-근로시간의 양, 근로시간대, 근로시간 유연성을 중심으로-

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 생활과학대학 아동가족학과, 2019. 2. 이재림.이 연구는 다차원적인 근로시간의 특성에 기초해 맞벌이 부부의 근로시간을 부부단위로 유형화하고 근로시간 유형과 일·생활 균형의 관계를 밝히는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 맞벌이 부부는 제한된 시간 자원을 이용하여 일과 가족 사이의 균형을 추구하기 위해서 가족의 상황과 직장의 여건을 고려하여 부부 단위로 근로시간을 조정하고 분배할 가능성이 있다. 따라서 맞벌이 부부의 근로시간은 부부의 특성과 부부를 둘러싼 가족과 직업 특성에 따라 다양한 모습으로 나타날 가능성이 있다. 이 연구에서는 근로시간의 다차원성에 주목하였다. 얼마나 오래 일하는지와 더불어 언제 일하는지, 근로시간을 개인이 통제할 수 있는지는 중요한 근로시간의 특성이다. 즉, 근로시간의 양, 근로시간대, 근로시간 유연성이라는 근로시간의 다차원적 특성들이 부부 단위에서 어떻게 결합되어 있는지 유형화를 통해 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 이 연구는 맞벌이 남편과 부인의 근로시간이 상호 연결되어 있을 수 있다는 점에서 부부 단위에서 근로시간 특성을 유형화하였다. 또한 맞벌이 부부의 근로시간 유형을 더 잘 이해하기 위해 어떠한 요인들이 부부의 근로시간 유형분류를 설명하는데 유용한지 파악하고, 근로시간 유형에 따라 남편과 부인이 경험하는 일·생활 균형에 차이가 있는지 살펴보았다. 분석을 위해 한국노동패널 17차년도(2014년) 본조사와 부가조사 자료를 사용하였다. 분석대상은 부부 모두 경제활동을 하고 있고(임금근로자, 비임금근로자, 무급가족종사자), 만 60세 이하이면서 부부가 동거하고 있으며, 동거하는 미혼 자녀가 있거나 무자녀인 맞벌이 부부 총 1,150쌍이었다. 잠재계층분석(latent class analysis)을 실시하여 맞벌이 부부의 근로시간을 유형화한 후, 근로시간 유형에 영향을 미치는 설명요인들의 영향력을 살펴보고, 부부 특성과 직업 특성의 영향력과 근로시간 유형에 따른 일·생활 균형의 차이를 검증하였다. 이상의 분석은 잠재계층분석의 3단계 접근법(3-step approach)을 이용하였다. 주요 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 맞벌이 남편과 부인의 근로시간의 양, 근로시간대, 근로시간 유연성에 기초해 부부의 근로시간을 유연한 결과, (1) 부부표준시간 유형, (2) 남편장시간유연-부인표준시간 유형, (3) 부부장시간유연 유형, (4) 남편표준시간-부인유연 유형, (5) 남편장시간비표준-부인비유연 유형이라는 5가지 유형이 분류되었다. 구체적으로 각 유형의 특성을 살펴보면, 부부표준시간 유형은 표본의 53.90%로, 맞벌이 부부의 절반 이상을 차지하고 있었다. 부부 모두 주당 평균근로시간이 평균 40시간 이상이었지만, 다른 유형에 비해 근로시간이 짧은 편이었으며, 표준시간대에 일하고, 근로시간 유연성이 가장 낮았다. 남편장시간유연-부인표준시간 유형은 표본의 16.26%를 차지하고 있었으며, 남편의 근로시간 유연성이 높았다. 또한 남편의 주당 평균근로시간이 평균 50시간 이상으로 긴 편이었으며, 저녁·야간 시간대와 휴일에 일하는 비율이 비교적 높은 편이었다. 부인은 근로시간은 평균 40시간을 약간 넘어 짧은 편이었으며, 비표준시간대 근로 비율과 근로시간 유연성은 낮은 편이었다. 부부장시간유연 유형은 전체의 13.57%를 차지하고 있었다. 이 유형의 부부는 남편과 부인 모두 근로시간 유연성이 높았다. 근로시간 역시 남편과 부인 모두 긴 편이었는데, 남편은 평균 50시간 이상이었고, 부인의 주당 평균근로시간은 평균 50시간을 넘지는 않았지만, 모든 근로시간 유형 중에서 가장 근로시간이 길었다. 비표준시간대 근로 비율도 남편과 부인 모두 높은 편이었다. 남편표준시간-부인유연 유형은 표본의 12.09%를 차지하고 있었으며, 부인의 주당 평균근로시간은 평균 40시간을 약간 넘는 수준으로 다른 유형에 비해 짧지만, 비표준시간대 근로, 높은 근로시간 유연성이 특징적으로 나타났다. 남편은 부부표준시간 유형 남편과 근로시간 특성이 유사했다. 부부표준시간 유형 남편보다 비표준시간대 근로 비율은 다소 높았지만, 다른 유형에 비해서는 낮은 편이었다. 근로시간이 평균 50시간 미만으로 짧은 편이었으며, 근로시간 유연성이 낮았다. 남편장시간비표준-부인비유연 유형은 전체의 4.18%를 차지하고 있었다. 남편의 근로시간은 평균 60시간 이상으로 모든 유형 중에서 가장 길었고, 비표준시간대 근로 비율도 가장 높았다. 장시간, 비표준시간대 근로에도 불구하고 근로시간 유연성이 낮은 것도 특징적이었다. 부인은 휴일에 근로할 확률이 높고, 근로시간 유연성이 낮았다. 둘째, 맞벌이 부부 특성과 직업 특성이 근로시간 유형간 차이를 설명하는지 살펴본 결과, 남편과 부인의 종사상 지위가 가장 중요한 설명요인이었다. 부부 모두 임금근로자일 때 부부표준시간 유형과 남편장시간비표준-부인비유연 유형에 속할 가능성이 높았다. 부부 모두 임금근로자라 하더라도 부인이 상용직보다 임시·일용직 임금근로자일 때 부부표준시간 유형에 비해 남편장시간비표준-부인비유연 유형에 속할 가능성이 높았다. 남편이 비임금근로자이고 부인이 임금근로자일 때는 남편장시간유연-부인표준시간 유형에 속할 가능성이 높은 반면, 남편이 임금근로자이고 부인이 자영업자일 때 남편표준시간-부인유연 유형에 속할 가능성이 높았다. 남편과 부인이 모두 비임금근로자일 때는 부부장시간유연 유형에 속할 가능성이 높았다. 이는 비임금근로자와 임금근로자의 시간이 서로 다른 방식으로 구성되고 있음을 보여준다. 비임금근로자의 경우 높은 근로시간 유연성이 특징적으로 나타난다. 또 하나 주목해야 할 설명요인은 막내자녀 연령이었다. 이 연구에서는 무자녀나 막내자녀가 만 13세 이상일 때보다 만 6세 이하일 때, 부인의 근로시간 유연성이 낮은 부부표준시간 유형이나 남편장시간유연-부인표준시간 유형에 비해 남편표준시간-부인유연 유형에 속할 가능성이 높았다. 이 연구에서 남편표준시간-부인유연 유형은 부인이 종사상 지위가 자영업자일 때 속할 가능성이 높은데, 이는 미취학 자녀를 둔 부인의 경우 자영업을 선택함으로써 높은 근로시간 유연성을 추구하고 있음을 보여주고 있다. 그러나 다른 한편으로 남편표준시간-부인유연 유형에 속하는 부인들이 종사상 지위가 자영업자일 가능성이 높다는 점은 여성들이 일과 생활의 균형을 위해 근로시간 유연성이 높은 직업을 추구하지만, 선택할 수 있는 일자리가 제한적임을 보여주기도 한다. 셋째, 맞벌이 부부의 근로시간 유형에 따라 남편과 부인의 일·생활 균형에도 차이가 있었다. 전체적으로 남편표준시간-부인유연 유형에 속한 부부는 시간 부족과 일·생활 불균형을 낮게 지각하고 있어, 일·생활 균형이 높았다. 이 유형은 남편과 부인 모두의 근로시간이 유형 중에서 짧은 편이고, 부인의 근로시간 유연성이 높았다. 이를 통해 볼 때, 남편과 부인의 짧은 근로시간과 더불어 부인의 높은 근로시간 유연성은 부부의 일과 생활의 균형을 높이는 요인으로 작용하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 맞벌이 남편과 부인의 근로시간의 양, 근로시간대, 근로시간 유연성에 기초해 부부 단위에서 근로시간이 어떻게 구성되어 있는지 유형화 방식으로 포착하였다. 이를 통해, 맞벌이 부부의 근로시간이라는 다차원적 속성을 입체적으로 탐색했다는 의의가 있다. 나아가 근로시간 유형에 따른 일·생활 균형의 차이를 살펴봄으로써, 맞벌이 부부를 위한 가족정책 및 노동정책이 부부의 근로시간 특성의 다양성을 고려한 맞춤형 정책으로 나아갈 수 있도록 방향성을 제시했다는 데 의의가 있다.This study attempted to identify the types of dual-earner couples work arrangements with a focus on the multidimensional characteristics of work time such as work hours, schedules, and flexibility. This study aimed to understand the diverse characteristics of dual-earner husbands and wives work arrangements at a couple level. It also sought to investigate the relationship between the types of work arrangements and work-life balance. The dataset used in the study was Wave 17 (2014) of the Korean Labor & Income Panel Study (KLIPS), a large representative survey conducted yearly since 1998. Wave 17 includes an additional survey on time use and quality of life, which provides information about respondents start time and end time of work and work schedule flexibility. In this research, dual-earner couples were operationalized as married couples who lived in the same household, had co-resident unmarried children or no children, and worked as paid workers, self-employed workers, or unpaid family workers. Both partners had to be 60 years old or younger to be included in the subsample, which was 1,150 dual-earner couples. This research used a latent class model to develop a typology of dual-earner couples based on multidimensional working time characteristics and a 3-step approach to determine the factors that explain the differences of each type. It also investigated the relationship between the types of dual earner couples and work-life balance. This study used five indicators to construct the typology: (a) the hours each partner worked per week on average, (b) the percentage of the hours each partner worked after standard work hours—between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m., (c) whether each partner worked on holidays or not, (d) the level of autonomy that each partner had in determining the number of working hours, and (e) whether each partner could change the start and end time of work. There were several key findings in this study. First, work status was the most important factor that explained the differences among the various types of work arrangements. Dual-earner couples work arrangements were classified into five types: (a) Type 1: couples working full-time with standard schedules(b) Type 2: husbands working long hours with flexibility and wives working full-time, standard schedules(c) Type 3: both partners working long hours with flexibility(d) Type 4: husbands working full-time with standard schedules and wives working full-time with flexibilityand (e) Type 5: husbands working long hours with nonstandard schedules and wives with rigid work schedules. Type 1, Couples working full-time with standard schedules (53.90%), represents dual-earner couples who have typical work schedules. Both partners worked for over 40 hours per week, but the average work hours were shorter than other types. They worked standard work schedules and had rigid work time arrangements. When both partners were paid workers, they were more likely to be classified as Type 1. Type 2, Husbands working long hours with flexibility and wives working full-time, standard schedules (16.26%) represents the husband having a very flexible work arrangements. The husbands worked over 50 hours and had a higher probability of working within a nonstandard schedule. The wives work time characteristics were similar to those of Type 1. When the husband was a self-employed worker and the wife was a paid worker, they were more likely to belong to Type 2. Type 3, Couples working long hours with flexibility (13.57%) is characterized by both partners working long hours with a relatively high proportion of working nonstandard schedules and having higher levels of working time flexibility. Couples were more likely to belong to Type 3 when the husband was a self-employed worker and the wife was an unpaid family worker. Type 4, Husbands working full-time with standard schedules and wives working full-time with flexibility (12.09%), represents wives with high work time flexibility. Wives worked 42.08 hours per week, on average. The proportion of working nonstandard schedules was relatively high. Husbands work time characteristics were very similar to those of Type 1. Couples were more likely to belong to Type 4 when the husband was a paid worker and the wife was a self-employed worker. Couples also had a higher probability of belonging to Type 4 than Type 1 and Type 2 when couples had children under 6 years old. This shows that wives tended to pursue a work-life balance by becoming self-employed workers. This also indicates that women had limited alternatives when they wanted to have flexible schedule jobs. Type 5, Husbands working long hours with nonstandard schedules and wives with a rigid work schedule (4.18%) was characterized by the husband having the longest working hours per week and the highest probability of working nonstandard schedules. Husbands worked over 60 hours per week with nonstandard schedules. The proportion of working in the evening or at night was nearly 50% and the probability of working on holidays was over .7. Husbands work time flexibility was low and the wives also had rigid work schedules. The second key finding is that there were differences in the levels of work-life balance depending on the type of work arrangements of the dual-earner couples. Overall, Type 4 couples reported higher levels of work-life balance. They were less likely to perceive a lack of time and perceived a lower work-life imbalance. This suggests that these couples relatively short working hours as well as wives flexible work schedules helped them maintain a work-life balance. The findings of this study imply that it is important to understand the diversity of dual-earner couples work time. It also shows that work time flexibility is a key indicator to classify the typology of work arrangements. By identifying the diverse types of work arrangements among dual-earner couples, the present study suggests that customized family and labor policies are imperative to support dual-earner couples work-life balance.Ⅰ. 서론 1 Ⅱ. 선행연구 고찰 및 이론적 관점 9 1. 맞벌이 부부의 특성 9 2. 맞벌이 부부의 근로시간 유형화 12 1) 부부 근로시간의 상호의존성 12 2) 근로시간의 다차원성 14 3) 맞벌이 부부의 근로시간 유형 22 3. 맞벌이 부부의 근로시간 유형 설명요인 29 1) 부부 특성 29 2) 직업 특성 36 4. 맞벌이 부부의 근로시간 유형과 일·생활 균형 38 Ⅲ. 연구문제 및 연구모형 46 Ⅳ. 연구방법 48 1. 분석자료 48 2. 분석대상 49 3. 변수측정 49 1) 근로시간 유형화 지표 49 2) 근로시간 유형 설명요인 51 3) 일·생활 균형 53 4. 분석방법 55 Ⅴ. 연구결과 58 1. 연구대상 부부의 특성 58 2. 맞벌이 부부의 근로시간 유형화 및 유형별 특성 65 3. 맞벌이 부부의 근로시간 유형 설명요인 79 4. 맞벌이 부부의 근로시간 유형에 따른 일·생활 균형 90 Ⅵ. 결론 및 논의 94 1. 연구결과 요약 및 결론 94 2. 제언 108 3. 연구의 한계 및 의의 112 참고문헌 115 설문지 135 Abstract 143Docto

Is close monitoring in the intensive care unit necessary after elective liver resection?

PURPOSE: Many surgical patients are admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), resulting in an increased demand, and possible waste, of resources. Patients who undergo liver resection are also transferred postoperatively to the ICU. However, this may not be necessary in all cases. This study was designed to assess the necessity of ICU admission. METHODS: The medical records of 313 patients who underwent liver resections, as performed by a single surgeon from March 2000 to December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Among 313 patients, 168 patients (53.7%) were treated in the ICU. 148 patients (88.1%) received only observation during the ICU care. The ICU re-admission and intensive medical treatment significantly correlated with major liver resection (odds ratio [OR], 6.481; P = 0.011), and intraoperative transfusions (OR, 7.108; P = 0.016). Patients who underwent major liver resection and intraoperative transfusion were significantly associated with need for mechanical ventilator care, longer postoperative stays in the ICU and the hospital, and hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Most patients admitted to the ICU after major liver resection just received close monitoring. Even though patients underwent major liver resection, patients without receipt of intraoperative transfusion could be sent to the general ward. Duration of ICU/hospital stay, ventilator care and mortality significantly correlated with major liver resection and intraoperative transfusion. Major liver resection and receipt of intraoperative transfusions should be considered indicators for ICU admission.ope

The Analgesic Effects of Intercostal Nerve Block in Patients Undergoing Total Ear Reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Patients usually complain of severe postoperative pain at the rib cartilage recession site after total ear reconstruction surgery. We evaluated the postoperative analgesic effects of an intercostal nerve block (ICNB) in patients undergoing total ear reconstruction. METHODS: We injected normal saline (2 ml/rib space) in the control group (n = 15), and 0.75% ropivacaine (2 ml/rib space) in the ICNB group (n = 15) respectively into the 6th, 7th and 8th intercostal spaces following the induction of general anesthesia for surgery. Mean arterial pressures and heart rates were measured pre-ICNB, post-ICNB, pre-surgical incision, 10, 30 and 60 minutes after incision. Numerical rating scales (NRS: 0 = no pain, 10 = most severe pain) were measured at a postoperative 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours by NRS-resting and NRS-coughing, respectively. RESULTS: Mean arterial pressures and heart rates were significantly more stable (P < 0.05) in the ICNB group at 10, 30 and 60 min after incision, than in the control group. NRS were low in all of the ICNB group throughout the postoperative period versus the control group. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that ICNB induce stable vital signs during rib recession and has excellent postoperative analgesic effects. Thus, we recommend periop-ICNB for total ear reconstruction surgery for the management of anesthesia and postop-analgesia.ope

나노스케일 물의 표면장력 연구

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :자연과학대학 물리·천문학부,2015. 8. 제원호.Surface tension plays an important role in nanoscale vapor-liquid phase transition such as condensation, evaporation of nano water meniscus or bubble. The measured and theoretical values due to the formation of it have been disagreed and it was been debated whether the surface tension defined in macroscopic scale is applied the same in nanoscale. However surface tension remain large unknown and imperatively need to be better understood. The capillary rise method is the oldest and most typical way to determine surface tension among several methods of surface tension measurements. We demonstrated a hybrid force measurement system to obtain the capillary force directly so that we could investigate surface tension in nanoscale. The hybrid system of a quartz tuning fork (QTF)-based, amplitude modulation atomic force microscope (AM-AFM) and a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) measures simultaneously the dynamic and static forces for nanoconfined water bridge formed between hydrophilic surfaces. This system formed a stable water bridge at a certain distance and obtained the absolute capillary force besides dynamic properties of the water meniscus. Moreover, the MEMS force sensor provides the additional force information, verifies the AFM measurement, allows accessibility of multiple driving frequencies, and expresses the stress or strain of the confined nanoscale water column. Stress and strain measurements revealed that the nanoconfined water meniscus has the Young's modulus comparable to that of soft rubber or soft tissues and the low loss tangent value close to the solid-like behavior. We calculated the capillary force on the basis of Young-Laplace equation and compared the analyzed values with the experimental findings. This numerical evaluation of Young-Laplace equation enables the surface tension in nanoscale to be investigated closely. Therefore, we found that the surface tension value of water meniscus in nanoscale significantly decreases less than 20 % of the one in bulk water. This observations may resolve the existing discrepancies between experiments and theories associated with liquid-vapor transition effects in nanoconfined water and allow a contribution to the applications such as self-assembly of bio-molecules and efficient design of nanomaterials.Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Hybrid MEMS-AFM system 2.1 Quartz tunning fork (QTF)-based Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 2.2 Microelectromachanical system (MEMS) force sensor 2.2.1 Surface micro-machining of z-axis force sensor 2.2.2 Shear MEMS device works along x- and y-axes 2.2.3 MEMS in hybrid system 2.3 Hybrid MEMS-AFM system Chapter 3 Dynamic and Static force measurement using Hybrid MEMS-AFM 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Dynamic and Static force measurement 3.3 Capillary force of nanoscale water cluster 3.4 Viscoelasticity of nanoscale water cluster 3.5 Conclusion Chapter 4 Investigation on surface tension of nanoscale water 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Method and modeling of capillary force 4.2.1 Modeling for measured force using capillary force 4.2.2 Solution of Young-Laplace equation 4.2.3 Comparison between experimental results and theoretical calculations 4.2.4 Theoretic analysis and numerical simulation 4.2.5 Fitting Method using Young-Laplace equation 4.3 Investigation of surface tension in nanoscale 4.4 Conclusion Chapter 5 Conclusions Appendix A Nano-bubble formation and surface tension A.1 The predicted surface tension by nucleation theory A.2 The cluster model for bubble formation Appendix B Numerical calculation of capillary force in water nanomeniscus Appendix C Fabricated tips for hybrid MEMS-AFM system C.1 Quartz tip fabricated by a laser puller C.2 The size control capabilityDocto

20, 30대 이혼 남녀의 이혼 후 적응 : 이혼 후 생활변화, 개인적 자원, 대인관계 자원을 중심으로

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :아동가족학과,2004.Maste

수평방향 동적 원자힘 현미경을 이용한 나노 크기의 가두어진 물 연구

Thesis(masters) --서울대학교 대학원 :물리·천문학부(물리학전공),2010.2.Maste

초임계 이산화탄소 상에서 약물-고분자 시스템을 위한 중합 및 함침

학위논문(박사) --서울대학교 대학원 :응용화학부, 2008.2.Docto

Effects of thoracic epidural analgesia combined with general anesthesia on intraoperative ventilation/oxygenation and postoperative pulmonary complications in robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) on intraoperative ventilation/oxygenation and postoperative pulmonary complications in robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy requiring high-pressure pneumoperitoneum and the extreme head-down position. METHODS: Seventy-two patients (age range, 58-76 years) scheduled for elective robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy were randomly assigned to receive either TEA combined with general anesthesia (TEA group, n = 36) or general anesthesia (GA group, n = 36). T4-sensory block using 1% lidocaine was continuously provided during surgery in the TEA group but not in the GA group. The mode of ventilation was volume controlled with a linear ramp in the pressure wave. Maximum peak inspiratory pressure was preset at 35 mm Hg, and no positive end-expiratory pressure was administered to the patients. Minute ventilation was adjusted to maintain end-tidal CO(2) between 30 and 35 mm Hg by changing respiratory rate during surgery. Intraoperative ventilatory parameters and blood gas analyses were checked. Clinical and radiological pulmonary complications were observed for 3 days postoperatively. RESULTS: Patients in the TEA group showed significantly lower peak inspiratory pressure and higher dynamic compliance with larger expiratory tidal volume during surgery than those in the GA group. They had significantly better oxygenation and lower concentrations of lactate on arterial blood gas analysis than the GA group. Postoperative clinical and radiological complication rates were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: TEA combined with general anesthesia improved intraoperative ventilation/oxygenation. Although clinical and radiologic pulmonary complications were not significantly influenced, TEA can be considered an option for patients with limited reserve capacity or preexisting impairments of visceral blood flow.ope