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    Regulation of IL-24 by Tannerella forsythia in oral keratinocytes

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์น˜์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์น˜์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ์ตœ๋ด‰๊ทœ.1. ๋ชฉ ์  ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฃจํ‚จ -24 (IL-24)๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฃจํ‚จ -10 ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์œผ๋กœ IL-24 ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด (IL-20R2 / IL-20R1 ๋ฐ IL-20R2 / IL-22R1)์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์ธ IL-19 ๋ฐ IL-20๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, IL-24๋Š” ๋‹นํ™”๋˜์–ด์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. IL-24๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜ (IBD), ๊ฑด์„ , ๋ฅ˜๋งˆํ‹ฐ์Šค ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ (RA) ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ง‰์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Tannerella forsythia๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žŒ ์Œ์„ฑ๊ท ์ด๋ฉฐ ์น˜์ฃผ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์›์ธ๊ท ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์˜ ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์˜ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ T. forsythia๊ฐ€ 48 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์—ผ ํ›„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ๊ฐํ™” ์„ธํฌ (HOK-16B ์„ธํฌ)์—์„œ IL-24๋ฅผ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. T. forsythia์˜ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋…์„ฑ ์ธ์ž์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ „์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ IL-24์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ T. forsythia์— ์˜ํ•œ HOK-16B ์„ธํฌ์˜ IL-24 ์œ ๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ธ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์ธ์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” IL-24์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค 2. ๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ• HOK-16B ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ T. forsythia ๋ฐ Streptococcus oralis (S. oralis)๋กœ 12 ๋‚ด์ง€ 48 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ MOI (0, 100, 500)์—์„œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. IL-24์˜ mRNA ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ธ”๋กœํŒ…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. IL-24 ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ํ™œ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์†Œ์ข… (reactive oxygen species, ROS)์ด ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด T. forsythia์˜ ROS ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ 2',7'- ๋””ํด๋กœ๋กœํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋ ˆ์‹  ๋””์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ (DCF-DA)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜ ์˜€๊ณ  ROS์— ์˜ํ•œ IL-24 ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ฐ ๋‹นํ™” ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ ROS ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ธ N-์•„์„ธํ‹ธ์‹œ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ (NAC)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ ๋ฐ MAPK ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ์˜ํ•œ IL-24์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํ†  ์นด์ธ์ธ IL-6 ๋ฐ TNF-ฮฑ์™€ MAPK ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ HOK-16B ์„ธํฌ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„ IL-24์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ธ”๋กœํŒ…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. IL-24๊ฐ€ ์—ผ์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด HOK-16B ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ IL-24๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ IL-1ฮฑ, IL-8, CXCL10 ๋ฐ MCP-1์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ T. forsythia๋Š” HOK-16B ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ IL-24 ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์ƒ๋“ฑ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋‹นํ™”๋œ IL-24๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ S. oralis์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. T. forsythia๋Š” HOK-16B ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ERK ๋ฐ p38์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ IL-24์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐ ๋‹นํ™”๋œ IL-24์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. T. forsythia๋Š” HOK-16B ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ROS ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ IL-6 ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. IL-6๋Š” IL-24 ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ฐ ๋‹นํ™”์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์œ ๋„์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. IL-24์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ๋‹นํ™”๋Š” ROS ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ธ NAC์™€, ERK์™€ p38์˜ ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ IL-24๋ฅผ HOK-16B ์„ธํฌ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ IL-1ฮฑ, IL-8, CXCL10 ๋ฐ MCP-1์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด IL-6 ๋ฐœํ˜„์—๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  ๋‹นํ™”๋œ IL-24๋Š” HOK-16B ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ T. forsythia์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ROS์™€ MAPK ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ IL-6์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. IL-24๋Š” ์ „์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” T. forsythia์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„ ๋œ IL-24๊ฐ€ ์น˜์ฃผ ๋ณ‘์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.Objectives Interleukin-24 (IL-24) is a member of the interleukin-10 family and binds to the IL-24 receptors (IL-20R2/IL-20R1 and IL-20R2/IL-22R1). Unlike IL-19 and IL-20, which are cytokines that share the same receptors, IL-24 can be glycosylated to be biologically active. IL-24 was highly expressed in inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and keratitis. Tannerella forsythia is a gram-negative bacteria and is known to be a causative agent of periodontal disease. Our preliminary proteomic study showed that T. forsythia significantly increased IL-24 in human oral keratinocytes (HOK-16B cells) after 48 h incubation. Several virulence factors and their pathogenic mechanisms of T. forsythia have been studied, but no studies have been conducted on IL-24. The objective of this study was to examine the factors involved in the induction of IL-24 in HOK-16B cells by T. forsythia and the effect of IL-24 on the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. Methods HOK-16B cells were treated with T. forsythia and Streptococcus oralis (S. oralis) at various MOIs (0, 100, 500) for 12 to 48 hr. The mRNA level of IL-24 was measured by real-time RT-PCR and the protein level was measured by immunoblotting. To determine whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) was associated with IL-24 production, ROS generation by T. forsythia was measured using 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) and the regulation of IL-24 expression and glycosylation by ROS were evaluated by using a ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC). To analyze the regulation of IL-24 by cytokines and MAPKs signaling pathway, IL-6 and TNF-ฮฑ, which are inflammatory cytokines, and MAPKs inhibitors were added into HOK-16B cells and the expression of IL-24 was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting. To assess whether IL-24 can induce pro-inflammatory factors, HOK-16B cells were treated with recombinant IL-24 and the expression of IL-1ฮฑ, IL-8, CXCL10, and MCP-1 was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Results T. forsythia induced the expression of IL-24 in HOK-16B cells and secretion of glycosylated IL-24 into the culture supernatants, but S. oralis did not. T. forsythia activated ERK and p38 in HOK-16B cells and inhibition of ERK and p38 activation resulted in reduced expression of IL-24 and secretion of glycosylated IL-24. T. forsythia increased the level of ROS and IL-6 expression in HOK-16B cells. IL-6 was a strong inducer of IL-24 expression and glycosylation. IL-24 expression and glycosylation were decreased when treated with NAC, an ROS inhibitor, and inhibitors of p38 and ERK. Recombinant IL-24 induced IL-1ฮฑ, IL-8, CXCL10, and MCP-1 in HOK-16B cells, but not IL-6. Conclusion In this study, glycosylated IL-24 was induced by T. forsythia in HOK-16B cells and it was regulated by IL-6 via ROS and MAPK activation. IL-24 was able to increase pro-inflammatory factors. These results indicate that T. forsythia-induced IL-24 may be involved in periodontal pathogenesis.Abstract 2 โ… . Introduction 9 โ…ก. Materials and Methods 14 2.1. Bacteria culture and growth condition 14 2.2. Cell culture 14 2.3. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) 15 2.4. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products 18 2.5. Immunoblotting 18 2.6. Enzyme-linked immuonsorbent assay (ELISA) 20 2.7. PNGase F treatment 21 2.8. Pro-inflammatory cytokine treatment 21 2.9. ROS fluorescence measurement 22 2.10. Inhibitor treatment 22 2.10.1. NAC treatment 22 2.10.2 MAPK inhibitor treatment 23 2.11. Statistical analysis 23 โ…ข. Results 24 3.1. Expression of IL-24 and IL-24 receptors in HOK-16B cells and HGFs by T. forsythia 24 3.2. De-glycosylation of secreted IL-24 by N-glycosidase f 30 3.3 Expression of IL-20 cytokines and SOCS3 32 3.4 IL-24 regulation by IL-6 34 3.5. IL-24 regulation by ROS 40 3.6. IL-24 regulation by MAPKs 43 3.7. IL-6 regulation by ROS and MAPKs 47 3.8. Effect of recombinant IL-24 on pro-inflammatory factors 52 โ…ฃ. Discussion 54 โ…ค. References 57 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 63Maste
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