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    ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ „๋žต ๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ •์น˜์™ธ๊ตํ•™๋ถ€(์™ธ๊ตํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2023. 2. ๊น€์ƒ๋ฐฐ.์‚ฌ์ด๋ฒ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™•์žฅ๊ณผ ์ผ์ƒํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜์  ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” '21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์›์œ '๋ผ๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ๋ฆ„์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ ์šฉ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด‰๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ๋ณด์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ด„๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •์น˜ยท๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹ ํฅ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์š”์ธ์„ ๋‚ด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ ํฅ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋žตํ™”ํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ 2019๋…„ ๋ฐœ์กฑ๋œ ๊ฐ€์ด์•„-X ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ(Gaia-X Project)์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ๊ฐ€์น˜-์ด์ต-๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ๋ก ์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋…ํŠนํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ด์•„-X ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋„ํ•ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ๋…์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ๊ฐ€์ด์•„-X ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์ฐจ์›๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ง„๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ „๋žต์„ ์ง‘์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ ยท์•ˆ๋ณด์ ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ๋…์ผ์ด ์ถ”์ง„ํ•ด ์˜จ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ „๋žต์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋‘ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ „๋žต ๊ธฐ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ „๋žต์ด ๊ตฌ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ดํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ์‹ ํฅ ์•ˆ๋ณด์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ด์•„-X ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ž‘๋™๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์˜ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ „๋žต์ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‹ ์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ์˜ ์ œ๋„ํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์ฆ๋Œ€๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์  ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ฐ€์ด์•„-X ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ถŒ์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๊ฒฐ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์—ญ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์—… ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ , ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•ด ์ผ์›์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์‹ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์™„๋๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณง ๊ฐ€์ด์•„-X ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ๊ฐ€์น˜-์ด์ต-๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๋žต์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ด์•„-X ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์น˜-์ด์ต-๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ค„์ง„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ „๋žต์„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ๋…์ผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‚ฐ์—… ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ์„ฑ์ด ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด‰๋ฐœ๋๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ธ์‹์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ด๋“ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์ด ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์  ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ์˜ ์ถ”์ง„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ, ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ „๋žต์˜ ์ถ”์ง„์—์„œ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•ด ์˜จ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ •๋น„๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์—์„œ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๊ณง ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์ต์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋‹ฟ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ด์•„-X ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ํˆฌ์˜ํ•ด ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋žต ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์‹ ์žฅ๊ณผ ์‹ ํฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์‚ฐ์—… ์ฃผ๋„๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์ต์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™ ์ œ์ •์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ œ๋„์—์„œ์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ๋‚ด ๋‹จ์ผ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•ด ์˜จ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ „๋žต์€ ์ œ๋„์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์— ๋ฐฉ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ด์•„-X ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ๋‘ ์ฃผ์ถ•์ธ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์™€ ๋…์ผ์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์ „๋žต์  ๊ถค์ ์€ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์›ํ™œํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งŽ์€ ์Ÿ์  ์š”์ธ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฐํ•ฉ-๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ํฌ๊ด„์  ์ „๋žต ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค.This paper mainly focuses on the dynamics of data sovereignty on international scale, with a specific interest in the European Union. The notion of data sovereignty has risen due to the expansion of cyberspace, which has facilitated a great deal of academic researches in recent years. Data is considered as the new oil of the 21st Century, amplifying its significance as a game changer in the realm of international politics. From individual privacy to national security, data has come to play a role with plausible influence. However, recognizing the fact that data is yet a fluid term, defining data sovereignty and applying traditional notion of sovereignty to data are still in progress. To fill this gap and provide a more wholesome perspective on the recent prospects of data sovereignty, this paper specifically examines the GAIA-X Project proposed by the European Union in 2019, with emphasis on its embedded values, national interests, and technological ambitions aspects. By following the trajectory of how European Unions normative views on data sovereignty has been formed and evolved, this paper finds it clear that the GAIA-X Project was to set forth the new route for the EU in the following terms: echoing its core civil values, reinstating its international position as a norm entrepreneur, and bolstering its own capability on cloud computing technology. Although the project was ambitiously embarked, the main stakeholders behind the plan, France and Germany, pursue a different route in their foremost priorities: incorporating its national brand as a technological testbed and enhancing its capabilities for France, and becoming the leader of rule-making in data sovereignty for Germany. The strategic cleavage between two main countries of the project casts a doubt for the project to be carried out in a homogeneous way. Such an internal division is likely to deviate its original roadmap towards reinstating the notion of data sovereignty through an upscale cloud computing technology. Nonetheless, the GAIA-X project indeed represents a new direction of the EU in defining and operating its own notion of data sovereignty. Despite raised contentions and its ongoing status, the GAIA-X project is worth studied for in two main reasons: It not only declares a new vision for the EUs norm of data sovereignty, but also displays a different strategic pathways of how France and Germany are projecting its data sovereignty. This paper concludes that the GAIA-X Project has imprinted a declarative effect and placed the EU on a new path of data sovereignty strategies in the context of values, interests, and technology.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ 7 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 9 4. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 10 5. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 13 ์ œ 2์žฅ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ „๋žต 15 1. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ 21 1.1. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์–ด์  ๋‹ค 21 1.2. ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋žต 23 1.3. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๊ณตํ†ต ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์ „๋žต 27 2. ๊ฐ€์น˜-์ด์ต-๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ€์ด์•„-X ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ 31 2.1. ๊ฐ€์น˜-์ด์ต-๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ 31 2.2. ๊ฐ€์ด์•„-X ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ๊ณ ์•ˆ ๋ฐ ์˜์˜ 44 ์ œ 3์žฅ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ „๋žต 55 1. ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ๋ฉ”๋‹ค ์ด๋‹ˆ์…”ํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ 56 2. ๋งˆํฌ๋กฑ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์Šคํƒ€ํŠธ์—… ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ธ 63 3. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ์‹œ์žฅ๋ฒ• 70 ์ œ 4์žฅ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ ์ „๋žต 77 1. ๋ถ„๋ฐ์Šค ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ์™€ C5 ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ง€์นจ 78 2. ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณผ BDSG ๊ฐœ์ • 84 3. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ ์˜์žฅ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋…์ผ 94 ์ œ 5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  99 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 110 Abstract 123์„
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