군이 하악 평면각이 큰 군 보다 양측 측절치 백악법랑경계 2, 3㎜ 하방 설측 치조골 두께가 두꺼웠다(p&amp;lt;0.05). Ⅱ급 군 내에서 하악 평면각이 작은 군이 하악 평면각이 큰 군보다 하악 전치부위 부피, 우측 측절치 시상단면의 단면적(총단면적, 해면골 단면적)이 컸다(p&amp;lt;0.05). 하악 평면각이 작은 군 내에서 Ⅰ급 군이 Ⅱ급 군보다 양측 측절치 백악법랑경계 2㎜ 하방 설측 치조골 두께가 두꺼웠고, Ⅱ급 군이 Ⅰ급 군보다 좌측 측절치 백악법랑경계 3㎜ 하방 협측 치조골 두께가 두꺼웠다(p&amp;lt;0.05). 하악 평면각이 큰 군 내에서 Ⅰ급 군과 Ⅱ급 군의 하악 전치부 치조골의 형태는 통계적으로 유의성이 없었다(p&amp;gt;0.05). 하악 측절치 설측 치조골 두께가 Ⅰ급 하악 평면각이 작은 군이 나머지 3군 보다 두꺼웠으며, Ⅰ급 군이 Ⅱ급 군보다, 하악 평면각이 작은 군이 하악 평면각이 큰 군보다 두꺼웠고, 수평적 안면골격보다 수직적 안면골격이 하악 전치 설측 치조골 두께와 연관이 깊었다. Ⅰ급, 하악 평면각이 작은 환자가 아닌 Ⅰ급 하악 평면각이 큰 군, Ⅱ급 하악 평면각이 작은 군, 하악 평면각이 큰 군인 경우 하악 전치 후방 이동시 하악 전치 설측 치조골의 두께에 주의해야 할 것으로 사료된다.Ⅰ.서론 1 Ⅱ.연구대상 및 방법 4 A.연구대상 4 B.연구방법 5 C.계측자 내 신뢰도(Intra-examiner reliability) 7 D.계측치의 분석 및 통계 처리 7 Ⅲ.연구결과 8 Ⅳ.고찰 11 Ⅴ.결론 14 참고문헌 15 Abstract 1

음악줄넘기 활동이 비만정신지체아동의 신체활동량 및 건강 체력에 미치는 영향

학위논문(석사) --서울대학교 대학원 :체육교육과,2008.2Maste