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    ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ™”์šฉ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ค‘ํ•™์ƒ ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ™”์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์œ„ ํ™”์šฉ ์ธ์‹ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ: ์š”์ฒญ๊ณผ ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์˜์–ด์ „๊ณต), 2023. 2. ์˜ค์„ ์˜.ํ™”์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™”์šฉ์  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๋ฐœํ™”์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ์‹ฌ์–ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ™”์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ, ์–ด๋Š ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํŠนํžˆ ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ํ™”์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๋ฒ…์ฐฌ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด ํ™”์šฉ๋ก  ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ™”์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์€ ํšก๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ข…๋‹จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์ด ํ™”ํ–‰์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ํ™”ํ–‰์€ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž์™€ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ•™์Šต์ž๋งŒ์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ™”์šฉ์  ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠน์ง•๋“ค๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์ด ํ™”ํ–‰์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ™”์šฉ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์•„ ํ™”์šฉ ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™”์šฉ ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ํ™”์šฉ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ํ™”์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„, ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ, ์–ธ์ œ, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ์ง€ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฅธ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”์šฉ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ™”ํ–‰์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜•์‹(form)์—๋งŒ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ดํ™” ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ค์šฉ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ๋„๊ตฌ์—ฌ์„œ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์†์—์„œ ํ™”ํ–‰ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋งŽ์€ ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”์šฉ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ™”์šฉ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ ์€ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ™”์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ™”์šฉ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ™”์šฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด 14๋ช…์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์€ 2์ฃผ๋™์•ˆ 8์ฐจ์‹œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™”ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™”์šฉ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํ™”์šฉ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ถ„์„(Conversation Analysis)์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด์™€ ์˜์–ด์˜ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ดค์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์ž…๋ ฅ(input)์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋Œ€๋ณธ ์งœ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์—ญํ• ๊ทน์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™”ํ–‰์„ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ „, ํ›„์— ๋‘ ํ™”ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์—ญํ• ๊ทน์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ต์ˆ˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์—ญํ• ๊ทน ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์งํ›„ ํšŒ๊ณ ํ˜• ๊ตฌ๋‘ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ „, ํ›„์— ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์œ„ ํ™”์šฉ ์ธ์‹์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์ด ์—ญํ• ๊ทน์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๋ฐœํ™”๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ถ„์„ ํ‹€์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ๋‘ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ํ™”์šฉ์–ธ์–ด, ์‚ฌํšŒ์–ด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์—ญํ• ๊ทน์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ™”์šฉ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ์ „ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์€ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋งŒ ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋„์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์†์—์„œ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ค„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ํ™”์šฉ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์—ญํ• ๊ทน์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์ด์œ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•จ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „๋žต๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ž์„  ์œ„์น˜์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์†์—์„œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ ์ „๋žต์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ์„ ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ƒ์˜ ๋’คํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ค„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์œ„ ํ™”์šฉ ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ „์— ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „์ด๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์–ด์šฉ์  ์ธ์‹์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ธ ํ™”์šฉ์–ธ์–ด ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์•„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ™”์šฉ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์ˆ˜ ํ›„, ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ™”์šฉ์–ธ์–ด ์ง€์‹๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜์–ด ๋Šฅ์ˆ™๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ํ•™์ƒ, ํ™”์šฉ์  ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•œ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์Œ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ™”์šฉ ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ด๋ฉด์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ์ง€์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜”์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜์–ด ๋Šฅ์ˆ™๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™”์šฉ ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.The development of pragmatic competence is crucial for effective communication. Notably, second language learners need to develop it properly since they may possess different pragmatic norms in their native language. Unlike grammatical errors, pragmatic errors can cause more severe communication breakdowns and negatively affect the interlocutor. However, being equipped with pragmatic competence is a daunting task for second language learners since it requires adequate knowledge of what to say and how to say it to whom. It is even more challenging when the learners are under real-time interaction. Studies in second language pragmatics have investigated second language learners pragmatic competence cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Most of the studies focused on how the learners comprehend and produce speech acts, with the speech act of request and refusal being the most popular. At the same time, some also focused on the cognitive processes underlying the speech act performance. The studies results delineated shared preferences on appropriate speech acts by native and non-native speakers and the salient features shown in the non-native speakers performance, which may lead to unintentional pragmatic failure. Learners underlying thoughts also revealed the struggles and difficulties in delivering their pragmatic intentions. These altogether called for the importance of pragmatic instruction. A myriad of interventional studies proved that pragmatics is teachable. Based on the consensus, more recent studies have focused on what to teach among many pragmatic features, when to teach them, and how to teach them. Despite the advancement, the target participants of the studies have been chiefly skewed to adult second language learners. The target pragmatic features have also been limited to semantic formulas of speech acts. Methodically, most studies employed practical measurements such as discourse completion tests, making it hard to understand how learners produce their pragmatic intention in interaction. Furthermore, despite the advancement of instructional studies on second language pragmatics, studies on Korean EFL learners are relatively scarce. Considering both the importance of pragmatic competence and the limitations of the previous studies, the study sought to explore how Korean middle school learners with limited linguistic ability benefit from pragmatic instruction. Fourteen learners engaged in eight instructional phases over two weeks on two speech acts, requests, and refusals to requests. The materials were informed by Conversation Analysis (CA). During the instruction, learners were exposed to the basic CA concepts, engaged in the contrastive analysis of speech acts in L1 and L2, received authentic input, and performed drama-script writing tasks and open role-plays with feedback. To measure any gains from the instruction, learners request and refusal interactions were obtained before and after instruction using open role-play tasks. Furthermore, retrospective verbal reports were implemented right after performing role-plays to capture any cognitive changes in planning and performing the speech acts. Finally, learners role-plays were analyzed following the conversation analysis framework (Schegloff, 2007), and learners retrospective verbal reports were examined concerning their attention to pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic information. The results from the request role-plays revealed that learners before instruction showed atypical sequences in projecting requests, being occupied with delivering the core message of requests. Regarding different contextual variables, learners struggled more in launching the PDR-high requests (i.e., requests with a high degree of an imposition to someone of a higher status and a larger distance). After instruction, most learners were shown to make a request properly in extended discourse by deferring the request in real-time interaction and using more appropriate pragmalinguistic forms according to contexts. Meanwhile, the results from the refusal role-plays before instruction indicated the prevalent use of direct refusal formulas positioned earlier in turns, regardless of the situation. Their refusal strategies were mostly limited to providing accounts and expressing regrets. After instruction, learners depicted more diversification of refusal strategies and reflected the non-compliant nature of refusals in their turns by delaying them in interaction across contexts. Learners retrospective verbal reports before instruction illustrated learners sociopragmatic awareness that seems to be transferred from their L1 sociocultural norm. Some learners reported difficulties in delivering pragmatic intention derived from a lack of pragmalinguistic knowledge and linguistic ability. After instruction, learners sensitivity toward socio-contextual variables improved, and more could utter improved pragmalinguistic knowledge. In doing so, learners proficiency and metacognition were shown to affect the instructional effect. Based on the findings, the study discusses the significance of developing pragmatic competence and awareness. Lastly, the study provides pedagogical implications for developing effective CA-informed pragmatic instruction for young learners of English with relatively low proficiency.ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xi Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background of the Study 1 1.2. Purpose of the Study 6 1.3. Significance of the Study 7 1.4. Organization of the Dissertation 9 Chapter 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1. Pragmatics 10 2.1.1. Pragmatic Competence 11 2.1.2. Speech Act Theory 14 2.1.3. Politeness Theory 16 2.1.4. Conversation Analysis (CA) 17 2.2. Second Language Pragmatics 20 2.3. Empirical Studies on L2 pragmatics 24 2.3.1. L2 Pragmatics Studies on Requests 25 2.3.2. L2 Pragmatics Studies on Refusals 32 2.3.3. Learners' Metapragmatic Awareness in L2 Pragmatic Research 38 2.4. Pragmatic Instruction 41 2.4.1. Teaching and Learning L2 Speech Acts 42 2.4.2. Interventional Studies on L2 English Requests 45 2.4.3. Interventional Studies on L2 English Refusals 48 2.4.4. Teaching and Learning Pragmatics through CA 54 2.5. Limitations of Previous Studies 58 Chapter 3. METHODOLOGY 61 3.1. Participants 61 3.2. Instruments 64 3.2.1. Paired Open Role-play Tasks 64 3.2.2. Retrospective Verbal Reports 67 3.3. Pragmatic Instruction 68 3.3.1. Objectives 68 3.3.2. Instructional Phases 69 3.3.2.1. Instructional Phase 1: Exposure to the Basic Concepts of CA 71 3.3.2.2. Instructional Phase 2: Reflection on L1 and L2 Request and Refusal to Request 75 3.3.2.3. Instructional Phase 3: Exposure to Authentic Input Movie Scenes 78 3.3.2.4. Instructional Phase 4: Exposure to Authentic Input Excerpts from Previous Literature 80 3.3.2.5. Instructional Phase 5: Written Practice Using Drama- Script Writing Tasks 81 3.3.2.6. Instructional Phase 6: Reflection on Written Drama- Scripts 82 3.3.2.7. Instructional Phases 7-8: Speaking Practice Using Open Role-Plays and Reflection on Role-Play Performances 83 3.4. Procedures 87 3.4.1. Pilot Study 87 3.4.2. Main Study 90 3.5. Data Analysis 94 3.5.1. The Analysis of Open Role-plays 94 3.5.2. The Analysis of RVRs 94 Chapter 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 98 4.1. The Development of Pragmatic Competence The Speech Act of Request 98 4.1.1. Before Instruction: The Case of Requests 98 4.1.2. After Instruction: The Case of Requests 109 4.2. The Development of Pragmatic Competence The Speech Act of Refusal 120 4.2.1. Before Instruction: The Case of Refusals to Requests 120 4.2.2. After Instruction: The Case of Refusals to Requests 130 4.3. The Development of Metapragmatic Awareness 141 4.3.1. Attended Features Before and After Instruction: The Case of Requests 141 4.3.2. Attended Features Before and After Instruction: The Case of Refusals to Requests 156 Chapter 5. CONCLUSION 169 5.1. Pragmatic Instruction and Pragmatic Competence 169 5.2. Pragmatic Instruction and Metapragmatic Awareness 173 5.3. Pedagogical Implications 176 5.4. Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Future Research 180 REFERENCES 182 APPENDICES 199 Appendix A 199 Appendix B 200 Appendix C 204 Appendix D 205 Appendix E 209 Appendix F 213 Appendix G 217 Appendix H 218 ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ ๋ก 219๋ฐ•

    Analysis study of two songs by F.P. Schubert (Goethes poem: Op.14, Op.31) and Four songs by F. Liszt (Hugos poem: Op.276, Op.284, Op.282, Op.284)

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์Œ์•…๋Œ€ํ•™ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๋ฐ•๋ฏธํ˜œ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•„์ž์˜ ์„์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • ์กธ์—…์—ฐ์ฃผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ค‘ ์š”ํ•œ ๋ณผํ”„๊ฐ• ๊ดดํ…Œ(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)์˜ ์‹œ์— ํ”„๋ž€์ธ  ํ”ผํ„ฐ ์Šˆ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ(Franz Peter Schubert, 1797-1828)๊ฐ€ ๊ณก์„ ๋ถ™์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ณก Suleikaโ… , Suleikaโ…ก ์™€ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฅด ์œ„๊ณ (Victor Hugo) ์‹œ์— ํ”„๋ž€์ธ  ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ(Franz Liszt, 1811-1886)๊ฐ€ ๊ณก์„ ๋ถ™์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณก ์ค‘ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณก Comment, disaient-ils (์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋„ค), Sil est un charmant gazon (๋งคํ˜น์ ์ธ ํ’€๋ฐญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด), Oh! quand je dors (์˜ค! ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ž ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ), Enfant, si j'รฉtais roi (๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์™•์ด๋ผ๋ฉด)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ ๊ณก์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ณก์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๊ณก์˜ ์™•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” F.P. Schubert๋Š” 31์„ธ์˜ ์งง์€ ์ƒ์•  ๋™์•ˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณก์„ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•œ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ๋Š” ๊ดดํ…Œ์™€ ํ•˜์ด๋„ค ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์„œ์ •์‹œ์— ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด 10๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณก์„ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ดดํ…Œ๋ฅผ ์กด๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ 57ํŽธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ดดํ…Œ์˜ ์‹œ์— ๊ณก์„ ๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ์Šˆ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํŠธ์˜ Suleikaโ… ๊ณผ Suleika โ…ก๋Š” ๊ดดํ…Œ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ฐ์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ๋„ค ํฐ ๋นŒ๋ ˆ๋จธ(Marianne von Willemer)์™€ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์€ ์„œ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฎ์–ด์ง„ใ€Œ์„œ๋™์‹œ์ง‘ใ€์ค‘ ์ œ 8ํŽธ ์˜ ๋‘ ํŽธ์˜ ์‹œ๋กœ ์ž‘๊ณก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ณก์€ ์—ฐ์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ค๋ ˜๊ณผ ์—ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ํ—ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด๋ณ„์˜ ์•„ํ””์„ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์‹œ์ผœ ํ™”์ž์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์„ ์œจ, ์‹œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณก์˜ ํ˜•์‹, ๋น ๋ฅด๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด, ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ ์Œํ˜•, ์กฐ์„ฑ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™”์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ ์†์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ๊ทน์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์Œ์•…์œผ๋กœ ํƒ์›”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€์ธ F. Liszt๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ž์ด์ž ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ํ”ผ์•„๋‹ˆ์ŠคํŠธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” 400์—ฌ๊ณก์˜ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๊ณก์„ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ด€ํ˜„์•…์ด๋‚˜ ์˜คํŽ˜๋ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์Œ์•…์„ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋กœ ํŽธ๊ณกํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 80์—ฌ ๊ณก์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ณก์„ ์ž‘๊ณกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น…ํ† ๋ฅด ์œ„๊ณ ์˜ ์‹œ์— ๊ณก์„ ๋ถ™์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณก ์ค‘ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณก Comment, disaient-ils (์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋„ค), Sil est un charmant gazon (๋งคํ˜น์ ์ธ ํ’€๋ฐญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด), Oh! quand je dors (์˜ค! ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ž ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ), Enfant, si jรฉtais roi (๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์™•์ด๋ผ๋ฉด)๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ณก ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์‹œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ ๊ณก์— ํ†ต์ผ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์˜ ๋œป์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ๋ถ€์˜ ์œ ๋ คํ•œ ์„ ์œจ๊ณผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ, ์กฐ์„ฑ, ํ™”์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณก์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.This thesis is based on Johann Wolfgang von Gรถethe's poem "Comment, disaient-ils" (how, They say), S'il est un charmant gazon (if there is a enchanting meadow), Oh! quand je dors (Oh! When I fell asleep) and Enfant, si jรฉtais roi (If I were a king), the composition of the works through the theoretical background and analysis of each song were looked into. Franz Schubert (1797-1828), who is called king of the song, composed more than 600 songs and made artistic songs, which take root as an independent music genre. In addition, he brought the emotions which diffused in poetry into music. In the 8th volume of the West-รถstlicher Divan, 'Suleika Nameh', which is based on Goethe's correspondence with his lover Marianne von Willemer until his death, includes lots of poems. This thesis is analysis of Schuberts two works,ใ€ŒSuleika Iใ€(Op. 14, D. 720) & ใ€ŒSuleika IIใ€(Op. 31, D. 717), from Suleika Nameh. These two songs express the emotion of the speaker, like the excitement of going to meet a lover and the pain of detachment, through wind. Inside the music, the role of extended piano accompaniment, beautiful melody, form of the song according with the structure of the poem, arrangement of tempo, accompaniment sound type, tonality, and various harmony were used to express the dramatic and intense emotions contained in the poem. Franz Liszt (1811-1886), a Hungarian composer, is the founder of modern piano technique and one of the greatest pianists. He composed about 400 piano pieces, arranged large-scale music such as orchestral music or opera, and composed about 80 songs in various languages. This thesis looked into four of the six songs which adapted Victor Hugo's poems. Those are Comment, disaient-ils (how they say it), S'il est un charmant gazon (if there is a charming meadow), Oh! quand je dors (Oh! When I fell asleep) and Enfant, si j'รฉtais roi (If I were a king). Those four songs with a unique structure give the unity to music by using French poetic words and have a common theme of love. Various forms are used to express the meaning of the lyrics clearly. Moreover, the fluid melody of the piano accompaniment, the tempo, the rhythm, the composition, and the changes in harmony are showing the characteristics of Liszt's songs.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ๋ณธ๋ก  3 1.1 Goethe ์‹œ์— ์˜ํ•œ Franz Peter Schubert์˜ Suleikaโ… ,โ…ก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1) Franz Peter Schubert ์˜ ์ƒ์• ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ณก์˜ ํŠน์ง• 3 2) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ์˜ ์ƒ์• ์™€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ 4 3) Johann Wolfgang von Goetheใ€Œ์„œ๋™์‹œ์ง‘ใ€์˜ ํŠน์ง• 7 1.2 Franz Peter Schubert ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณก ๋ถ„์„ 1) Suleika โ…  11 2) Suleika โ…ก 23 2.1 Hugo ์‹œ์— ์˜ํ•œ Franz Liszt ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๊ฐ€๊ณก ์ค‘ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1) Franz Liszt ์˜ ์ƒ์• ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ณก์˜ ํŠน์ง• 34 2) Victor Hugo ์˜ ์ƒ์• ์™€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 36 2.2 Franz Liszt ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณก ๋ถ„์„ 1) Commet, disaient-ils (์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด? ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋„ค) 38 2) Sil est un charmant gazon (๋งคํ˜น์ ์ธ ํ’€๋ฐญ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด) 46 3) Oh! quand je dors (์˜ค! ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ž ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ) 51 4) Enfant, si j'รฉtais roi (๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์™•์ด๋ผ๋ฉด) 58 โ…ข. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  63 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 66 Abstract 68์„

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    Memory Management and Optimization for Deep Learning Model Inference on Mobile GPU

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2022. 8. ์ด์žฌ์ง„.๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์† ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋‚˜๋‚ ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ์—์„œ๋Š” CPU์™€ GPU ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ISP(Image Signal Processing) ๋ฐ DSP(Digital Signal Processing)๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ๊ฐ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ ์  ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ISP๋‚˜ DSP๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ISP๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ GPU๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ISP๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๋”ฅ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ PyNET์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋”ฅ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ์—์„œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ถ”๋ก ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ISP๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๋”ฅ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ PyNET์„ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ GPU์—์„œ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋”ฅ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ latency ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ OpenCL ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ convolution ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋”ฅ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ์—์„œ ์ถ”๋ก ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค์—์„œ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค.Image processing acceleration technology on mobile is becoming more important day by day. Mobile is equipped with ISP(image signal processing) and DSP(digital signal processing) for image processing as well as CPU and GPU, so each processor processes images according to the image processing algorithm in charge. However, as the image processing process on mobile becomes increasingly complex, it costs a lot of labor and money to build an ISP or DSP. Nevertheless, there is a lack of development of image processing technology using mobile GPUs that can replace ISPs. Although the PyNET, a deep learning model that replaces ISPs, exists, the model developed by a deep learning framework is impossible to infer due to a memory shortage problem on mobile. In this work, we proceed with optimization to infer the PyNET on mobile GPU. In this process, we present various memory management techniques and convolution optimization techniques based on OpenCL to solve the memory shortage and latency problems that arise when inferring deep learning models. Through optimization, we validate this by experimenting with a model that cannot be inferred on mobile by a deep learning framework on real mobile devices.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค ์„ ์ • 5 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋”ฅ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ถ„์„ 7 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ PyNET ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐœ์š” 7 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์ถ”๋ก  ๊ณผ์ • 7 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ Pytorch ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ PyNET ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ถ„์„ 9 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 12 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ 12 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ถ„ํ•  13 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ํ’€ 14 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์™€ํ•‘ 15 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ Zero copy 15 ์ œ 6 ์ ˆ Half-precision floating-point 16 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ Convolution ์ตœ์ ํ™” 17 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ Direct convolution 17 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ Implicit GEMM Convolution 18 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ Winograd Convolution 20 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 31 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ์‹คํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 31 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ Convolution Configuration Set 31 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 33 ์ œ 8 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  47 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 38 Abstract 40์„

    ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์…€๋ ˆ๋…ธ์œ ํŒŒํ‹ธ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ์…€๋ ˆ๋…ธ์‹œ๋„จ์„ธํ‹ด์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ

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    Dept. of Pharmacy/์„์‚ฌEupatilin is a flavonid extracted from Artemisia asiatica. Sinensetin has a similar structure with eupatilin and is extracted from Orthosiphon stamineus and orange oil. They have beneficial effects like as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity Selenium has been used as health functional food for antioxidant activity. In addition, the recent studies suggest that organoselenium compounds are less toxic than inorganic selenium compounds. Organoselenium compounds began to receive more attention.Selenoeupatilin and selenosinensetin, which have selenium in the middle ring instead of oxygen, are being synthesized. The allyl group was selected to protect the hydroxyl groups in the left-side ring of selenoeupatilin after many complications. The methoxy groups of the right-side ring were protected with acetonide to make them stable in some of reaction conditions. The propynone derivatives connected with both side rings were synthesized by Friedel-Crafts acylation. These are going to be cyclized by selenium powder and the synthesis of selenoeupatilin and selenosinensetin will be completed. These compounds are expected to have better antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and also effective as neuroprotective agents with advanced BBB (Blood-Brain Barrier) penetration.prohibitio

    Organization and Activities of North Korean Democratic Women's League

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ด๋™์›.The primary goal of this thesis is to empirically and concretely identify the organization and activities of the North Korean Democratic Womenโ€™s League, which was the "only" women's organization and social organization in North Korea right after liberation. On November 18, 1945, north of the 38th parallel, the North Korean Democratic women's league was launched as a unified organization of autonomous women's organizations. The leadership of the women's league which inherited the driving force of the socialist women's movement during the colonial period not only insisted on women's economic independence based on the Marxist theory but also interested in common issues of Korean women such as illiteracy and the poligamy. At the same time, immediately after liberation, in the midst of immediate political and social demands of building a new state, the leadership recognized the state construction movement and the women's liberation movement as inseparable. The women's league tried to solve various agendas for women's liberation by actively participating in the state construction movement. In the beginning, the women's league focused on solving the women's problems immediately after liberation by supporting a series of "Democratic Reform" of the North Korean Provisional People's Committee. In particular, it focused on promoting and explaining the Gender Equality Law. The leadership believed that the institutional conditions for discrimination against women had been completely resolved through the enforcement of the Gender Equality Law, so that they carried out a project to educate and raise awareness of women. The women's league argued that women should cultivate scientific and rational values โ€‹โ€‹instead of feudal ideology. After the establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948, the women's league focused on political education programs to promote patriotism. The attendance rate was not as high as expected, which implicates that the program was not complete. After the enactment of the Gender Equality Law, the women's league emphasized that women should devote themselves to the state building movement "just like men". Meanwhile, they demanded the dual roles of women in full responsibility for reproductive duties and household chores, and maintained awareness of gender division of labor in the national projects. The women's league participated in various projects: to support the military, schools, and workers, direct production in the agricultural and industrial fields, and to repair infrastructure. Before and after the establishment of the government in 1948, the women's league wanted to further enhance women's productivity based on patriotism, and specifically emphasized entry into the light industry and sericulture. The women's league also established day care centers for professional women, but the operation still had limitations. In addition, women's dual role demands acted as a real stumbling block for women to enter the workforce. The scope of activities of the women's league was not limited to domestic area. Before the establishment of the government in September 1948, the women's league joined an international women's organization called the Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) and was active. The women's league promoted international activities as an indicator of North Korea's democratic development. and criticized the South Korean system in the atmosphere of the Cold War. However, these international activities carried other possibilities besides one-way propaganda. WIDF was not an organization that only women from socialist countries participated. Women from different countries, especially women from post-colonial countries, were able to share experiences of discrimination against women and come up with countermeasures in this internaional organization. During this period, the women's league was more than an organization for the state to unilaterally mobilize women. At that time, the concept of "mobilization" in North Korea existed in a state of mixing voluntary and involuntary. Many women responded to the logic and participated in various projects for a new democratic state that guranteed women's rights. Actually, the cultural level of women was further improved, and various policies for women such as the abolition of polygamy or the daycare system were realized. However, the women's league's business faced many difficulties in reality. Social discrimination against women still persisted, women's burden of household chores had hardly been alleviated, and women's entry into the workplace had not been achieved as much as expected. In addition, the women's league revealed a logical contradiction: emphasizing entering into society "just like men" while demanding "women's role", and participating in international anti-colonial feminist solidarity movement while interpreting women's issue in the direction of defending the legitimacy of the domestic system.๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์งํ›„ ๋ถํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ โ€˜์œ ์ผํ•œโ€™ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์กฐ์ง์ด์ž ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜€๋˜ ๋ถ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋™๋งน์˜ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ยท๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ผ์ฐจ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์—ฌ๋งน์„ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๋™์› ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€์œ„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๋„˜์–ด ์—ฌ๋งน์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1945๋…„ 11์›” 18์ผ 38์„  ์ด๋ถ์—์„œ ์ž์ƒ์ ์ธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ํ†ต์ผ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ถ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋™๋งน์ด ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋งน ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฒ˜์ง€ ๊ฐœ์„ ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฑด์„ค ์‚ฌ์—… ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚ด์„ธ์› ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์šด๋™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์งํ›„์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋งน ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์šด๋™์˜ ๋™๋ ฅ์„ ์ด์–ด๋ฐ›์•„ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋ฌธ๋งนํ‡ด์น˜๋‚˜ ์ถ•์ฒฉ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์งํ›„ ์—ฌ๋งน ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•œ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”๊ตฌ ์†์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฑด์„ค์šด๋™๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ•ด๋ฐฉ์šด๋™์„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋งน์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฑด์„ค์šด๋™์— ์ ๊ทน ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ•ด๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ข… ์˜์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋งน์€ ๋ถ์กฐ์„ ์ž„์‹œ์ธ๋ฏผ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ โ€˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ๊ฐœํ˜โ€™์„ ์ง€์ง€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์งํ›„ ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋‚จ๋…€ํ‰๋“ฑ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•๋ น์„ ์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์„คํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์— ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋งน ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‚จ๋…€ํ‰๋“ฑ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•๋ น ์‹œํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜ ์ œ๋„์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ , ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์–‘๊ณผ ์˜์‹ํ™” ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋งน์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋ด‰๊ฑด์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ํ•จ์–‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1948๋…„ ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์ธ๋ฏผ๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ์ดํ›„ ์—ฌ๋งน์€ ์• ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜๊ต์–‘์‚ฌ์—…์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜๊ต์–‘์‚ฌ์—… ์ถœ์„๋ฅ ์€ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋งŒํผ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋งน์˜ ์„ ์ „๊ต์–‘์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์˜์‹ํ™” ์ž‘์—…์ด ์™„์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋…€ํ‰๋“ฑ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•๋ น ์ œ์ • ์ดํ›„ ์—ฌ๋งน์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด โ€˜๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœโ€™ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฑด์„ค์šด๋™์— ๋งค์ง„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์—ญ์„คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋™์‹œ์— ์—ฌ๋งน์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์˜๋ฌด์™€ ๊ฐ€์ •์ผ์˜ ์ „๋‹ด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์ค‘ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์—… ์‹œํ–‰์— ์žˆ์–ด ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์—… ์ธ์‹์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋งน์€ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€, ํ•™๊ต, ๋…ธ๋™์ž ๋“ฑ์„ ์›ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ๋†์—…ยท๊ณต์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ง์ ‘ ์ƒ์‚ฐ, ์ œ๋ฐฉ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๋„๋กœ์ˆ˜์„ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋“ฑ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1948๋…„ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์„ ์ „ํ›„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋งน์€ ์• ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ผ์ธต ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณต์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ์˜ ์ง„์ถœ๊ณผ ์–‘์ž ์—…์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋งน์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง์—…์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํƒ์•„์†Œ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์— ํž˜์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํƒ์•„์†Œ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์šด์˜์€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…”๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ด์ค‘์—ญํ•  ์š”๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ง์žฅ์— ์ง„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ณ ์ถฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋งน์˜ ํ™œ๋™ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋งน์€ 1948๋…„ 9์›” ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—ฐ๋งน์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋‹จ์ฒด์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋งน์€ ๊ตญ์ œํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ํ™๋ณดํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, โ€˜์„ธ๊ณ„ ์„ ์ง„ ์—ฌ์„ฑโ€™์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ „ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ฑด๊ตญ์šด๋™์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋งน์˜ ๊ตญ์ œํ™œ๋™์€ ๋ƒ‰์ „์˜ ์ž์žฅ ์†์—์„œ ๋‚จํ•œ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถํ•œ ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œํ™œ๋™์€ ์ผ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ์„ ์ „ ์™ธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ด์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฌ๋งน์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ถŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค, ํŠนํžˆ ํƒˆ์‹๋ฏผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์—ฌ๋งน์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ•๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋งน์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ โ€˜๋™์›โ€™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง€๋…”๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ถํ•œ์—์„œ โ€˜๋™์›โ€™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋งน ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์„ค์„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ข… ์‚ฌ์—…์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋™์›์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‚ด์„ธ์› ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋งน์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์— ํ˜ธ์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ผ์ธต ํ–ฅ์ƒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ถ•์ฒฉ์ œ ํ์ง€๋‚˜ ํƒ์•„์†Œ ์ œ๋„ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ์ฑ…์ด ์‹คํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋งน์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ์‹ค์ƒ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋งน์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ถํ•œ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ โ€˜ํ•ด๋ฐฉโ€™๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฐจ๋ณ„์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์ •์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋œ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง์žฅ ์ง„์ถœ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋งŒํผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋งน์€ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, โ€˜๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œโ€™ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง„์ถœ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ โ€˜์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ผโ€™์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‹๋ฏผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์šด๋™์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ์ ๊ทน ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์šด๋™์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถํ•œ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง 1 ไธ€ . ๋ถ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋™๋งน์˜ ์ฐฝ์„ค๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง 8 1. ์—ฌ๋งน์˜ ์ฐฝ์„ค๊ณผ ๋…ธ์„  ์„ค์ • 8 2. ๋งน์ฆ์ˆ˜์—ฌ์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐ•ํ™” 20 ไบŒ . ๋ถ์กฐ์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋™๋งน์˜ ํ™œ๋™ 32 1. '๋ฏผ์ฃผ๊ฐœํ˜' ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์„ ์ „๊ต์–‘์‚ฌ์—… 32 2. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์—… ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ 47 3. ๋ฐ˜(ๅ)์‹๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ œํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ํ‰ํ™”์˜นํ˜ธ์šด๋™ 60 ๋งบ์Œ๋ง 73 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 78 ๋ถ€๋ก 82 Abstract 88์„
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