A Study on a Broadband and High-Efficient Structure for CMOS RF Linear Power Amplifier

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기공학부, 2013. 2. 남상욱.본 논문은 광대역 전력 증폭기와 고효율 전력 증폭기의 설계에 관한 것이다. 많은 표준화 노력에도 불구하고 세계 각국에서 사용되는 통신방식은 통일되지 못하였고 사용하는 주파수 대역 또한 다르다. 오늘날 무선 이동 통신 기술이 WCDMA를 거쳐 LTE로 진화함에 따라, 고속의 데이터 전송을 위해 OFDM등과 같은 PAPR이 큰 변조 방식의 사용을 필요로 한다. 더불어, 단말기의 제작비용을 줄이고 사용시간을 늘리기 위해서는 높은 집적도와 전력 효율을 갖는 RF 송/수신 회로가 요구된다. 이와 같은 다중대역 다중모드를 지원하는 고효율의 단일 전력 증폭기 개발의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 여기서는 CMOS공정의 낮은 항복전압을 트랜지스터를 쌓아 올리는stacked 구조를 이용하여 극복하였고, 나아가 고출력의 전력증폭기를 지향하였다. 이 논문에서는 기본적인 Class-F급 전력증폭기 이론을 기반으로 광대역에서 고출력 고효율을 지향하는Continuous class-F의 전력증폭기를 설계하기 위한 방식을 제시해본다. 다시 말해 Fundamental은 물론, 2, 3차 임피던스 컨트롤과 함께 전압 파형 엔지니어링을 통하여 구현 가능한 출력 매칭 네트워크를 제시해 보였고 이러한 방법은 높은 출력을 갖는 다양한 소자의 전력 증폭기에 적용이 가능하리라 여겨진다.목 차 제 1장 서론 7 제 2장 광대역 전력 증폭기 8 2.1. stacked 전력증폭기 8 2.1.1 Basic operation 9 2.1.2 설계한 stacked 구조 11 2.2. Continuous class-F 전력 증폭기 12 2.2.1 표준 Class-F 전력 증폭기 12 2.2.2 Extended class-F 13 2.2.3 Design space for Continuous class-F.......................16 2.3. 출력 정합 회로 18 2.3.1 기존 구조의 한계 18 2.3.2 제안된 구조 20 제 3 장 설계 및 시뮬레이션 23 3.1. 전체 회로 구성 23 3.2. Layout Issue 25 3.2.1 stacked 구조에서 transistor의 Gate capacitance의 영향 25 3.2.2 최종 Layout 구조 27 3.3. Simulation Results 28 3.3.1 Continuous wave simulation 28 3.3.2 2-Tone simulation 31 제 4 장 측정 결과 33 4.1. S-parameter 34 4.2. 1-Tone/WCDMA measurements 35 4.2.1 Measurement setup 35 4.2.2 Continuous wave Measurements 36 4.2.3 WCDMA Measurements 38 4.3. Comparison with other work 40 제 5 장 결 론 42 참고문헌 43 ABSTRACT 46Maste

Comparative study in the effectiveness of treatment by using occlusal biteplane splint by means of various diagnostic indices and mandibular kinesiography

치의학과/석사[한글] 교합안정장치 사용에 따르는 치료효과와 측두하악장애 정도를 양적으로 표시하는 각종 진단지수들의 상관관계를 규명하기 위하여 연세대학교 치과병원 교합과에 내원한 환자 중에서 설문지 조사, 임상적 검사 및 방사선학적 검사에 의하여 이갈이군, 정복성 관절원판 변위군 및 비정복성 판절원판 변위군으로 단분류한 남자 5명, 여자 21명, 총 26명의 환자를 대상으로 교합안정장치 치료전과 치료 1, 2, 6개월후의 PRI, Pain scores, Helkimo-dysfunction index, 그리고 Mandibular Kinesiography를 이용한 하악운동의 기록을 측정하여 비교분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 치료후 PRI 값은 세 군 모두에서 감소되었다(p<0.05) . 2. Pain scores와 Helkimo dysfunction index는 세 군중 비정복성 관절원판 변위군에서만 감소되었다(p<0.05). 3. 이갈이군은 시상면 상에서의 최대개구량과 최대개구속도에서, 정복성 관절원판 변위군은 시상면 상에서의 최대 개구량과 전후방편위량, 및 최대개구속도에서, 비정복성 관절 원판변위군은 최대개구량과 전후방 편위량 및 최대 개폐구속도에서 유의성있는 변화가 있었다(p<0.05). 4. 교합안정장치에 의한 치료후 연하형태 및 저작형태의 변화는 없었고 유아 연하 형태는 11%, 쳐인 연하 형태는 89%였다. 저작형태는 대부분이 Type Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, 이었으며, TypeⅡ, Type Ⅰ, Type Ⅲ 의 순으로 많았다 5. 여러 진단 지수중 Pain scores와 Helkimo dysfunction index 사이에는 측정시기에 따라 서로간의 뚜렷한 상관관계를 가졌다 (p(0.05). 이상에서와 같이 여러가지 진단지수로 측정된 교합안정장치에 의한 치료효과는 이갈이군이나 정복성 관절원판 변위군에 비하여 비정복성 관절원판 변위군에서 가장 높은 것으 로 나타났다. [영문]26 patients (5 males and 21 females) who visited the Department of Occlusion at Yonsei University Dental Hospital were chosen as subjects in examining the correlation of various indices which quantify the degrees of TMJ abnormalities and the effectiveness of treatment by using occlusal piteplain splint. Their diagnosis were classified into 3 groups: bruxism, anterior displacement of articular disc with reduction and anterior displacement of articular disc without reduction. Clinical and radiographic examinations, and their mandibular movements were recorded before and 1, 2, 6 months respectively after using occlusal biteplane splint by means of PRI pain scores, Helkimo-dysfunction index, and Mandibular Kinesiography. Comparatively analyzing, the results were as follow . 1.PRI scores weirs decreased in all three groups after treatment (p<0.05). 2.Pain scores and Helkimo dysfunction index declined only in anterior displacement of articular disc without reduction group (p<0.05). 3. There were significant differences at maximum opening state on sagittal plane and at maxi-mum opening velocity in bruxism group ; at maximum opening stat? and anterior-posterior displacement on sagittal plane and maximum opening velocity in anterior displacement of articular disc with reduction; and at maximum opening state and anterior-posterior displacement and at maximum opening & closing velocity in anterior displacement of articular disc without reduction group. 4. Swallowing and masticatory patterns remained unchanged by using biteplane splint for treatment, 11% were in infantile swallowing patterns and 89% were in adult swallowing patterns. Most of masticatory patterns were Type Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, and in the order of which was the most to least was from Type Ⅱ, Ⅰ, and Ⅲ. 5.Among the various daignostic indices, Pain scores and Helkimo dysfunction index were distinct-tively correlated along the measurement periods (P<0.05). As indicated above, the occlusal biteplane splint thereapy was resulted to be most effective in anterior displacement of articular disc without reduction group comparing to bruxism or anterior displacement of articular disc with reduction group according to various diagnostic indices used in this study.restrictio

멀티미디어 성능 향상을 위한 연속 매체 스케쥴링

Thesis (doctoral)--서울대학교 대학원 :컴퓨터공학과,1999.Docto

Asymmetrical growth of maxillofacial bone following surgically induced anterior displacement of temporomandibula

치의학과/박사restrictio

무선 이동 통신 기기에 적합한 다중대역 CMOS 전력증폭기에 관한 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2018. 2. 남상욱.In this Dissertation, a study on multi–band linear CMOS power amplifiers (PAs) for wireless mobile communication applications is performed. Since mobile and radar applications are allocated at different center frequencies with various bandwidths, a single PA is required to support number of frequency bands for size and cost reduction. Even though the CMOS technology take advantage of cost–benefit and possibility of integration with other circuits, designing linear multi–band CMOS PAs generating high output power has been challenging due to low breakdown voltage and nonlinear nature of the CMOS device. Next, three design techniques to realize broadband/multi–band linear PAs are presented. First, a broadband linear stacked–FET CMOS PA for LTE handset applications is demonstrated. The PA is based on continuous Class–F mode of operation, where a proposed output matching network controls fundamental loads and their harmonics using a low pass network and a shunt resonator. An adaptive bias circuit with a low pass filter, as a linearization, generates an average bias depending on each output power. The proposed stacked PA, including the integrated bias circuit, is fabricated in a 0.11–μm RF CMOS technology. The measurement results show that the peak average power is improved by 1.5 dB under an ACLR_E–UTRA of -30 dBc, for a 16–QAM 7.5 dB PAPR LTE signal. From 1.55 GHz to 2.05 GHz, the designed PA delivers a linear output power of 24.3–25.2 dBm with a drain efficiency of 25.6–28.6 % at the ACLR_E–UTRA of -30 dBc, under the same bias condition. These results show the proposed CMOS PA is useful for broadband highly linear applications. Second, a reconfigurable S/X–band PA integrated into a 0.18–μm RF CMOS process is developed. A switchable transformer for output matching is operate by tuning its primary winding and a shunt capacitor under a 50 Ω load, with passive efficiency of more than 63 %/67 % for the S/X–band. Series resonance circuits with bond wires are employed at common–mode nodes, greatly improving the X–band performance of the PA. Despite the use of inter–stage matching without any tunable elements, the PA presents a power gain of more than 19.5 dB at both 3.0 and 8.0 GHz. The PA provides a saturated output power of 24.8/21.5 (21.5) dBm with a power–added efficiency (PAE) of 32.8 %/11.1 % (10.7 %) at 3.0/8.0 (9.0) GHz. The 1–dB bandwidth is 0.6/2.0 GHz (2.8–3.4 GHz/7.5–9.5 GHz) for the S/X–band. This amplifier demonstrates suitable performance for dual band high–resolution radar transceivers. Last, a reconfigurable broadband linear PA for long–range WLAN 802.11 af/ah handheld applications is presented, which is fabricated in a 0.18–μm RF CMOS process. The reconfigurable operation (Mode 1: 450–650 MHz/Mode 2: 650–1100 MHz) at a proposed in/output matching network provides the PA with broadband behavior. The output network is realized by a switchable transformer which shows peak maximum passive efficiencies of 65.03 %/73.45 % at 0.45/0.725 GHz. To compensate AM–to–PM distortion, an adaptive power cell at the common gate transistor is utilized and phase variation is enhanced by 0.7º. With simulated continuous wave sources, an 1–dB bandwidth according to a saturated output power is 0.45–1.1 GHz (FBW: ~84 %), presenting the output power/PAE of above 26.73 dBm/20 %. For two tone simulations with 40 MHz tone spacing, an average output power shows more than 23.7 dBm, under an IMD3 of -30 dBc. Therefore, the suggested design can deliver a linear amplification for a broadband/wideband signal of wireless linear communication applications.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 MultiBand PA Structures 4 1.3 Dissertation Organization 6 1.4 References 8 2. A Broadband Linear CMOS Stacked Power Amplifier Using Continuous ClassF Output Matching Network for LTE Handset Applications 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Broadband Linear CMOS stacked PA 14 2.2.1 StackedFET Topology 14 2.2.2 Continuous ClassF Mode 17 2.2.3 Output Matching Network Based on Extended Continuous ClassF for the CMOS stacked PA 25 2.2.4 Adaptive Common Source Bias for the Stacked PAs 27 2.3 Fabrication and Measurement Results 34 2.4 Conclusions 40 2.5 References 41 3. A Reconfigurable S/XBand CMOS Power Amplifier for HighResolution Radar Transceivers 44 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Dual Band CMOS PA Architecture 48 3.2.1 Design of the Reconfigurable Dual Band Transformer 48 3.2.2 A TwoStage S/Xband PA with Resonance Circuits 59 3.3 Fabrication and Measurement Results 65 3.4 Conclusions 72 3.5 References 73 4. A Reconfigurable Broadband CMOS Power Amplifier for 802.11af/ah Applications 76 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 Operation of the Reconfigurable Broadband PA 82 4.2.1 Design Goal of Broadband PA 82 4.2.2 Reconfigurable Transformer for Broadband Operation 84 4.2.3 Adaptive Power Cells at Common Gate Transistors 91 4.3 Implementation and Simulation Results 102 4.3.1 Layout and Circuit Simulation 102 4.3.2 Simulation Results 104 4.4 Conclusions 111 4.5 References 112 5. Conclusions 115 5.1 Research Summary 115 5.2 Future Works 117 Abstract in Korean 119 Acknowledgments in Korean 122Docto