MCP-1 directly induces renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis independently of monocytes/macrophages infiltration

Dept. of Medical Science/박사Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its receptor, C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and fibrotic diseases via the recruitment and activation of monocytes/macrophages. Recently, however, accumulating in vitro evidence has indicated that MCP-1 per se may act directly on renal cells via CCR2. Therefore, the results of a number of former studies showing the impacts of MCP-1/CCR2 blockade on renal injury may be partly attributed to a direct inhibitory effect of MCP-1 on renal cells, but it has never been clarified in vivo to date. Since all previous studies to explore the effect of MCP-1 on diverse renal diseases were performed using MCP-1-neutralizing antibody, CCR2 antagonist, or MCP-1 or CCR2 knockout technique, which accompanied a significant reduction in monocytes/macrophages infiltration within the kidney, it was hard to define whether the beneficial influence of MCP-1/CCR2 inhibition on renal injury was attributed to the direct inhibitory effect of MCP-1 on renal cells or was just a consequence of a significant decrease in inflammatory cells infiltration.Purpose: This study was undertaken to investigate the direct impact of the MCP-1/CCR2 on renal fibrosis in vivo by using monocytes/macrophages-depleted mice. In addition, the direct effect of MCP-1 on extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis along with the role of CCR2 was also examined in cultured tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E).Methods: In vitro, NRK-52E cells were incubated in DMEM media containing 5.6 mM glucose (Control, Con) or recombinant MCP-1 (10 ng/ml) with or without RS102895 (2 and 10 M), a specific chemical inhibitor of CCR2, and CCR2 siRNA (final concentrations: 10, 25, and 50 nM). After 72 hours, cells were harvested. In vivo, Thirty-six male C57BL/6J mice, weighting 25-30 g, were divided into six groups: Group 1, control mice treated with intravenous PBS only (N = 6) (Control, Con); Group 2, mice injected with liposome vehicle (LV) and lenti-empty virus intravenously (N = 6); Group 3, mice with liposome-clodronate (LC) and lenti-empty virus (N = 6); Group 4, mice with LV and lenti-MCP-1 virus (N = 6); Group 5, mice with LC and lenti-MCP-1 virus (N = 6); and Group 6, mice with LC, lenti-MCP-1 virus, and RS102895 (N = 6). LV and LC in a volume of 200 µl PBS were injected intravenously every 5 days for 4 weeks, and lenti-empty and lenti-MCP-1 virus were injected intravenously at a dose of 1.5 x 107 transfection units every 5 days, three times with LC or LV. RS102895 was delivered at a dose of 3 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks via subcutaneously-implanted osmotic mini-pumps. Either diphtheria toxin (DT) diluted in PBS (10 ng/g of body weight) (N = 24) or PBS (N = 6) was given intraperitoneally to Cd11b-diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) mice on the day before lenti-MCP-1 virus injection and every 3 days. Lenti-MCP-1 was also injected at 3 days after the first administration. Six from DTR mice injected with lenti-MCP-1 virus and DT were treated with RS102895 (3 mg/kg/day) via osmotic mini-pumps. DTR mice were sacrificed at 10 days after the first lenti-MCP-1 virus injection. The protein expression of fibronectin, type I collagen and CCR2 in cultured NRK-52E cells, and the whole kidney were evaluated by Western blot, and the mRNA expression of fibronectin and type I collagen was assessed by real-time PCR. MCP-1 concentrations in serum and the whole kidney were determined by ELISA. Peripheral blood cell counts were conducted and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for fibronectin, type I collagen and F4/80 and Masson’s trichrome staining were examined.Results: Compared to Con cells, the protein expression of fibronectin and type I collagen were significantly increased in NRK-52E cells exposed to MCP-1, and these increases were significantly abrogated by RS102895 or CCR2 siRNA (P < 0.05). Two days after administration of LC and DT, there was a significant reduction in peripheral blood monocyte counts in C57BL/6J mice and DTR mice, respectively, compared to Con mice (P < 0.001). While administration of lenti-MCP-1 virus alone induced a significant increase in the number of infiltrated monocytes/macrophages in the kidney (P < 0.001), a concomitant treatment with LC or DT significantly attenuated the increase in monocytes/macrophages infiltration in the kidney (P < 0.001) compared to Con mice. The significant increases in fibronectin and type I collagen protein expression (P < 0.01), assessed by Western blot, in LC- or DT-treated mice infected with lenti-MCP-1 virus were significantly ameliorated by CCR2 inhibition using osmotic mini-pumps containing RS102895 (P < 0.05). The significant increases in IHC staining scores for fibronectin and type I collagen within the tubulointerstitium in monocytes/macrophages-depleted mice infected with lenti-MCP-1 virus (P < 0.001) were significantly attenuated by RS102895 treatment (P < 0.001).Conclusions: These findings suggest that the MCP-1/CCR2 system is directly involved in MCP-1-induced renal fibrosis and blockade of the MCP-1/CCR2 system can be a promising approach to treat various kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, of which MCP-1-induced renal fibrosis is involved in the pathogenesis.ope

간호사의 근무지 약자 괴롭힘과 조직몰입, 이직의도와의 관계

간호관리와교육전공/석사간호사의 근무지 약자 괴롭힘과 조직몰입, 이직의도와의 관계 본 연구는 공공의료기관에서 근무하는 간호사의 간호조직 내 근무지 약자 괴롭힘(bullying)과 조직몰입, 이직의도와의 관계에 대해 파악함으로써 근무지의 구조적 특성에 맞는 간호사 근무지 약자 괴롭힘 방지 전략의 기초 자료를 마련하고자 시도된 서술적 상관관계 조사연구이다. IRB승인 후 서울 및 경기 소재의 5개 국공립병원에 근무하는 간호사 235명을 대상으로 2014년 10월 29일부터 11월 11일까지 설문지를 이용하여 수집된 자료를 분석하였다. 간호사의 근무지 약자 괴롭힘의 측정은 부정적 행동경험 설문지를 토대로 이윤주(2014)가 개발한 후 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증한 Workplace Bullying in Nursing -Type Inventory 와 Workplace Bullying in Nursing-Consequence Inventory를 사용하였고, 조직몰입은 Mowday(1979)가 개발하고 이명하(1998)가 국문으로 완성한 도구를 사용하였으며, 이직의도는 Lawler(1983)가 개발하고 박현숙(2002)이 번안한 것을 사용하여 측정하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 20 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, t-test와 one-way ANOVA, Pearson''s correlation을 시행하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다: 1. 대상자의 23.8%가 중등도 이상의 근무지 약자 괴롭힘을 경험하였고, 총 근무기간 중 괴롭힘의 목격 경험이 66.8%였다. 업무관련 괴롭힘 유형이 우세하게 나타났는데 업무를 떠넘김, 촉박한 기한 내 부가적 업무에 대한 강요, 모임이나 교육에 과도한 참석 요구 항목의 점수가 높게 나타났다. 괴롭힘을 주로 주는 대상은 간호사 57.9% 이었고, 선배가 52.3%, 수간호사를 포함한 관리자가 33%를 차지하여 간호사간의 근무지 약자 괴롭힘이 만연되고 있으며, 힘의 불균형에 의해 발생되는 근무지 약자 괴롭힘의 고유한 특징을 나타내었다. 괴롭힘 결과는 중간 이상의 점수를 보인 대상자가 25.6%로 괴롭힘으로 인하여 중등도 이상의 좋지 않은 결과들을 겪고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 대상자의 간호사 근무지 약자 괴롭힘 경험은 미혼(F=3.04, p=.003)이, 국공립 대학병원과 특수법인(의료원, 보험병원)이 시·도립병원 보다 (F=4.34, p=.014), 수술장과 응급실이 병동이나 중환자실보다 높게(F=5.91, p=.001) 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 근무지 약자 괴롭힘 결과는 29세 이하(F=13.10, p=.000), 미혼(F=6.99, p=.000), 일반간호사(F=6.65, p=.002), 근속년수(F=7.13, p=.000)와 현 근무지 경력(F=2.74, p=.029)은 3년-5년 미만에서 높게, 국공립 대학병원, 특수법인(의료원, 보험병원), 시·도립병원 순으로(F=4.71, p=.010) 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 조직몰입은 근무부서에 대해서만 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였는데 수술장이 가장 낮게 나타났다(F=6.24, p=.000). 이직의도는 29세 이하(F=14.57, p=.000), 미혼(F=6.04, p=.000), 일반간호사(F=13.18, p=.000)가 높게 나타났고, 근속 3년-5년 미만(F=6.82, p=.000)과, 현 근무지 경력 1년 미만이 가장 높게(F=2.90, p=.023)나타났으며, 국공립 대학병원(F=3.80, p=.024), 수술장, 중환자실, 병동, 응급실의 순서(F=6.00, p=.001)로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 3. 대상자의 괴롭힘 경험은 괴롭힘 결과(r=.59, p<.000), 이직의도(r=.34, p<.000)와 유의한 긍정적 상관관계를 보였다. 괴롭힘 결과는 이직의도(r=.34, p<.000)와 유의한 긍정적 상관관계를, 조직몰입(r=-.14, p<.023)과는 유의한 부정적 상관관계를 나타내었다. 이상의 연구 결과로부터 간호사의 근무지 약자 괴롭힘으로 인한 조직몰입의 저하를 막고 이직의도를 줄이기 위하여 괴롭힘 현상에 대한 주기적이고 체계적인 모니터링의 필요성을 알 수 있었다. 괴롭힘을 알리고 표현할 수 있는 제도적 장치, 괴롭힘의 심각성에 대한 인식 개선과 괴롭힘 관리를 위한 웍샾과 교육이 필요하며, 발견된 경우 가해자와 피해자에 대한 신속하고 적극적인 조직차원의 관리가 필요하다. 특히 신규 간호사들의 괴롭힘 경험에 대한 관리를 주제로 하는 교육중재나 보수교육 등의 마련이 필요하고, 학부 교육에 있어서도 근무지 약자 괴롭힘과 극복에 대한 이해를 도울 수 있는 교과 과정에의 반영이 요구된다. 간호연구 측면에서 대상을 국공립 병원에 근무하는 간호사만으로 국한하여 일반화하기에 부족한 점이 있으므로, 추후 병원 이외의 공공의료기관에 근무하는 간호사들까지 대상을 확대한 연구가 필요하다. 또한, 괴롭힘 경험과 그로 인한 결과가 조직몰입과 이직의도 이외 어떤 요인에 영향을 미치는가에 대한 추가 탐색을 위한 연구가 필요하다.ope

The effects of rhythmic rope-jumping exercise on physical fitness and emotional states of girls' middle school students

This study was designed to compare and analyze the influences of the continuous music rope-jumping exercise program on basal fitness and interest level in the physical education class. The students of U Girls' Middle School in Ulsan have been tested for 8 weeks, with division of the two groups - the experimental group (37 students) and the comparative group (37 students). The students' physical fitness (muscular strength, agility, power, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and flexibility) and emotional states (interest levels) were measured and analyzed before and after the 8-week music rope-jumping program. The results of analyzing the data are as follows: First, the students of the experimental group enhanced the average of muscular strength, agility, muscular endurance, and flexibility a little more than those of the comparative group, but the two groups made no great differences. The differences of power and cardiovascular endurance were statistically meaningful. Second, the students who participated in the music rope-jumping program showed significant differences in self-confidence, enjoyment, cooperation, interest in the category of the interest level about physical classes before and after the experiment. In conclusion, the music rope-jumping exercise program made girl students enhance their basal fitness level generally and motivated them to do exercise positively. It is expected to develop continuously various music rope-jumping exercise programs for boy or girl students in secondary schools by readjusting frequency and intensity.Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 1. 연구의 필요성 = 1 2. 연구 목적 = 3 3. 연구의 문제 = 3 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 4 1. 음악줄넘기 = 4 2. 체력 = 9 3. 선행연구 분석 = 13 Ⅲ. 연구방법 = 15 1. 연구 대상 = 15 2. 연구 절차 = 15 3. 실험 설계 = 16 4. 검사도구 및 측정 방법 = 19 5. 통계처리 = 22 Ⅳ. 연구결과 = 23 1. 대상자의 일반적 특성 = 23 2. 체력측정결과 = 23 3. 체육학습 흥미도 검사 결과 = 34 Ⅴ. 논의 = 41 1. 체력측정의 결과 = 41 2. 체육학습에 대한 흥미도 = 44 Ⅵ. 결론 = 46 결론 = 46 참고문헌 = 47 Abstract = 49 부록 = 5

Gamma linolenic acid exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in diabetic nephropathy

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of gamma linolenic acid (GLA) on inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in mesangial and tubular epithelial cells under diabetic conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with either a diluent [n=16, control (C)] or streptozotocin [n=16, diabetes (DM)], and eight rats each from the control and diabetic groups were treated with evening primrose oil by gavage for three months. Rat mesangial cells and NRK-52E cells were exposed to medium containing 5.6 mM glucose and 30 mM glucose (HG), with or without GLA (10 or 100 μM). Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and fibronectin (FN) mRNA and protein expression levels were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-four-hour urinary albumin excretion was significantly increased in DM compared to C rats, and GLA treatment significantly reduced albuminuria in DM rats. ICAM-1, MCP-1, FN mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly higher in DM than in C kidneys, and these increases were significantly abrogated by GLA treatment. In vitro, GLA significantly inhibited increases in MCP-1 mRNA expression and protein levels under high glucose conditions in HG-stimulated mesangial and tubular epithelial cells (p<0.05, respectively). ICAM-1 and FN expression showed a similar pattern to the expression of MCP-1. CONCLUSION: GLA attenuates not only inflammation by inhibiting enhanced MCP-1 and ICAM-1 expression, but also ECM accumulation in diabetic nephropathy.ope

The effect of statin on epithelial-mesenchymal transition in peritoneal mesothelial cells.

BACKGROUND: Statins have recently been highlighted for their pleiotropic actions distinct from cholesterol-lowering effects. Despite this interest, it is currently unknown whether statin therapy inhibits peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). METHODS: In vitro, human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) were exposed to 5.6 mM glucose (NG) or 100 mM glucose (HG) with or without simvastatin (1 µM). In vivo, PD catheters were inserted into 32 Sprague-Dawley rats, and saline (C, n = 16) or 4.25% peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) (PD, n = 16) was infused for 4 weeks. Eight rats from each group were treated with 5 mg/kg/day of simvastatin intraperitoneally. Changes in the protein expression of EMT markers such as E-cadherin, α-SMA, Snail, and fibronectin in HPMCs and the peritoneum were evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence or immunohistochemical staining. We also explored whether activation of the mevalonate pathway and its downstream small GTPases were involved in dialysis-related peritoneal EMT and could be inhibited by statin treatment. RESULTS: Compared to NG cells, E-cadherin expression was significantly decreased, while α-SMA, Snail, and fibronectin expression were significantly increased in HPMCs exposed to HG, and these changes were abrogated by simvastatin (p<0.05). In addition, the cobblestone-like appearance of normal HPMCs was converted into a fibroblast-like morphology after HG treatment, which was reversed by simvastatin. These EMT-like changes were also observed in HPMCs treated with geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate (5 µM). HG significantly increased the protein expression of RhoA and Rac1 in the membrane fractions, and these increases were ameliorated by simvastatin (p<0.05). In PD rats, E-cadherin in the peritoneum was significantly decreased, whereas α-SMA, Snail, and fibronectin expression were significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to C rats. The thickness of the mesothelial layer in the peritoneum were also significantly greater in PD rats than in C rats (p<0.05). These changes of the peritoneum in PD rats were significantly attenuated by simvastatin. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that PD-related EMT was mediated via the mevalonate pathway, and statin treatment inhibited the EMT changes in HG-treated HPMCs and PDF-stimulated PD rats. These findings suggest that statins may be a promising therapeutic strategy for preservation of peritoneal membrane integrity in long-term PD patients.ope

4,7-Dioxobenzothiazole 유도체 합성 및 생리활성 연구

Quinone derivatives have been reported as antifungal, anticancer, antibacterial, antimalarial agents and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In order to develop for antifungal and cytotoxic agents, we designed to synthesize the 4,7-dioxobenzothiazole and 5,8-quinolinedione derivatives and evaluated their antifungal, cytotoxic and CDK inhibitory activaties. 4,7-Dioxobenzothiazoles were synthesized as followings. Nitration of 5-methoxy-2-methylbenzothiazole followed by reduction afforded 7-amino-5-methoxy-2-methylbenzothiazole. 5-Methoxy-2-methyl-4,7dioxobenzothiazole was synthesized by oxidizing with Fremy s salt, which was substituted with arylamines. Also, in a similar manner, the 6-arylamino-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles were synthesized from 6-methoxybenzothiazole. 5,8-Quinolinediones were synthesized from 2,5-dimethoxyaniline. 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline was treated triethylamine and polyphosphoric acid, which was chlorinated and oxidized with cerium ammonium niti ate (CAN). And it was added chloline and substituted with arylamines. These compounds (MBTs, BTs, CMQs, CNUs) were evaluated for antifungal activities against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei and Aspergillus niger. They showed generally more potent antifungal activities than fluconazole, and quinolinedione derivatives (CMQs, CNUs) are more potent than dioxobenzothiazole derivatives (MBTs, BTs). The cytotoxicities of these compounds against human cancer cell lines, A549 (lung cell), Col 2 (colon cells), HL-60 (myeloid leukemia), HepG2 (hepatocarcinoma) were determined. The dioxobenzothiazoles showed cytotoxic activities against all cancer cell lines tested, and especially more potent activity than cisplatin against HL-60 cells. Dioxobenzothiazoles were more potent than quinolinediones. Dioxobenzothiazoles were evaluated for cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitory activities. They showed selective inhibitory activities for CDK4. The result indicates that the dioxobenzothiazoles could be considered as new anticancer agents. ; Quinone 유도체들은 항진균, 항암, 항균, 항말라리아, nitric oxide synthase(NOS) 저해작용을 나타낸다. 이에 본 연구에서는 quinone 유도체중 우수한 세포독성과 항진균작용이 예상되는 4,7-dioxobenzothiazole 유도체와 5,8-quinolinedione 유도체를 새로 합성하여 항진균 작용, 세포독성과 cyclindependent kinase (CDK) 저해작용을 검색하였다. 4,7- Dioxobenzothiazole 유도체들은 5-methoxy-2-methylbenzothiazole을 니트로화한 후 환원시키고 Fremy s salt를 이용해 산화시켜 6-methoxy-2-methyl-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole을 합성한 후 다양한 arylamine과 반응시켜 2-methyl-6-arylamino-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles (MBTs)를 합성했다. 또한 6-methoxybenzothiazole을 니트로화하고 환원시킨 후 Fremy s salt로 산화시켜 6-methoxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole을 합성하고 다양한 arylamine과 반응시켜 6-arylamino-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles (BTs)를 합성했다. 5,8-Quinolinedione 유도체는 2,5-dimethoxyaniline을 triethylamine과 반응시킨 후 polyphosphoric acid를 넣어 환구조를 만든후, POCl_3로 CI 기를 도입하고 cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN)로 산화시켜2-chloro-4-methyl-5,8-quinolinedione을 합성했다. 여기에 다양한 arylarmine을 반응시켜 6-arylamino-2-chloro-4-methyl-5,8-quinolinedione (CMQs)을 합성했고, 6번과 7번 위치에 CI을 도입시켜 6-arylamino-2,7-dichloro-4-methyl-5,8-quinolinequinones (CNUs)를 합성했다. 합성한 물질들에 대해 Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei,Aspergillus niger에 대한 항진균 작용을 검색하였는데 비교적 모든 유도체들이 대조 약물인 fluconazole 보다 우수한 효과를 보였고, dioxobenzothiazole 유도체 보다는 quinolinedione 유도체의 항진균 효과가 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 A549 (lung cells), Col 2 (colon cells), HL-60 (myeloid leukemia), HepG2 (hepatocarcinoma) 등의 cancer cell lines에 대한 세포독성을 검색한 결과 dioxobenzothiazole 유도체들 (MBTs, BTs)은 모든 암세포주에 대해 효과를 보였으며, 특히 HL-60에 대해서는 대조물질로 사용한 cisplatin 보다 강한 세포독성을 보였다. 이에 비해 상대적으로 quinolinedione 유도체 (CMQs, CNUs)는 dioxobenzothiazole 유도체보다 세포독성이 약했다. Dioxobenzothiazole 물질에 대해 cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 저해작용을 검색한 결과 MBT 일부가 CDK4에 선택적인 저해 작용을 보였다.Abbreviation = vi List of Figure = ix List of Schemes = x List of Tables = xi 논문개요 = xii I. 서론 = 1 II. 실험 = 9 A. 시약 및 기기 = 9 1. 시약 = 9 2. 기기 = 9 B. 실험 균주 및 세포주 = 10 C. 실험방법 = 10 1. 5-Arylamino-2-methyl-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles 합성 = 11 2. 6-Arylamino-4,7-dioxobenzothiazoles 합성 = 24 3. 6-Arylamino-2-chloro-4-methyl-5,8-quinolinediones 합성 = 29 4. 2,6,7-Trichloro-4-methyl-5,8-quinolinedione 합성 = 38 5. 6-Arylamino-2,7-dichloro-4-methyl-5,8-quinolinediones 합성 = 38 6. 항진균 작용 시험 = 43 7. 세포독성 시험 = 44 8. Cyclin dependent kinases 저해활성 검색 = 46 III. 결과 및 고찰 = 47 1. 합성에 관한 결과 및 고찰 = 47 2. 생리활성 검색에 관한 결과 및 고찰 = 48 IV. 결론 = 59 참고문헌 = 62 영문초록 = 6

Propranolol·HCl - Ethyl Cellulose Microencapsulation by Solvent Evaporation Method in Liquid Paraffin

Acetone/Liquid paraffin system 유중건조법으로 지속성·서방성제형의 개발이 요구되는 β - adrenergic blocking agent인 Propranolol·HCL을 핵물질로 하고 Ethyl cellulose를 피막물질로 사용하여 microcapsule을 조제하였다. Propranolol·HCl 을 각각 19.74, 32.44, 47.67, 64.7, 81.7 및 88.04% 함유하고 약물량 손실이 적은 microcapsule을 조제할 수 있었다. 조제된 Propranolol.HCl-Ethyl cellulose(이하 PPH- EC)microcapsule을 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하여 본 결과 모두 구형이었다. PPH-EC microcapsule로 부터의 약물 용출속도는 propranolol HCl powder에 비해 상당히 지연되었다; Propranolol·HCl powder는 3분이내에 용출이 거의 완료되었으나 Propranolol·HCl을 각각 80 및 90% 함유하도록 설정한 PPH-EC microcapsule의 경우 각각 30분, 10분만에 용출이 완료되었고 설정약물량을 20, 33, 50 및 67%로 하여 조제한 PPH-EC microcapsule로 부터의 용출량은 4시간 동안 각각 18.98, 26.38, 87.53 및 100.01% 이었다. 또한 분산제로 사용한 sorbitan tristearate의 농도는 PPH-EC microcapsule로 부터의 약물 용출특성에는 거의 영향을 미치지 않았다.;Propranolol · HCl - Ethyl Cellulose (PPH-EC) Microcapsules were prepared by the solvent evaporation method in liquid paraffin/acetone system using sorbitan tristearate as a dispersing agent. The microcapsules containing 19.74, 32.44. 47.67, 64.70, 81.7 and 88.04% of propranolol · HCl were obtained without loss of drug in the process of preparation. Scanning Electron Microgram showed that the PPH-EC microcapsules were almost spherical. The dissolution rates of propranolol · HCl from the PPH-EC microcapsules retarded considerably compared with propranolol · HCl powder; dissolution of propranolol HCl powder was completed within 3 minutes, but dissolution of propranolol · HCl from PPH-EC microcapsules designed to contain 80 and 90% of propranolol · HCl were almost completed within 30 min and 10 min, respectively, and amounts of propranolol · HCl released from PPH-EC microcapsules designed to contain 20, 33, 50 and 67% of propranolol · HCl were 18.98, 26.38, 87.53 and 100.01% at 4 hr, respectively. And, the concentration of sorbitan tristearate did not affect the dissolution profiles of propranolol HCl from PPH-EC microcapsules.목차 = ⅲ 논문개요 = ⅷ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 Ⅱ. 실험방법 = 5 1. 시약 = 5 2. 실험기기 = 5 3. 실험방법 = 5 Ⅲ. 결과 및 고찰 = 10 Ⅳ. 결론 = 33 참고문헌 = 34 ABSTRACT = 3

Differences in homework compliance by methods of assigning counseling homework

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :교육학과 교육상담전공,2005.Docto

The relationship of the between personal interest-major congruence and department adjustment for college student in science and engineering

본 연구의 목적은 대학에서 이공계 학과에 재학 중인 학생들을 대상으로 개인의 흥미와 학과가 일치하는 정도에 따라 학과적응 수준에 차이가 있는지를 살펴봄으로써 Holland의 일치성(congruence) 가설을 검증해보려는 것이다. 연구대상은 충청권에 소재한 4년제 대학교 이공계학과 재학생 2, 3, 4학년 309명(남: 194명, 여: 115명/ 2학년: 147명, 3학년: 72명, 4학년 90명)이다. 연구 변인의 측정은 3부분으로 이루어졌는데, 먼저 학생 개인의 흥미유형 측정을 위하여 Holland의 SDS(Self-Directed Search)를 실시하였다. 학생 개인과 학과의 일치도 측정은 '한 자리 코드' 방법에 근거하여 계산하였으며, 학과적응은 박성미(2001)의 연구에서 사용한 문항을 통해 측정하였다. 자료분석은 상관분석과 일원변량분석을 실시하였고 사후검증으로 Scheffé 를 실시하였으며 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개인-학과 일치도와 학과적응 전체 간에는 유의한 정적상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다(r=.136, p.05). 둘째, 개인-학과적응 일치도에 따라 네 개 집단으로 구분하고 집단 간 학과적응의 차이를 살펴본 결과, 학과 적응 전체 점수에 있어서는 일치도에 따라 '완전일치'집단과 '불일치집단' 간에 유의한 차이가 것으로 나타났다(F=2.92, p.05). 이러한 결과가 진로상담 연구 및 실제에 시사하는 바에 대하여 논하였다. The purpose of this study was to examine the Holland's congruence hypothesis by exploring the relationship of the between personal interest-major and department adjustment for college student in science and engineering. The participants were 309 Korean college students from one university in Chungnam(male: 194, female 115). Holland(1977)'s SDS(Self-Directed Search) was executed to measure personal interest type. For calculating the congruence, Holland(1973)'s 'one letter code' was utilized. And for measuring the department adjustment, items in Park Sung-mi(2001) was utilized. The data were analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient and ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows. First, the correlation coefficient of the between personal interest-major congruence and department adjustment(total score) was statistically significant. For subfactor of the department adjustment, the correlation coefficient of the between personal interest-major congruence and department satisfaction(r=.121, p.05). Second, statistically significant difference was found on department adjustment(total score)(F=2.92, p.05). The implication of the results were discussed and suggestions for future studies are also presented

Kang Hye Young

학위논문(석사)아주대학교 교육대학원 :컴퓨터교육,2012. 8이 연구는 스마트교육에 있어서 수용의도에 미치는 영향요인을 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 이 목적을 달성하기 위해 스마트교육 수용에 영향을 미치는 개인적 특성, 기술적 특성, 사회적 특성의 요인들을 선행연구 분석을 통해 도출하였다. 이 요인들 중 사회적 특성이 수용의도에 중요한 역할을 함에도 불구하고 선행연구들이 부족하여 상호작용성과 사회적 영향을 사회적 특성 변인으로 채택하여 다음과 같은 가설을 세웠다. 상호작용성은 지각된 유용성에 영향을 미친다(가설Ⅰ). 상호작용성은 지각된 사용용이성에 영향을 미친다(가설Ⅱ). 상호작용성은 지각된 수용의도에 영향을 미친다(가설Ⅲ). 사회적 영향은 지각된 유용성에 영향을 미친다(가설Ⅳ). 사회적 영향과 상호작용성은 서로 영향을 미친다(가설Ⅴ). 지각된 유용성은 수용의도에 영향을 미친다(가설Ⅵ). 지각된 사용용이성은 수용의도에 영향을 미친다(가설Ⅶ). 이 가설들을 검증하기 위해 기존 정보기술수용모형(technology acceptance model) 관련 선행연구를 토대로, 스마트교육 수용의도에 영향을 미치는 잠재모형을 개발하였다. 잠재모형의 예비타당성 검증절차를 거친 후, 경기도 A연구소의 스마트교육 체험학습 프로그램을 이수한 서울·경기지역 초·중·고등학생 132명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 그 자료를 수집 및 분석하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 설문조사 결과를 분석하면, χ²값은 6.600, 유의확률은 .086으로서 유의수준 .05에서 모형과 자료가 일치한다는 영가설이 채택되었다. GFI, CFI, TLI 값은 각각 .98, .99, .99로 높은 적합도 수준을 보였고, RMSEA 값은 .09로서 다소 높은 값을 보이지만 본 연구모형에서는 적합함을 보여주고 있다. 따라서 이 연구모형은 적합한 모형이라고 판단되며, 통계적으로 유의미하다 볼 수 있다.표차례 그림차례 국문요약 Ⅰ. 서 론 1. 연구의 필요성 1 2. 연구의 목적 및 내용 5 3. 용어의 정의 5 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 1. 교육에서의 스마트교육 8 2. 스마트교육과 개혁확산 10 3. 효과적인 스마트교육을 위한 정보기술수용모형 15 Ⅲ. 연구방법 및 절차 1. 연구설계 25 2. 연구대상 28 3. 연구도구 29 4. 연구절차 30 5. 분석방법 32 6. 스마트교육 프로그램 32 Ⅳ. 연구결과 37 Ⅴ. 요약 및 결론 1. 요약 42 2. 결론 43 3. 제한점 44 3. 제언 45 참고문헌 부록Maste