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    ์ˆ˜์†Œ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ๋‹จ๊ฒน ํƒ„์†Œ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌยท์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™๋ถ€(๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2020. 8. ๋ฐ•์˜์šฐ.Carbon nanotube (CNT) is one of the most promising materials for the next generation electronics. However, there still have been many challenges for the realization of CNT-based electronics. Especially, the hole-favored electronic property of CNT in ambient condition has been the huge obstacle. To form an integrated circuit for logic computation, both n-type and p-type transistors are necessary. Hence, reliably working n-type CNT transistors have been desired. We report changes in the electrical property of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) caused by exposure to high-pressure hydrogen gas. First, we report the electron doping effect of SWNT. In-situ 3-terminal electrical measurements with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) substrate were used to observe the intrinsic electronic properties of hydrogen-exposed SWNT. Comparing to the planar graphene sheet device, we observed the curved structure of SWNT is advantages on the reaction with hydrogen molecules. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy verified the formation of C-H bond on SWNT surface after the hydrogen exposure process. The covalent bond yielded short-range scattering in the graphene device and band gap widening in the SWNT devices. Second, the metal work function-dependent doping effect on SWNT field effect transistor (FET) is investigated. To obtain the SWNT FET with higher Schottky barrier (SB) for the hole injection, we adapted the different contact metals that have lower work functions such as Cr and Ti replacing the Au/Ti electrodes. Comparing to the Au/Ti-contacted SWNT FET case, we observed noticeable hole carrier reduction after the hydrogen exposure in Cr- and Ti-contacted devices. It suggest the doping induced SB thickness change relies on the SB height. In other words, the changes in thickness (via electron doping) of higher SB (via low work function metal contact) causes more significant effect on the Ids-Vgs curve. Consequently, we achieved the SWNT FET that nearly perfectly working as an n-type semiconductor by hydrogen exposure to SWNT FET with Ti contacts. Since the electron doping effect was also reproduced in SWNT network devices, we expect the useful electrical properties and the stable nature of C-H bond observed in the hydrogen-exposed SWNT can leads a step forward to the application of SWNT for the next generation electronics.ํƒ„์†Œ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ (CNT)๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „์ž ์†Œ์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋งํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์† ๊ผฝํžŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ CNT ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ „์ž๊ณตํ•™์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์—์„œ pํ˜• ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง‘์ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” nํ˜• ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” nํ˜• CNT ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ฒน ํƒ„์†Œ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ (SWNT) ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์˜จ ๊ณ ์•• ์ˆ˜์†Œ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ ์‹œํ‚จ ๋’ค ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์ „์ž ๋„ํ•‘ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ์› ๋ถ€๋„์ฒด์ด์ž ๋ถˆํฌํ™” ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ hexagonal boron nitride ๊ธฐํŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐํŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๋…ธ์ถœ ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์„ in-situ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•œ SWNT ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ • ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ˆ˜์†Œ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ SWNT์— ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋„ํ•‘ ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. SWNT์˜ ๊ณก๋ฅ ์ด ์ˆ˜์†Œ์™€์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ธ graphene ์†Œ์ž์™€์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋น„๊ต์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—‘์Šค์„  ๊ด‘์ „์ž ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ• ์™€ ๋ผ๋งŒ ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ์˜จ, ๊ณ ์••์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ SWNT์— C-H ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ณต์œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด graphene์—์„œ๋Š” short-range scattering ํ˜„์ƒ์ด, SWNT ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐด๋“œ ๊ฐญ ํ™•์žฅ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ด€์ธก ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ SWNT ์ „๊ณ„ ํšจ๊ณผ ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ (field effect transistor, FET) ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ปจํƒ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. SWNT์™€ ๊ธˆ์† ์ปจํƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‡ผํŠธํ‚ค ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ์†๊ณผ SWNT์˜ ์ผ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ธˆ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ผ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ธˆ์†์ธ ํฌ๋กฌ, ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„์„ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ปจํƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ผ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํฌ๋กฌ, ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„์„ ์ปจํƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ ์€ ์–‘์˜ ํ™€(hole) ํƒ€์ž… ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ด€์ธก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์ž ๋„ํ•‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋œ ์‡ผํŠธํ‚ค ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์‡ผํŠธํ‚ค ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋†’์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ขŒ์šฐ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํฌ๋กฌ๊ณผ ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋†’์€ ์‡ผํŠธํ‚ค ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ธˆ์† ์ปจํƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—, ์ „์ž ๋„ํ•‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‡ผํŠธํ‚ค ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ํ™€ ํƒ€์ž… ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ nํ˜• ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ ํ•˜๋Š” SWNT FET๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์†Œ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ SWNT์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ C-H ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „์ž ๋„ํ•‘ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด SWNT ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์†Œ์ž์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋Œ€ ๋ฉด์  ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์ „์ž ๋„ํ•‘์— ์‘์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction of carbon nanotubes 1 1.2 Electronic structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) 2 1.3 Electrical contact to SWNT and Schottky barrier 5 1.4 Outline of thesis 8 Chapter 2. Backgrounds on hydrogen-exposed SWNTs 11 2.1 Hydrogen storage 11 2.2 Unzipping of SWNT 15 2.2 Energy band gap widening of hydrogenated SWNT 17 Chapter 3. SWNT field-effect transistor (FET) exposed to hydrogen 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.1.1 Electron doping effect of hydrogenated graphitic materials 25 3.1.2 Motivation of SWNT exposure to hydrogen 27 3.2 Experimental 28 3.3 Result and discussion 31 3.3.1 In-situ electrical measurements of hydrogen-exposed SWNT 31 3.3.2 Surface potential spectroscopy of hydrogen-exposed SWNTs 35 3.3.3 Exposure time-dependent electrical property 36 3.3.4 Effect of curved structure 38 3.3.5 Raman spectroscopy and XPS of hydrogen-exposed SWNT 44 3.3.6 Electrical properties with covalent bond 47 3.3.7 SWNT network FET exposed to hydrogen 53 3.4 Summary of Chapter 3 55 Chapter 4. Hydrogen-exposed SWNT FETs with low work function metal contacts 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.1.1 Schottky barrier formation of SWNT with low work function metal contacts 61 4.1.2 Strategies for n-type SWNT FETs : Electron doping and contact engineering 64 4.2 Experimental 66 4.3 Result and discussion 68 4.3.1 Hydrogen exposure of SWNT FETs with different metal contacts 68 4.3.2 Electron doping induced significant reduction of the hole injection in Cr-contacted SWNT FET 72 4.3.3 H2 Exposure time dependence of Ids-Vgs curve shift in different metal contacts 76 4.4 Summary of Chapter 4 79 Chapter 5. Conclusion 83Docto
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