14 research outputs found

    An Analysis of <A Spring breeze melts the snow...>, Composed by Donald Reid Womack

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : μŒμ•…λŒ€ν•™ μŒμ•…κ³Ό, 2022. 8. 노은아.This study analyzes Donald Reid Womack's (1966~) . Among the works of Donald Womack, 34 works are for Korean traditional instruments and is his most recent work for the haegeum. Being inspired by hansi(traditional Korean poetry), he actively adopted sanjo which is one of the Korean traditional musical genres. Through the analysis of , this thesis discusses Korean traditional musical elements as well as the elements of program music, and the use of individual instruments. The key findings are presented below. First, is for a trio of the haegeum, 12-stringed gayageum, and janggu. It is a single movement work and the composer indicated 18 rehearsal marks including Intro. A motif from its main melody was extracted in this study and divided into three types: Intro and [A]~[I]. As a result, I found that the motif (a) develops through ascending half steps by using nonghyeon. The motif (b) emphasizes each note without using sigimsae. Lastly, the motif (c) applies bending notes adopted from sanjo. Although each motif has different patterns, the present study analysis demonstrates their individual relevance and how music develops through alternation, sequence, and repetition. Second, the three instruments - haegeum, 12-stringed gayageum, and janggu - play various roles in different sections, demonstrating the possibility of utilizing these instruments by using traditional musical elements. The haegeum plays a main melody, starting a new phrase utilizing the motif. The gayageum accompanies the haegeum's melody by playing melodies and rhythms alternatively in different sections. At the same time, the gayageum repeatedly plays motif similar to the haegeum, and while adding percussive effects by playing notes within a limited pitch range. As a percussive instrument, the janggu articulates rhythmic patterns throughout the piece and provides accents. Also, it suggests patterns of sections and gives a signal to melodic instruments before a chage in section by playing short rhythmic patterns. Third, I also investigated how the piece represents images of nature-the theme implied in the title of the piece. The haegeum represents changes in nature such as ice and water by using nonghyeon and daruchigi. Following directions, such as "scratching strings with fingernails" and "striking the string with a geomungo suldae," the gayageum also represents the sound of nature. Similar to the gayageum, the janggu represents the sound of wind by using acoustic materials. As discussed above, inspired by hansi, the composer created the piece by actively adopting Korean traditional musical elements. Especially, he utilized motives he borrowed from sanjo, one of the traditional genres, in various ways throughout the piece. Also, he doesnβ€˜t only expand the possibility of using traditional instruments while the three instruments play different roles in representing Korean sentiments and nature, but also demonstrates the unique timbre and endless possibility of expression of Korean traditional instruments by using traditional techniques. It is hoped that this study deepen the understanding of Donald Reid Womack's works and the style of haegeum music and that continuous efforts will be in creating music for Korean traditional instruments.λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λ„λ„λ“œ μ›Œλ§₯(Donald Womack(1966~)의 (2021)의 μž‘ν’ˆμ„ λΆ„μ„ν•œ 연ꡬ이닀. ν˜„μž¬κΉŒμ§€ λ°œν‘œλœ λ„λ„λ“œ μ›Œλ§₯의 μž‘ν’ˆ 쀑 ν•œκ΅­ 전톡악기가 νŽΈμ„±λœ μž‘ν’ˆμ€ 총 34곑으둜 은 그의 ν•΄κΈˆ μ°½μž‘κ³‘ 쀑 κ°€μž₯ μ΅œκ·Όμ— λ°œν‘œλœ 곑이며, ν•œμ‹œμ—μ„œ μ˜κ°μ„ λ°›μ•„ ν•œκ΅­ μ „ν†΅μŒμ•… μž₯λ₯΄ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ β€˜μ‚°μ‘°β€™λ₯Ό 적극 μ°¨μš©ν•œ μž‘ν’ˆμ΄λ‹€. λ³Έκ³ μ—μ„œλŠ” 을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ μž‘ν’ˆμ— ν™œμš©λœ ν•œκ΅­ μŒμ•…μ  μš”μ†Œ, ν‘œμ œ μŒμ•…μ  성격, 각 μ•…κΈ°μ˜ ν™œμš©μ„± 등을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜μœΌλ©° κ·Έ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, 은 ν•΄κΈˆ, 12ν˜„ κ°€μ•ΌκΈˆ, μž₯ꡬ둜 νŽΈμ„±λœ 삼쀑주 곑이닀. λ³Έ 곑은 단악μž₯ ν˜•μ‹μ˜ 곑으둜, Introλ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜μ—¬ μž‘κ³‘κ°€κ°€ μ œμ‹œν•œ 18개의 λ¦¬ν—ˆμ„€ 마크둜 κ΅¬λΆ„λ˜μ–΄μžˆλ‹€. ν•„μžλŠ” 이λ₯Ό 주제 μ„ μœ¨μ— 따라 λͺ¨ν‹°λΈŒλ₯Ό λ°œμ·Œν•œ ν›„ λͺ¨ν‹°λΈŒ (a), (b), (c)의 μ„Έ 가지 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, κ·Έ ν™œμš© 방식에 따라 IntroλΆ€ν„° [A]~[I]κΉŒμ§€ 총 10개의 λ‹¨λ½μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜μ—¬ 뢄석을 μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό λͺ¨ν‹°λΈŒ(a)λŠ” λ†ν˜„μ„ 톡해 반음 상행 진행 ν•˜λŠ” ν˜•νƒœ, λͺ¨ν‹°λΈŒ(b)λŠ” 각각의 음고λ₯Ό μ‹œκΉ€μƒˆ 없이 κ°•μ‘°ν•˜λŠ” ν˜•νƒœ, λͺ¨ν‹°λΈŒ(c)λŠ” μ‚°μ‘°μ—μ„œ μ°¨μš©ν•œ κΊΎλŠ” 음의 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ 각각의 λͺ¨ν‹°λΈŒλŠ” ν˜•νƒœλŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ μ„œλ‘œμ˜ μ—°κ΄€μ„±μœΌλ‘œ 악곑 λ‚΄μ—μ„œ λͺ¨ν‹°λΈŒμ˜ λ³€ν˜•, μ œμ‹œ, 반볡 등을 톡해 악곑이 μ „κ°œλ˜λŠ” 양상을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, ν•΄κΈˆκ³Ό 12ν˜„ κ°€μ•ΌκΈˆ, μž₯ꡬ의 μ„Έ μ•…κΈ°λŠ” 단락에 따라 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 역할을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬ 전톡적인 μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ μ•…κΈ°μ˜ ν™œμš© κ°€λŠ₯성을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€. ν•΄κΈˆμ€ 주둜 λͺ¨ν‹°λΈŒλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ ν”„λ ˆμ΄μ¦ˆλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ³  μ£Όλ„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ„ μœ¨μ„ μ „κ°œν•˜λŠ” 역할을 ν•˜κ³ , κ°€μ•ΌκΈˆμ€ 단락에 따라 μ„ μœ¨κ³Ό λ¦¬λ“¬μ˜ 역할을 λ²ˆκ°ˆμ•„κ°€λ©° ν•΄κΈˆ μ„ μœ¨μ„ λ’·λ°›μΉ¨ ν•˜λŠ” 양상을 보인닀. λ™μ‹œμ— ν•΄κΈˆ μ„ μœ¨κ³Ό λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λͺ¨ν‹°λΈŒλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ„ μœ¨μ„ λ°˜λ³΅ν•˜λ©°, μ œν•œλœ 음고둜 타악기적 역할을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œλ‹€. μž₯κ΅¬λŠ” νƒ€μ•…κΈ°λ‘œμ„œ 악곑 μ „λ°˜μ— 걸쳐 λ°•μ ˆκ°μ„ μ£Όκ³ , κ°•μ„Έλ₯Ό μ§šμ–΄ λ¦¬λ“¬μ μœΌλ‘œ 쀑심을 μž‘μ•„μ€€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‹¨λ½μ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ œμ‹œν•˜λ©°, 단락 λ³€ν™” μ‹œ 짧은 μ‹œκ°€μ˜ λ¦¬λ“¬μœΌλ‘œ μ„ μœ¨μ•…κΈ°λ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ‹ ν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, μž‘ν’ˆ 제λͺ©μ— λ‚΄ν¬λœ λ³Έ 곑의 주제, 즉 μžμ—°μ  이미지λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 방식을 μ‚΄ν•€ κ²°κ³Ό, ν•΄κΈˆμ€ κ³ μ •λœ μŒκ³ μ—μ„œ λ†ν˜„, λ‹€λ£¨μΉ˜κΈ° 등을 ν™œμš©ν•˜λ©° μ–ΌμŒ, λ¬Ό λ“±μ˜ μžμ—°μ  λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό ν˜•μƒν™”ν•œλ‹€. κ°€μ•ΌκΈˆμ€β€˜μ†ν†±μœΌλ‘œ 쀄을 κΈλŠ”λ‹€β€™, β€˜κ±°λ¬Έκ³  μˆ λŒ€λ‘œ 쀄을 μΉœλ‹€β€™μ™€ 같은 μ œμ‹œμ–΄λ₯Ό 톡해 νŠΉμˆ˜μ£Όλ²•μœΌλ‘œ μžμ—°μ˜ μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν˜„ν•˜λ©°, μž₯κ΅¬λŠ” κ°€μ•ΌκΈˆκ³Ό λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ 음ν–₯적 μ†Œμž¬λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ°”λžŒμ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό ν˜•μƒν™” ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 이와 같이 μž‘κ³‘κ°€λŠ” ν•œμ‹œμ—μ„œ 받은 μ˜κ°μ„ λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ ν•œκ΅­ μ „ν†΅μŒμ•…μ˜ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ 적극 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ μž‘ν’ˆμ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, μ „ν†΅μŒμ•… 양식 쀑 β€˜μ‚°μ‘°β€™μ—μ„œ λ°œμ·Œν•œ λͺ¨ν‹°λΈŒλ₯Ό μ—¬λŸ¬ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 악곑 전체에 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, μ„Έ μ•…κΈ°κ°€ 각각의 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 역할을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λ©° ν•œκ΅­μ  μ •μ„œμ™€ μžμ—°μ„ ν˜•μƒν™” ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ•…κΈ°μ˜ ν™œμš© κ°€λŠ₯성을 λͺ¨μƒ‰ν•¨μ€ λ¬Όλ‘ , 전톡적인 주법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ ν•œκ΅­ μ „ν†΅μ•…κΈ°μ˜ κ³ μœ ν•œ μŒμƒ‰κ³Ό λ¬΄ν•œν•œ ν‘œν˜„ κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ 연ꡬ가 λ„λ„λ“œ μ›Œλ§₯(Donald Womack)의 μž‘ν’ˆμ„Έκ³„λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  ν•΄κΈˆ μ°½μž‘κ³‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό λ„“νžˆλŠ” 데에 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ 도움이 되길 κΈ°λŒ€ν•˜λ©°, λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ ν•œκ΅­ 전톡악기λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•œ μ°½μž‘ν™œλ™μ΄ λ”μš± λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‹œλ„λ‘œ 이어지길 λ°”λž€λ‹€.λͺ© μ°¨ β… . μ„œλ‘  1 1. 문제제기 및 연ꡬλͺ©μ  1 2. 선행연ꡬ κ²€ν†  4 3. μ—°κ΅¬λ²”μœ„ 및 연ꡬ방법 6 β…‘. μž‘κ³‘κ°€ λ„λ„λ“œ λ¦¬λ“œ μ›Œλ§₯의 μž‘ν’ˆμ„Έκ³„ 8 1. μŒμ•…μ  λ°°κ²½ 및 이λ ₯ 8 2. μž‘ν’ˆ ν™œλ™ 9 β…’. μž‘ν’ˆλΆ„μ„ 16 1. μž‘ν’ˆ κ°œκ΄€ 16 2. 악곑 ꡬ쑰 19 3. 악곑 뢄석 22 4. μ†Œκ²° 67 β…£. κ²°λ‘  70 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 73 Abstract 76 μž‘κ³‘μžμ™€μ˜ 인터뷰 79 μ΄ˆμ—°μžμ™€μ˜ 인터뷰 81 뢀둝악보 83석

    An analysis on the relative efficiency of the operating entity: focused on the community culture center

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    μž‘μ€ 정뢀둠이 μž¬λ“±μž₯ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ κ³΅κ³΅μ„œλΉ„μŠ€μ˜ λ―Όμ˜ν™”Β·λ―Όκ°„μœ„νƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ 관심이 고쑰되고 μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” λ¬Έν™”μ˜ˆμˆ νšŒκ΄€λΆ„μ•Όμ—λ„ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ¬Έν™”μ˜ˆμˆ νšŒκ΄€μ΄ μ§μ˜λ°©μ‹μ—μ„œ λ―Όκ°„μœ„νƒλ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ „ν™˜λ˜μ—ˆκ±°λ‚˜ μ „ν™˜μ„ κ³„νš 쀑에 μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” λ―Όκ°„μœ„νƒμ΄ μ§μ˜λ°©μ‹λ³΄λ‹€ 더 효율적이고 μƒμ‚°μ μ΄λΌλŠ” μ‚¬κ³ μ—μ„œ μΆœλ°œν•œλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ―Όκ°„μœ„νƒμ΄ μ§μ˜λ°©μ‹λ³΄λ‹€ 더 νš¨μœ¨μ μΈκ°€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 잘 이루어지지 μ•Šκ³  μžˆλ‹€. 이에 따라 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μžλ£Œν¬λ½λΆ„μ„(DEA)λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ 전체 κ΄‘μ—­μ‹œμ˜ λ¬Έν™”μ˜ˆμˆ νšŒκ΄€μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μ§μš΄μ˜μ£Όμ²΄λ³„ μƒλŒ€μ  νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμ€ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ˜ κ΄‘μ—­μ‹œμ— μ†Œμž¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λ¬Έν™”μ˜ˆμˆ νšŒκ΄€μœΌλ‘œ 연ꡬ에 μ‚¬μš©λœ 기관은 총 19κ°œμ†Œ(λ―Όκ°„μœ„νƒ 5, 직영 14)μ˜€λ‹€. DEA 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ§μ˜κΈ°κ΄€μ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ΄ 높은 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ νŒŒμ•…ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ λΉ„νš¨μœ¨μ μΈ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ 기관듀은 순수 기술적 λΉ„νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ μ€„μ—¬λ‚˜κ°ˆ ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 연ꡬ결과 λ¬Έν™”μ„œλΉ„μŠ€ 곡급뢄야에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ λ―Όκ°„μœ„νƒμ΄ μ„œλΉ„μŠ€ 질의 κ°œμ„ μ΄λ‚˜ 운영의 νš¨μœ¨μ„ κ·ΉλŒ€ν™”ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ΅œμ„ μ˜ 방법이 μ•„λ‹ˆλ©°, λ¬Έν™”μ˜ˆμˆ νšŒκ΄€μ˜ νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ μ¦λŒ€μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 쑰직의 μš΄μ˜κ΄€λ¦¬, 인λ ₯μ–‘μ„± 및 μ±„μš©κ΄€λ ¨ μ μ ˆν•˜λ‚˜ μ œλ„ 마련, 보닀 효과적인 ν‰κ°€μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 마련 등이 ν•„μš”ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보인닀. The community culture center is the body to give its citizens or residents comprehensive culture service in a region. The tendency of its operating system in culture center through the world is contracting-out. That makes no exception in the operating systems of the culture centers. But, the system of contracting-out is efficient as we expected? We have a doubt that all the transformation of the government department to the evolved system, for example, contracting-out could improve the social efficiency. This study used the analysis of utilizing a quantitative method(DEA), and it analyzed the relative efficiency of the operating entity of the culture center. As the results of using DEA, it proved that the contracting-out system is inefficient than the direct operating system by local government. Some policy alternatives relating to contracting- ing-out system's efficiency in local government were suggested In the conclusion
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