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    MCP-1 directly induces renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis independently of monocytes/macrophages infiltration

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    Dept. of Medical Science/๋ฐ•์‚ฌBackground: Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its receptor, C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and fibrotic diseases via the recruitment and activation of monocytes/macrophages. Recently, however, accumulating in vitro evidence has indicated that MCP-1 per se may act directly on renal cells via CCR2. Therefore, the results of a number of former studies showing the impacts of MCP-1/CCR2 blockade on renal injury may be partly attributed to a direct inhibitory effect of MCP-1 on renal cells, but it has never been clarified in vivo to date. Since all previous studies to explore the effect of MCP-1 on diverse renal diseases were performed using MCP-1-neutralizing antibody, CCR2 antagonist, or MCP-1 or CCR2 knockout technique, which accompanied a significant reduction in monocytes/macrophages infiltration within the kidney, it was hard to define whether the beneficial influence of MCP-1/CCR2 inhibition on renal injury was attributed to the direct inhibitory effect of MCP-1 on renal cells or was just a consequence of a significant decrease in inflammatory cells infiltration.Purpose: This study was undertaken to investigate the direct impact of the MCP-1/CCR2 on renal fibrosis in vivo by using monocytes/macrophages-depleted mice. In addition, the direct effect of MCP-1 on extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis along with the role of CCR2 was also examined in cultured tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E).Methods: In vitro, NRK-52E cells were incubated in DMEM media containing 5.6 mM glucose (Control, Con) or recombinant MCP-1 (10 ng/ml) with or without RS102895 (2 and 10 M), a specific chemical inhibitor of CCR2, and CCR2 siRNA (final concentrations: 10, 25, and 50 nM). After 72 hours, cells were harvested. In vivo, Thirty-six male C57BL/6J mice, weighting 25-30 g, were divided into six groups: Group 1, control mice treated with intravenous PBS only (N = 6) (Control, Con); Group 2, mice injected with liposome vehicle (LV) and lenti-empty virus intravenously (N = 6); Group 3, mice with liposome-clodronate (LC) and lenti-empty virus (N = 6); Group 4, mice with LV and lenti-MCP-1 virus (N = 6); Group 5, mice with LC and lenti-MCP-1 virus (N = 6); and Group 6, mice with LC, lenti-MCP-1 virus, and RS102895 (N = 6). LV and LC in a volume of 200 ยตl PBS were injected intravenously every 5 days for 4 weeks, and lenti-empty and lenti-MCP-1 virus were injected intravenously at a dose of 1.5 x 107 transfection units every 5 days, three times with LC or LV. RS102895 was delivered at a dose of 3 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks via subcutaneously-implanted osmotic mini-pumps. Either diphtheria toxin (DT) diluted in PBS (10 ng/g of body weight) (N = 24) or PBS (N = 6) was given intraperitoneally to Cd11b-diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) mice on the day before lenti-MCP-1 virus injection and every 3 days. Lenti-MCP-1 was also injected at 3 days after the first administration. Six from DTR mice injected with lenti-MCP-1 virus and DT were treated with RS102895 (3 mg/kg/day) via osmotic mini-pumps. DTR mice were sacrificed at 10 days after the first lenti-MCP-1 virus injection. The protein expression of fibronectin, type I collagen and CCR2 in cultured NRK-52E cells, and the whole kidney were evaluated by Western blot, and the mRNA expression of fibronectin and type I collagen was assessed by real-time PCR. MCP-1 concentrations in serum and the whole kidney were determined by ELISA. Peripheral blood cell counts were conducted and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for fibronectin, type I collagen and F4/80 and Massonโ€™s trichrome staining were examined.Results: Compared to Con cells, the protein expression of fibronectin and type I collagen were significantly increased in NRK-52E cells exposed to MCP-1, and these increases were significantly abrogated by RS102895 or CCR2 siRNA (P < 0.05). Two days after administration of LC and DT, there was a significant reduction in peripheral blood monocyte counts in C57BL/6J mice and DTR mice, respectively, compared to Con mice (P < 0.001). While administration of lenti-MCP-1 virus alone induced a significant increase in the number of infiltrated monocytes/macrophages in the kidney (P < 0.001), a concomitant treatment with LC or DT significantly attenuated the increase in monocytes/macrophages infiltration in the kidney (P < 0.001) compared to Con mice. The significant increases in fibronectin and type I collagen protein expression (P < 0.01), assessed by Western blot, in LC- or DT-treated mice infected with lenti-MCP-1 virus were significantly ameliorated by CCR2 inhibition using osmotic mini-pumps containing RS102895 (P < 0.05). The significant increases in IHC staining scores for fibronectin and type I collagen within the tubulointerstitium in monocytes/macrophages-depleted mice infected with lenti-MCP-1 virus (P < 0.001) were significantly attenuated by RS102895 treatment (P < 0.001).Conclusions: These findings suggest that the MCP-1/CCR2 system is directly involved in MCP-1-induced renal fibrosis and blockade of the MCP-1/CCR2 system can be a promising approach to treat various kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, of which MCP-1-induced renal fibrosis is involved in the pathogenesis.ope

    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ์•ฝ์ž ๊ดด๋กญํž˜๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…, ์ด์ง์˜๋„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต/์„์‚ฌ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ์•ฝ์ž ๊ดด๋กญํž˜๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…, ์ด์ง์˜๋„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ์•ฝ์ž ๊ดด๋กญํž˜(bullying)๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…, ์ด์ง์˜๋„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํŒŒ์•…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ์•ฝ์ž ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„๋œ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. IRB์Šน์ธ ํ›„ ์„œ์šธ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ 5๊ฐœ ๊ตญ๊ณต๋ฆฝ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ 235๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 2014๋…„ 10์›” 29์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 11์›” 11์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ์•ฝ์ž ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์˜ ์ธก์ •์€ ๋ถ€์ •์  ํ–‰๋™๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์œค์ฃผ(2014)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ›„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„์™€ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ Workplace Bullying in Nursing -Type Inventory ์™€ Workplace Bullying in Nursing-Consequence Inventory๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์€ Mowday(1979)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ช…ํ•˜(1998)๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์„ฑํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ง์˜๋„๋Š” Lawler(1983)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ•ํ˜„์ˆ™(2002)์ด ๋ฒˆ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” SPSS 20 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„, t-test์™€ one-way ANOVA, Pearson''s correlation์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค: 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ 23.8%๊ฐ€ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๋„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ์•ฝ์ž ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด ๊ทผ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์˜ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด 66.8%์˜€๋‹ค. ์—…๋ฌด๊ด€๋ จ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์šฐ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋– ๋„˜๊น€, ์ด‰๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋‚ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์  ์—…๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•์š”, ๋ชจ์ž„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ต์œก์— ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ฐธ์„ ์š”๊ตฌ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ 57.9% ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ 52.3%, ์ˆ˜๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ 33%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ์•ฝ์ž ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์ด ๋งŒ์—ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํž˜์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ์•ฝ์ž ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ 25.6%๋กœ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๋„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ์•ฝ์ž ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋ฏธํ˜ผ(F=3.04, p=.003)์ด, ๊ตญ๊ณต๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›๊ณผ ํŠน์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์ธ(์˜๋ฃŒ์›, ๋ณดํ—˜๋ณ‘์›)์ด ์‹œยท๋„๋ฆฝ๋ณ‘์› ๋ณด๋‹ค (F=4.34, p=.014), ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์žฅ๊ณผ ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์ด ๋ณ‘๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๊ฒŒ(F=5.91, p=.001) ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ์•ฝ์ž ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” 29์„ธ ์ดํ•˜(F=13.10, p=.000), ๋ฏธํ˜ผ(F=6.99, p=.000), ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ(F=6.65, p=.002), ๊ทผ์†๋…„์ˆ˜(F=7.13, p=.000)์™€ ํ˜„ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ(F=2.74, p=.029)์€ 3๋…„-5๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์—์„œ ๋†’๊ฒŒ, ๊ตญ๊ณต๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›, ํŠน์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์ธ(์˜๋ฃŒ์›, ๋ณดํ—˜๋ณ‘์›), ์‹œยท๋„๋ฆฝ๋ณ‘์› ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ(F=4.71, p=.010) ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์€ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ถ€์„œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์žฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(F=6.24, p=.000). ์ด์ง์˜๋„๋Š” 29์„ธ ์ดํ•˜(F=14.57, p=.000), ๋ฏธํ˜ผ(F=6.04, p=.000), ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ(F=13.18, p=.000)๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๊ทผ์† 3๋…„-5๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ(F=6.82, p=.000)๊ณผ, ํ˜„ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ 1๋…„ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ(F=2.90, p=.023)๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๊ณต๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›(F=3.80, p=.024), ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์žฅ, ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค, ๋ณ‘๋™, ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ(F=6.00, p=.001)๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ(r=.59, p<.000), ์ด์ง์˜๋„(r=.34, p<.000)์™€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด์ง์˜๋„(r=.34, p<.000)์™€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ, ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…(r=-.14, p<.023)๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ์•ฝ์ž ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…์˜ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์ด์ง์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ์žฅ์น˜, ๊ดด๋กญํž˜์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ๊ฐœ์„ ๊ณผ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์›์ƒพ๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ž์™€ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ง์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ ๊ทœ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ค‘์žฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜๊ต์œก ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์œก์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€ ์•ฝ์ž ๊ดด๋กญํž˜๊ณผ ๊ทน๋ณต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ •์—์˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๊ตญ๊ณต๋ฆฝ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญํ•œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ถ”ํ›„ ๋ณ‘์› ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ดด๋กญํž˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ง๋ชฐ์ž…๊ณผ ์ด์ง์˜๋„ ์ด์™ธ ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.ope

    The effects of rhythmic rope-jumping exercise on physical fitness and emotional states of girls' middle school students

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    This study was designed to compare and analyze the influences of the continuous music rope-jumping exercise program on basal fitness and interest level in the physical education class. The students of U Girls' Middle School in Ulsan have been tested for 8 weeks, with division of the two groups - the experimental group (37 students) and the comparative group (37 students). The students' physical fitness (muscular strength, agility, power, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and flexibility) and emotional states (interest levels) were measured and analyzed before and after the 8-week music rope-jumping program. The results of analyzing the data are as follows: First, the students of the experimental group enhanced the average of muscular strength, agility, muscular endurance, and flexibility a little more than those of the comparative group, but the two groups made no great differences. The differences of power and cardiovascular endurance were statistically meaningful. Second, the students who participated in the music rope-jumping program showed significant differences in self-confidence, enjoyment, cooperation, interest in the category of the interest level about physical classes before and after the experiment. In conclusion, the music rope-jumping exercise program made girl students enhance their basal fitness level generally and motivated them to do exercise positively. It is expected to develop continuously various music rope-jumping exercise programs for boy or girl students in secondary schools by readjusting frequency and intensity.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  = 1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ = 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  = 3 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ = 3 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ = 4 1. ์Œ์•…์ค„๋„˜๊ธฐ = 4 2. ์ฒด๋ ฅ = 9 3. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ = 13 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• = 15 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ = 15 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ = 15 3. ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ = 16 4. ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋„๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• = 19 5. ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ = 22 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = 23 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ = 23 2. ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ธก์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = 23 3. ์ฒด์œกํ•™์Šต ํฅ๋ฏธ๋„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = 34 โ…ค. ๋…ผ์˜ = 41 1. ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ธก์ •์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ = 41 2. ์ฒด์œกํ•™์Šต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋„ = 44 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  = 46 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  = 46 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ = 47 Abstract = 49 ๋ถ€๋ก = 5

    The effect of statin on epithelial-mesenchymal transition in peritoneal mesothelial cells.

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    BACKGROUND: Statins have recently been highlighted for their pleiotropic actions distinct from cholesterol-lowering effects. Despite this interest, it is currently unknown whether statin therapy inhibits peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). METHODS: In vitro, human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) were exposed to 5.6 mM glucose (NG) or 100 mM glucose (HG) with or without simvastatin (1 ยตM). In vivo, PD catheters were inserted into 32 Sprague-Dawley rats, and saline (C, nโ€Š=โ€Š16) or 4.25% peritoneal dialysis fluid (PDF) (PD, nโ€Š=โ€Š16) was infused for 4 weeks. Eight rats from each group were treated with 5 mg/kg/day of simvastatin intraperitoneally. Changes in the protein expression of EMT markers such as E-cadherin, ฮฑ-SMA, Snail, and fibronectin in HPMCs and the peritoneum were evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence or immunohistochemical staining. We also explored whether activation of the mevalonate pathway and its downstream small GTPases were involved in dialysis-related peritoneal EMT and could be inhibited by statin treatment. RESULTS: Compared to NG cells, E-cadherin expression was significantly decreased, while ฮฑ-SMA, Snail, and fibronectin expression were significantly increased in HPMCs exposed to HG, and these changes were abrogated by simvastatin (p<0.05). In addition, the cobblestone-like appearance of normal HPMCs was converted into a fibroblast-like morphology after HG treatment, which was reversed by simvastatin. These EMT-like changes were also observed in HPMCs treated with geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate (5 ยตM). HG significantly increased the protein expression of RhoA and Rac1 in the membrane fractions, and these increases were ameliorated by simvastatin (p<0.05). In PD rats, E-cadherin in the peritoneum was significantly decreased, whereas ฮฑ-SMA, Snail, and fibronectin expression were significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to C rats. The thickness of the mesothelial layer in the peritoneum were also significantly greater in PD rats than in C rats (p<0.05). These changes of the peritoneum in PD rats were significantly attenuated by simvastatin. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that PD-related EMT was mediated via the mevalonate pathway, and statin treatment inhibited the EMT changes in HG-treated HPMCs and PDF-stimulated PD rats. These findings suggest that statins may be a promising therapeutic strategy for preservation of peritoneal membrane integrity in long-term PD patients.ope

    Gamma linolenic acid exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in diabetic nephropathy

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    PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of gamma linolenic acid (GLA) on inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in mesangial and tubular epithelial cells under diabetic conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with either a diluent [n=16, control (C)] or streptozotocin [n=16, diabetes (DM)], and eight rats each from the control and diabetic groups were treated with evening primrose oil by gavage for three months. Rat mesangial cells and NRK-52E cells were exposed to medium containing 5.6 mM glucose and 30 mM glucose (HG), with or without GLA (10 or 100 ฮผM). Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and fibronectin (FN) mRNA and protein expression levels were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-four-hour urinary albumin excretion was significantly increased in DM compared to C rats, and GLA treatment significantly reduced albuminuria in DM rats. ICAM-1, MCP-1, FN mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly higher in DM than in C kidneys, and these increases were significantly abrogated by GLA treatment. In vitro, GLA significantly inhibited increases in MCP-1 mRNA expression and protein levels under high glucose conditions in HG-stimulated mesangial and tubular epithelial cells (p<0.05, respectively). ICAM-1 and FN expression showed a similar pattern to the expression of MCP-1. CONCLUSION: GLA attenuates not only inflammation by inhibiting enhanced MCP-1 and ICAM-1 expression, but also ECM accumulation in diabetic nephropathy.ope

    Differences in homework compliance by methods of assigning counseling homework

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์ƒ๋‹ด์ „๊ณต,2005.Docto

    The relationship of the between personal interest-major congruence and department adjustment for college student in science and engineering

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์ด๊ณต๊ณ„ ํ•™๊ณผ์— ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘์ธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ์™€ ํ•™๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™๊ณผ์ ์‘ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ Holland์˜ ์ผ์น˜์„ฑ(congruence) ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์ถฉ์ฒญ๊ถŒ์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ 4๋…„์ œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ด๊ณต๊ณ„ํ•™๊ณผ ์žฌํ•™์ƒ 2, 3, 4ํ•™๋…„ 309๋ช…(๋‚จ: 194๋ช…, ์—ฌ: 115๋ช…/ 2ํ•™๋…„: 147๋ช…, 3ํ•™๋…„: 72๋ช…, 4ํ•™๋…„ 90๋ช…)์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ์ธก์ •์€ 3๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋จผ์ € ํ•™์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํฅ๋ฏธ์œ ํ˜• ์ธก์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Holland์˜ SDS(Self-Directed Search)๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ํ•™๊ณผ์˜ ์ผ์น˜๋„ ์ธก์ •์€ 'ํ•œ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ฝ”๋“œ' ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™๊ณผ์ ์‘์€ ๋ฐ•์„ฑ๋ฏธ(2001)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์ผ์›๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฒ€์ฆ์œผ๋กœ Scheffeอ ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ฐœ์ธ-ํ•™๊ณผ ์ผ์น˜๋„์™€ ํ•™๊ณผ์ ์‘ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ •์ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(r=.136, p.05). ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ฐœ์ธ-ํ•™๊ณผ์ ์‘ ์ผ์น˜๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ํ•™๊ณผ์ ์‘์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•™๊ณผ ์ ์‘ ์ „์ฒด ์ ์ˆ˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ผ์น˜๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ '์™„์ „์ผ์น˜'์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ '๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜์ง‘๋‹จ' ๊ฐ„์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(F=2.92, p.05). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋กœ์ƒ๋‹ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ์— ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. The purpose of this study was to examine the Holland's congruence hypothesis by exploring the relationship of the between personal interest-major and department adjustment for college student in science and engineering. The participants were 309 Korean college students from one university in Chungnam(male: 194, female 115). Holland(1977)'s SDS(Self-Directed Search) was executed to measure personal interest type. For calculating the congruence, Holland(1973)'s 'one letter code' was utilized. And for measuring the department adjustment, items in Park Sung-mi(2001) was utilized. The data were analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient and ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows. First, the correlation coefficient of the between personal interest-major congruence and department adjustment(total score) was statistically significant. For subfactor of the department adjustment, the correlation coefficient of the between personal interest-major congruence and department satisfaction(r=.121, p.05). Second, statistically significant difference was found on department adjustment(total score)(F=2.92, p.05). The implication of the results were discussed and suggestions for future studies are also presented

    Research Trend and Task on Marketing of Counseling Services

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹ด๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋‹ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋จผ์ € ์ƒ๋‹ด๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ทธ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ์˜จ ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ œ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์…‹ ์งธ, ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ์™€ ๋‘˜์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๊ณ , ์…‹์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋ถ„์•ผ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋‹ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ด ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๋‹ด์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ ์šฉ์ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ  ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹ด์ž ์ธก๋ฉด, ์ƒ๋‹ด๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ธก๋ฉด, ๊ณ ๊ฐ(๋‚ด๋‹ด์ž) ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณธ ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š”์ƒ๋‹ด์—์„œ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹ด์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์—…ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์ง€์นจ์„œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ƒ๋‹ด๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ๋‹ด ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์ƒ๋‹ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ณ ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์ƒ๋‹ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋น„์šฉ ์ง€๋ถˆ์˜์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์ƒ๋‹ด๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ œ๊ณต ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์ƒ๋‹ด์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ™๋ณด๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์ƒ๋‹ด์ž ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. This study was started from critical mind of necessity on counseling marketing. The concept of marketing has been changed as time passes. Now the concept and principles of marketing is adapted to service area in non profit organization. In counseling, marketing research and practice aren't activated in comparison with social work and mental health services. The discussion of counseling marketing was begun from the middle of 1980's when the budge of counseling services was reduced. In Korea, the necessity of counseling marketing has been issued, but it is hard to find the researches on marketing counseling. The present study was conducted to review researches on marketing counseling and to activate future studies. Research question was as followed: First, why is necessary marketing in counseling services? Second, what are research topics of marketing in counseling services? Third, what are research tasks of marketing in counseling services in the future? Results of review the researches on marketing of counseling services abroad was as followed: First, the necessity of marketing in counseling services could be summarized three aspects: counselor, counseling institution, client. Second, research topics of marketing in counseling services could be summarized as the counseling consumer(client), the marketing assessment instrument in counseling services, the method of marketing in counseling services. Third, future research tasks of marketing in counseling services was suggested: the researches on necessity of marketing in counseling services. the consumer of counseling, the pricing of counseling, the process analysis of counseling services, the effective advertising, the marketing education of counselors. Lastly, the restriction and meaning of this study was discussed

    The Impact of Social Identity and Social Alliance on Economic Performance in Social Enterprises

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    ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์–‘๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฐฝ์ถœ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ฐฝ์ถœ์˜ ๋™์‹œ ์ถ”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์–‘๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •(+)์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜‘์—… ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ๊ธฐ์—…์ง„ํฅ์›์— ์ธ์ฆ๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์˜๊ณต์‹œ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํˆฌ์ž ํ™œ๋™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์—๋„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜‘์—… ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜‘์—… ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์กฐ์ง์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ˜‘์—… ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜‘์—… ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณธ์งˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ œ๊ณ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ „๋žต์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. The present study investigates the relationship between social competence and economic performance in social enterprises. Social enterprises simultaneously pursue social value creation and economic value creation, two of which are not easily compatible each other. This study explores the conditions under which these two values can synergize with each other and thereby, positively affect each other&apos;s performance. In particular, I examine how two important social competences, that is, social identity and social alliance, influence economic performance of social enterprises. Using the secondary data on social enterprises from Korea Social Enterprise Promotion Agency, I run OLS regression analyses to test hypotheses. I find that investment on social value creation, only when it aligns with social identity, has a statistically significant and positive relationship with economic performance of social enterprises. Further, the study finds evidence that social alliance in and of itself does not affect economic performance of social enterprises. However, social alliance does have a positive influence on social enterprises&apos; economic performance, only when taking into account social alliance partners&apos; organizational attributes and a focal social enterprise&apos;s degree of readiness to absorb expected gains from social alliance altogether. The present study improves our understanding on social entrepreneurship research by suggesting how social enterprises can enhance two seemingly incompatible values in a simultaneous manner. I also discuss potentially fruitful future research agenda based on the present paper&apos;s findings.2

    (The) health experience of the community health practitioner shared with Korean rural people : from the perspective of Newman's praxis methodology

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ธ CHP์‹ค๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋กฑํ•ด CHP์™€ ๋†์ดŒ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ(study entity)์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ Newman์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•ด๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค๋ฌด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ œ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋”ฐ ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋น„ํ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. CHP๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 66๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„์ด๊ณ  (1983.10 - 1989.3),์ด๋ฅผ CHP์ง๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„์„, ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋กœ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์•ฝ 40๊ฐœ์›”(1988.8 -1991.12)์ด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธํ›„ Newman(1990)์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์˜ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Š” ํ”ผ 7๊ฐœ์›”์ด (1992.10-1993.4),๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  CHP์™€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ์•ฝ 8๊ฐœ์›”์ด(1993.5 - 1993.12) ์†Œ์š”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์ผ์ฐจ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ 9๊ฐœ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œํ›„,CHP์™€ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋…น์Œ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ์ •์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋น„ํ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜ CHP์™€ ๋†์ดŒ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ, ๋‚ด์†Œํ™˜์ž๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ตํ™˜์ž๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ฃผ์š”๋ณด๊ฑด์‚ฌ์—… ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—์„œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์†Œ์™ธ๋˜์–ด์˜จ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—์„œ, ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ–‰์œ„๊ด€ํ˜„ ํ™œํ†ต์„ ํ†ต ํ•ด์„œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋งˆ์„๊ฑด๊ฐ•์›๊ณผ ์œ ์•„๋ญ”์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ํ˜‘์˜ ๋ฐœ์กฑ๊ณผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์˜ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋„ ๋„“์–ด์กŒ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋น„ํ‰ ๊ต์„ญํ•˜๊ธฐ (Negotiation) ๋ž€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ (Reciprocity)๋ž€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์— ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํž˜๋ถ๋‹๊ธฐ (Enpowerment)๋ž€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏ€๋กœ์„œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋”์ด์ƒ ๊ทธ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ต์„ญํ•˜๊ธฐ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด๋‚˜ ์ง๋ฌด์ง€์นจ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต์„ญํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์†๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋นจ๋ž๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๋ฒ”์œ„๋„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋˜์–ด ์Œ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™˜์š”์ธ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์†๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ฐจ์›๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด CHP๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฐจ์›๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋˜์–ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž์•„๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์„ฑ์ˆ™์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ์ •์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‹ค๋ฌด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ด๋ก  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ๊ณผ, ์‹ค๋ฌด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ, ๋˜๋Š” ์žฌํ™œํ™˜์ž๋‚˜ ๋…ธ์ธ์ธ๊ตฌ์™€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€ ์†์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‹ค๋ฌด์— ์ ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Œ๊ณผ ์ด์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‹ค๋ฌด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€(paradigm shift) ์š”๊ตฌ๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ(reach-out)์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ๊ณผ, ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฝํ—˜์ž„์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๊ต์œก์—์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€(paradigm shift) ์š”๊ตฌ๋จ์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The purpose of this study was to explore the process of transformation in the health practitioner(CHP): a community health nurse in Korea shared with rural people according to the characteristics of Newman's praxis methodology. The period of sharing health experience between the people and the nurse was sixty-six months (1983.10-1989.31) and that of publishing the "Case Report on CHP Activity" according to the seven tasks areas for CHP was about forty months(1988.8-1991.12). 1t took about seven months (1992.10-1993.12) to define the health experiences from the case report and about eight (1993.5-1993.12) to confirm them. The health experiences were selected and defined by the researcher primarily into nine areas in sequence and, thereafter, were confirmed by tape recorded interviews with CHP and rural people. The characteristics of praxis methodology ; negotiaion, reciprocity and empowerment were described and the health experiences were critiqued according to these characteristics. The result are summarized as fellows: 1. Characteristics of the health experience transformation process Negotiation is characterized by initiating new interaction patterns between nurse and client in the process of their unique health experience. Reciprocity is characterized as establishing a relationship through the mirroring role of the nurse. When tee clients can decide on their behavior and solve their concerns by their own choice and do not need rely on the nurse, it means empowerment. At this time, client choose their interaction pattern with nurse and both of them have the experience of mutual growth. 2. analysis and evaluation of health experience In the early initiating stage of the health experience, there was a one-way relationship through individuals or partial recognition centering around patients, infants and their mothers who visited CHP post. Transformation of the health experience was manifestated partly when the client wag aware of by the CHP's recognition rather than by the functions or tasks of the CHP. In the growing stage of the health experience, the scope of pattern recognition of the CBP became more diverse and complex and the transformation of the health experience accelerated compare to the early stage. At this time, a reciprocal two-way relationship and partial empowerment showed in people's understanding. In the maturing stage of the health experience. transformation of the health experience was more accelerated in clients contacted by the CHP's recognition such as village health workers, children and credit union members. At this time, they had the experience of mutual growth through opening of themselves and such transformation had not been planned or how was it predicted, In conclusion, the CHP practice in Korea could be regarded as a manifestation of Newman'g health theory and as an alternative theory of development for community health nursing(=CHN). Praxis methodology is more applicable to chronic or rehabilitation clients, the aged, and those who are Contacted Continuous1y via home visits in the CHN Practice field. A paradigm shift could be considered to apply to this methodology on nursing practice. In nursing education, competency to identify health experiences and their transformation process and to recognize interation patterns in a reach-out approach with partnership would be necessary prior to assessing client'S problems. Opening of self, letting clients Choose their relationship and personal transformation with client rather than doing something for them would be more emphasized in basic nursing curriculum.restrictio
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