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    ์ž๊ฐ€-๋Œ€์กฐ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์ด์ฃผ์—ฐ.Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2(SGLT2) ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋Š” ์‹  ์„ธ๋‡จ๊ด€์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๋Š” SGLT2๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ๋‹น์˜ ๊ตํ™˜์„ ๋ง‰์•„ ์†Œ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์†Œ๋ณ€์˜ ๋‹น ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์˜ ๋ณต์šฉ์€ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ, SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์˜ ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์น˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋…ธ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ตฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ๋ฏผ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ž๊ฐ€-๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฐ ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ, ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ, ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ถ€์œ„ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธตํ™” ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ์Šน๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2016๋…„, 2017๋…„์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์‹ฌ์‚ฌํ‰๊ฐ€์› ํ™˜์žํ‘œ๋ณธ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ ์ „์ฒดํ™˜์ž๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹(HIRA-NPS-2016, HIRA-NPS2017)๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™˜์ž๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹(HIRA-APS-2016, HIRA-APS-2017)์„ ์ž๊ธฐ-๋Œ€์กฐํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘, ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฐ์—ผ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ, ํ•ญ์ง„๊ท ์ œ ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์—์„œ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 3์›”๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ 1๋‹ฌ ์ „์— ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ์ด ์ง„๋‹จ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋œ ๋‚ ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ผ์ˆ˜์— washout period๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•œ ๋‚ ์งœ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Washout period๋Š” 7์ผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด์ „์— ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋œ SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ›„ 30์ผ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์žฌ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ง€์† ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ด 2,949๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ฒด ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์•ฝ 80%๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ ์ค‘ ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ์€ 2,057๋ช…(69.75%)์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์€ 1,393๋ช…(47.24%)์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์œจ์€ ์ „์ฒด ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ 1.27 ์ธ-๋…„, ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ 1.32 ์ธ-๋…„, ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ 1.49 ์ธ-๋…„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€๋น„ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝ 24% ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ(Incidence risk ratio, IRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.16-1.33), ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์€ ์•ฝ 19% ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๊ณ (IRR 1.19, 95% CI 1.10-1.30), ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์€ ์•ฝ 29% ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(IRR 1.29, 95% CI 1.17-1.43). SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ 7์ผ ์ด๋‚ด, 8-14์ผ, 15-28์ผ, 29์ผ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ „์ฒด ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์€ SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ์ž‘ 8์ผ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ IRR์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(IRR 1.43, 95% CI 1.11-1.84). ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ์ž‘ 8์ผ์—์„œ 14์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ IRR์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ(IRR 1.40, 95% CI 1.05-1.89), ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ์ž‘ 15-28์ผ, 29์ผ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(IRR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.26). ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ์ž‘ 8-14์ผ์งธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ IRR์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•œ ํ›„(IRR 1.44, 95% CI 1.06-1.97) 15-28์ผ์งธ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ’์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(IRR 1.65, 95% CI 1.33-2.04), 29์ผ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(IRR 1.25, 95% CI 1.13-1.38). ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธตํ™” ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ํ•œํ•˜์—ฌ SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 50์„ธ ์ด์ƒ 64์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝ 40%๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ์Šนํญ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค(IRR 1.40 95% CI 1.21-1.61). 50์„ธ ์ด์ƒ 64์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์€ ์•ฝ 26% (IRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.50), ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์€ ์•ฝ 54% ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(IRR 1.54, 95% CI 1.26-1.88). 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝ 26%(IRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.12-1.41), ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์€ 47% ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(IRR 1.47, 95% CI 1.27-1.71). ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ณ„ ์ธตํ™” ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์™ธ์Œ์งˆ ๊ฐ์—ผ(IRR 1.37, 95% CI 1.24-1.53), ์ž๊ถ ๊ฐ์—ผ(IRR 1.31, 95% CI 1.14-1.51), ์‹ ์žฅ๊ฐ์—ผ(IRR 1.30, 95% CI 1.08-1.55), ์š”๋„๊ฐ์—ผ(IRR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05-1.39), ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์—ผ(IRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06-1.27) ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฆฝ์„  ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(IRR 0.80, 95% CI 0.60-1.07). SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธตํ™” ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” empagliflozin ๋ฐ dapagliflozin์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฐ ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ•ญ๊ท ์ œ, ํ•ญ์ง„๊ท ์ œ, ํ•ญ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ์ œํ˜•์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด๋ผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ฌ๊ฐ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ์ธตํ™” ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฐ ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šน๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(IRR 0.99, 95% CI 0.71-1.39). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋‚ด์—์„œ SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ, ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹œ์ž‘ ํ›„ 8-14์ผ ์‹œ์ ์— ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ, 15-28์ผ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ , 29์ผ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. SGLT2 ์–ต์ œ์ œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์€ ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์—ผ์—์„œ ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors selectively block SGLT2 in the renal tubule and prevent sodium-glucose exchange, leading to increased glucose excretion into the urine. Therefore, the use of SGLT2 inhibitors could increase the risk of urogenital infection in diabetic patients. In contrast, the risk of urinary tract infection with SGLT2 inhibitors is controversial. Moreover, limited studies have evaluated the risk of genital infection risk with SGLT2 inhibitors in menopausal patients, who are known to be vulnerable to genital infection. We aimed to investigate the incidence rate ratio of urogenital, urinary tract, and genital infections using a self-controlled case series design to minimize the bias due to the interindividual differences in susceptibility to urogenital infections. In addition, we investigated the increase in risk in relation to each period from the initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors and in relation to sex and age, infection sites, SGLT2 inhibitor type, and seriousness of infection. For this analysis, we used the national patient sample datasets (HIRA-NPS-2016, HIRA-NPS-2017) and aged population sample datasets (HIRA-APS-2016, HIRA-APS-2017) provided by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service in 2016 and 2017. We included as the subjects patients with diabetes who were prescribed SGLT2 inhibitors at least once and subsequently contracted urogenital infection. Urogenital infections were defined as having a diagnosis of urogenital infections and being prescribed antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals on the same day as the diagnosis. Data from January to March were censored from the observation period, considering the possibility of SGLT2 inhibitors prescription which was carried forward from the previous year. Patients who were diagnosed with urogenital infection within 1 month of SGLT2 inhibitor use and those who used SGLT inhibitors persistently during the observation period were excluded due to the absence of a control period. The exposure period of the SGLT2 inhibitor was defined as the period from the prescription date to the end date of prescription supply plus a 7-day washout period. We allowed a gap of 30 days (grace period) between the supply of SGLT2 inhibitors for continuous use. A total of 2,949 patients were included in the analysis, and approximately 80% of the patients were women. The number of patients who were diagnosed with urinary tract infections was 2,057 (69.75%) and with genital infections was 1,393 (47.24%). The incidence rates of urogenital, urinary tract, and genital infections were 1.27 person-year, 1.32 person-year, and 1.49 person-year, respectively. The risk of urogenital (incidence risk ratio, IRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.16โ€“1.33), urinary tract (IRR 1.19, 95% CI 1.10โ€“1.30), and genital infections (IRR 1.29, 95% CI 1.17โ€“1.43) significantly increased during the SGLT2 inhibitor exposure period compared with the non-exposure period. The risk of total urogenital infection was significant 8โ€“14 days after initiating SGLT2 inhibitor therapy (IRR 1.43, 95% CI 1.11โ€“1.84). The highest increase in the risk of urinary tract infection and genital infection was observed from 8 to 14 days (IRR 1.40, 95% CI 1.05โ€“1.89) and 15 to 28 days (IRR 1.65, 95% CI 1.33โ€“2.04), respectively, after initiating SGLT2 inhibitor therapy. In stratified analysis by sex and age, only women older than 50 years, especially those between 50 and 64 years of age, showed a significant increase in the risk of urogenital infection during the periods of exposure to SGLT2 inhibitors (IRR 1.40, 95% CI 1.21โ€“1.61). The increase in risk of genital infection (IRR 1.54, 95% CI 1.26โ€“1.88) was higher than that of urinary tract infection (IRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06โ€“1.50) in women aged between 50 and 64 years. A similar tendency was observed in women older than 65 years. The highest increase in the risk of urogenital infection was observed in vulvovaginal infection (IRR 1.37, 95% CI 1.24โ€“1.53), followed by uterine (IRR 1.31, 95% CI 1.14โ€“1.51), renal (IRR 1.30, 95% CI 1.08โ€“1.55), urethral (IRR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05โ€“1.39), and bladder infections (IRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06โ€“1.27) during the exposure period of SGLT2 inhibitors. The use of SGLT2 inhibitors did not affect the risk of prostatic infection (IRR 0.80, 95% CI 0.60โ€“1.07). The empagliflozin and dapagliflozin groups showed a significant increase in the risk of urogenital and urinary tract infections during the SGLT2 inhibitor exposure period, respectively, while ipragliflozin showed no significant results. The increase in the risk of genital infection during the SGLT2 inhibitor exposure period was significant for all types of SGLT2 inhibitors. We defined seriousness by using an injection formulation of antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals. The risk of urogenital and urinary tract infections increased significantly for both non-serious and serious infections during the SGLT2 inhibitor exposure period. The use of SGLT2 inhibitors did not affect the risk of serious genital infection (IRR 0.99, 95% CI 0.71โ€“1.39). In conclusion, we confirmed that exposure to SGLT2 inhibitors increases the risk of urogenital, urinary tract, and genital infections in diabetic patients, especially in women aged between 50 and 64 years, who contracted urogenital infections. The increase in the risk of genital infection was greater than that of urinary tract infection.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 6 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  7 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 8 2.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 8 2.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ 9 2.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 11 2.4 ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์„ค์ • 23 2.5 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 26 2.6 ๋ณ‘์šฉ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ 27 2.7 ์ธตํ™” ๋ถ„์„ 32 2.8 ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 33 2.9 ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 34 3. ์—ฐ ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ 35 3.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ํŠน์„ฑ ํŒŒ์•… 35 3.2 ๋น„๋‡จ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ 39 3.3 ์ธตํ™” ๋ถ„์„ 43 3.4 ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 49 4. ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ 58 5. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  65Maste

    Bone formation of the porous layer formed of Ti-Ag mesh for GBR membrane applications

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์— ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„-์€ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ์˜ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์‹œํŽธ ์ œ์ž‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด cp-Ti์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ถ€์‹์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„-์€ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์„ ์€ 2.0 at%์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ๋ธ”๋ผ์ŠคํŒ… ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋’ค 0.5% ๋ถˆ์‚ฐ ์ „ํ•ด์•ก์—์„œ 60๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ 20 V ์ „์••์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘๊ทน์‚ฐํ™” ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œํŽธ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ† ๋ผ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์„ ์ฒœ๊ณตํ•œ ๋’ค ํŒŒ์ ˆํŽธ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์‹๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2์ฃผ์™€ 4์ฃผ ๋’ค ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ๊ณจ ์กฐ์ง ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ 3D ์Šค์บ” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ณจ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œํŽธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ˜•์ƒ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์œ„์— ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ฆฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„-์€ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹๋ฆฝํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ 2์ฃผ์™€ 4์ฃผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค(p<0.05). ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณด์•„ ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„-์€ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์— ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์— ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์—ญ์‹œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณจ์œ ๋„ ์žฌ์ƒ์ˆ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๋กœ์„œ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.ope

    Echocardiographic Investigation of the Mechanism Underlying Abnormal Interventricular Septal Motion after Open Heart Surgery

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    BACKGROUND: Abnormal interventricular septal motion (ASM) is frequently observed after open heart surgery (OHS). The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and temporal change of ASM, and its underlying mechanism in patients who underwent OHS using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). METHODS: In total, 165 patients [60 ยฑ 13 years, 92 (56%) men] who underwent coronary bypass surgery or heart valve surgery were consecutively enrolled in a prospective manner. TTE was performed preoperatively, at 3--6-month postoperatively, and at the 1-year follow-up visit. Routine TTE images and strain analysis were performed using velocity vector imaging. RESULTS: ASM was documented in 121 of 165 patients (73%) immediately after surgery: 26 patients (17%) presented concomitant expiratory diastolic flow reversal of the hepatic vein, 11 (7%) had inferior vena cava plethora, and 11 (7%) had both. Only 2 patients (1%) showed clinically discernible constriction. ASM persisted 3--6 months after surgery in 38 patients (25%), but only in 23 (15%) after 1 year. There was no difference in preoperative and postoperative peak systolic strain of all segments of the left ventricle (LV) between groups with or without ASM. However, systolic radial velocity (VRad) of the mid anterior-septum and anterior wall of the LV significantly decreased in patients with ASM. CONCLUSION: Although ASM was common (74%) immediately after OHS, it disappeared over time without causing clinically detectable constriction. Furthermore, we consider that ASM might not be caused by myocardial ischemia, but by the decreased systolic VRad of the interventricular septum after pericardium incision.ope

    Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients

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    Background/Aims: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (HIV-PAH) is a complication of HIV infection. Due to improvements in HIV survival rates following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV-PAH has become an important cause of HIV-related morbidity. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore the prevalence and characteristics of HIV-PAH. Methods: Ninety-two patients were enrolled in the study from March to August 2010. We investigated clinical characteristics and performed echocardiography. HIV-PAH was defined as having a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP)โ‰ฅ25 mmHg based on Mahan`s equation, without lung disease or heart disease. The HIV-PAH-possible group was defined as having a tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) of 2.9-3.4 m/s and a pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) of 37-50 mmHg. Results: Fifteen patients (16.3%) met the criteria of HIV-PAH based on mPAP. With respect to TRV, six patients met the criteria of the HIV-PAH-possible group. Based on the criteria of mPAP, the duration of HIV infection was not different with or without HIV-PAH. HIV RNA titers and CD4 T cell counts tended to be higher in HIV-PAH patients (8,607ยฑ11 vs. 1,067ยฑ64 copies/mL, p=0.371; 471ยฑ148 vs. 499ยฑ252 cells/mm3, p=0.680, respectively). Echocardiographic indices of the right ventricle were significantly deteriorated in the HIV-PAH group as compared with the non-HIV-PAH group (TASPE: 20.52 vs. 23.2, p=0.001; Tei index: 0.42 vs. 0.39, p=0.037). In a multivariate regression analysis, HIV activity factors (HIV duration, HIV RNA titer, and CD4 cell count) were not associated with echocardiographic indices of PAH (mPAP, PASP, and pulmonary vascular resistance). Conclusions: In this study, the prevalence of HIV-PAH was comparable to that of previous studies.ope

    Studies on Ginkgo biloba (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-(2)-enyl Diphosphate Reductase Gene and Promoter

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 2. ๊น€์ˆ˜์–ธ.Isoprenoids, also known as terpenoids, are derived from the five-carbon building units isopentenyl diphophate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Even though they are synthesized in all living organisms, plants have more diverse and abundant isoprenoid compounds compared to others. Plants have two distinct isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonic acid (MVA) pathways. In this study, plant IDS, the terminal enzyme in MEP pathway, is focused. Ginkgo biloba, one of the gymnosperm tree known as living fossil, has three copies of IDS genes. They are divided into two classes: GbIDS1 to class 1, and GbIDS2 and 2-1 to class 2. Each enzyme class is known to separately participate in primary and secondary metabolisms. In this research, promoter analysis and overexpression study of GbIDSs were performed respectively in Arabidopsis and poplar. The GbIDS1 and GbIDS2 promoters were fused with GUS protein and then introduced into Arabidopsis. GbIDS1pro::GUS transformant showed GUS expression in most organs except for roots, petals, and stamina, whereas GbIDS2pro::GUS was expressed only in the young leaves, internodes where the flower and shoot branched, and notably in primary root junction. This pattern of GUS expression correlated with high transcript level of GbIDS2 in Ginkgo roots compared to that of GbIDS. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment resulted in down-regulated GbIDS1pro activity in Arabidopsis leaves and upregulated GbIDS2pro activity in roots. The similar patterns of GUS activity in GbIDS2pro:: GUS Arabidopsis roots were also seen upon treatments of gibberellins (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), and indole butyric acid (IBA). Each of the GbIDS1 and GbIDS2 overexpression construct was introduced into poplars. Ten GbIDS1 overexpression lines were obtained while no transformants were made with GbIDS2. GbIDS1 transgenic poplars were taller than wild-type (WT) BH poplars by 25% and have 2 more leaves in indoor condition 7 weeks after potting in soil. Twenty five weeks after potting in outdoor nursery, GbIDS1 plants in pot gained height by 7% compared to BH, and showed delayed winter bud formation. In addition, overexpression of GbIDS1 gene led increase of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents by approximately 20% in transgenic poplars compared to WT poplars. Chlorophyll-related genes, CHS (chlorophyll synthase) and CAO (chlorophyll a oxidase) transcript levels were higher in transgenic poplars by 30% and 50% respectively. Transcript level analyses of GA biosynthetic genes, KS (kaurene synthase), GA20ox (gibberellin 20 oxidase), and GA2ox (gibberellin 2 oxidase), were performed in poplar. In this analysis, transcript levels of bioactive GA synthesis gene, KS and GA20ox, were up-regulated while GA inactivation gene, GA2ox, was down-regulated in transgenic poplars. In spite of signal peptide deletion, tGbIDS2 (truncated GbIDS2 devoid of signal peptide) targeted to the chloroplast. In the heterozygote Arabidopsis plants, overexpression of tGbIDS2 was previously reported to lead rapid growth and early flowering. However, in homozygote tGbIDS2 overexpression transgenic Arabidopsis in the current research, there were no significant phenotype changes compared to the Col-0 wild type (WT). Besides, little changes were observed in chlorophyll and carotenoids contents in transgenic and Col-0 Arabidopsis plants. On the other hand, transcript levels of floral genes and GA4 displayed differences between WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants. CO (CONSTANTS) levels were up-regulated by 60% but FLC (FLOWERING LOCUS C), SOC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1), and LFY (LEAFY) were down-regulated by 26%, 32%, and 24%, respectively. Also transcript level of GA4 gene increased by 56% in transgenic Arabidopsis, it infers decrease of GA amounts in transgenic Arabidopsis. Through these experiments, physiological differences of each GbIDS were examined, and applicability of GbIDSs for genetic engineering was evaluated.CONTENTS OVERALL ABSTRACT CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OFABBREVIATIONS LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Ginkgo biloba 2. Ginkgolides 3. Isoprenoid biosynthesis 4. MEP pathway in plants 5. (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-mehtylbut-2-enyl Diphosphate Reductase/Isopentenyl diphosphate synthase (HDR/IDS) in plants 6. GA biosynthesis 7. Flowering in Arabidopsis PART ะ†: Distinct expression patterns of two Ginkgo biloba (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Diphosphate Reductase/Isopentyl Diphosphate Synthase (HDR/IDS) promoters in Arabidopsis model 1.1. ABSTRACT 1.2. INTRODUCTION 1.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1.3.1. Plants and growth condition 1.3.2. Isolation and analysis of GbIDS1 and GbIDS2 promoters 1.3.3. Construction of plasmids and Arabidopsis transformation 1.3.4. Histochemical GUS assay 1.3.5. GUS activity assay 1.3.6. RNA preparation and reverse transcription 1.3.7. Hormone treatments 1.3.8. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR 1.4. RESULTS 1.4.1. Isolation of GbIDS1 and GbIDS2 promoters 1.4.2. Histochemical analysis of GbIDSpro-driven GUS expression in Arabidopsis 1.4.3. Responsiveness of GbIDS promoters in Arabidopsis toward hormone treatments 1.4.4. Transcript distribution of GbIDS1 and GbIDS2 in Ginkgo 1.4.5. GbIDS1 and GbIDS2 transcript level changes in Ginkgo by MeJA and SA treatments 1.5. DISCUSSION 1.6. ABSTRACT IN KOREAN PART ฮ : Functional study of Ginkgo biloba (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Diphosphate Reductase/Isopentenyl Diphosphate Synthase (HDR/IDS) gene in Poplar 2.1. ABSTRACT 2.2. INTRODUCTION 2.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.3.1. Construction of plasmid 2.3.2. Poplar transformation and regeneration 2.3.3. Phenotypic assessment 2.3.4. Measurement of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents 2.3.5. RNA preparation and reverse transcription 2.3.6. qRT-PCR analysis 2.3.7. Statistical analysis 2.4. RESULTS 2.4.1. Establishment of transgenic poplars 2.4.2. RT-PCR analysis 2.4.3. Growth assessment of GbIDS1 overexpression poplar 2.4.4. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents 2.4.5. Transcript level of chlorophyll related genes 2.4.6. Transcript level of GA related genes 2.5. DISCUSSION 2.6. ABSTRACT IN KOREAN PART ะจ: Functional analysis of truncated form Ginkgo biloba (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Diphosphate Reductase/Isopentenyl Diphosphate Synthase (HDR/IDS) 2 gene in Arabidopsis 3.1. ABSTRACT 3.2. INTRODUCTION 3.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.3.1. Construction of plasmid 3.3.2. Arabidopsis growth condition and transformation 3.3.3. Transient expression in Arabidopsis protoplast 3.3.4. Phenotypic assessment 3.3.5. Measurement of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents 3.3.6. RNA preparation and reverse transcription 3.3.7. qRT-PCR analysis 3.3.8. Statistical analysis 3.4. RESULTS 3.4.1. RT-PCR analysis 3.4.2. Targeting analysis of tGbIDS2 in Arabidopsis protoplasts 3.4.3. Growth and flowering time of tGbIDS2 overexpression transgenic Arabidopsis 3.4.4. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents 3.4.5. Transcript levels of floral genes 3.4.6. Transcript level GA4 gene 3.5. DISCUSSION 3.6. ABSTRACT IN KOREAN OVERALL ABSTRACT IN KOREAN REFERENCESDocto

    Relationship between onset age of coronary heart disease and family histiry of coronary heat disease

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    ์—ญํ•™ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ 1994๋…„ 7์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2003๋…„ 8์›” ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์šธ ์†Œ์žฌ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์งˆํ™˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ 4194๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์€ ์ง์ ‘ interview ๋ฐ chart review, ์ „ํ™” interview๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์•• ์œ ๋ฌด, ํก์—ฐ ์œ ๋ฌด, ๋‹น๋‡จ์œ ๋ฌด, ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ํ๊ฒฝ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ ์œ ๋ฌด, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ช… ๋“ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ž…์› ์‹œ ์ •๊ทœ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค, ์ค‘์„ฑ์ง€๋ฐฉ, HDL- ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค, LDL-์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค, ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์‘๊ณ  ์ธ์ž๋กœ๋Š” Fibrinogen, tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA), Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI-1), ์ง€๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ๋Š” Apolipoprotein A1(Apo-A1), Apolipoprotein B(Apo-B), Lipoprotein a(Lp a) ์™€, Homocystein์„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , inflammatory marker๋กœ C-reactive protein (CRP)๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์€ SAS Ver. 8.1์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚จ๋…€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•ฝ 3-4์„ธ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์—ฐ๋ น์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์„ ๋น„๊ต ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ‚ค, ์ด์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค, LDL-์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค, LDL/HDL, Apo-B๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ง€์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํก์—ฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ค‘์š” ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฐ๋ น์„ ์•ฝ 4์„ธ ์ •๋„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์  ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋‚จ์ž์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง€์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์—ฐ๋ น์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์  ์š”์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์ฃผ์š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The aim of this study was to investigate relationship between onset age of coronary heart disease and family history of coronary heart disease. We analyzed the major risk factors in 4194 coronary heart disease patients. 247 subjects (6%)had family history of coronary heart disease(FCAD), 3947 subjects had not family history(NFCAD). The patients were diagnosed as coronary heart disease by coronary angiography at the Samsung Medical Center from Jun 1994 to Aug 2003. The mean age of the group of FCAD was significantly younger than that of the group of NFCAD. The means of Total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, the ratio of LDL/HDL and Apo-B were significantly higher in the group of male with family history of coronary heart disease, not in the group of female. In the same condition of other risk factors (lipid profile and smoking), the onset age of coronary heart disease was lower r in the group FCAD. this study showed family history influenced onset age of coronary heart disease to be earlier for 4 year by the multivariate regression analysis. In the conclusion, the group of FCAD showed significantly younger age, higher TC, LDL, LDL/HDL and Apo-B compared with those of the group of NFCAD in the male patients, suggesting a genetic predisposition related to TC and LDL metabolism especially in male patients. and family history was found to be an independent factor for earlier onset age of coronary heart disease.prohibitio

    Relationship between the formation of N-type Ca2+ channels and dopamine release in the differentiation of dopaminergic

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ์”จ๋ณ‘์€ ์ค‘๋‡Œ์˜ ํ‘์ƒ‰์งˆ ์น˜๋ฐ€๋ถ€(substantia nigra pars compacta, SNpc)์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์†์‹ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ์”จ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์„ธํฌ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ๋„ ์ฅ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์•„์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ„ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ(๋˜๋Š” ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด)๋ฅผ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ์”จ๋ณ‘ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ ์กฐ์ฒด์— ์ด์‹ํ•œ ํ›„, ์šด๋™ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์•„์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ์”จ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ์•„์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ฒด๋‚ด๋กœ ์ด์‹ ํ›„ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋น„ํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์˜ ํƒˆ๋ถ„๊ทน์— ์˜ํ•ด Ca2+ ์ฑ„๋„์ด ์—ด๋ ค ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธํฌ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์œ ์ž…๋œ Ca2+ ions์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฅ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์•„์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ„ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฉด์—ญ์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด Ca2+ ์ฑ„๋„๊ณผ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ ๋ถ„๋น„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Ca2+ ratiometic ใ€”Ca2+ใ€•i ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ง‰์ „์•• ํƒˆ๋ถ„๊ทน์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด Ca2+ ๋†๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , HPLC๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ์œ ์ž…๋œ Ca2+ ions์ด ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, N-type Ca2+ channel blocker์ธ ฯ‰-conotoxin GVIA๋ฅผ KCl๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ KCl๋งŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ ๋ถ„๋น„๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„, ์ฅ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์•„์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•œ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์— N-type Ca2+ channel์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Whole cell ๋ง‰์ „์•• ๊ณ ์ •๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํ˜•๊ด‘๋ฉด์—ญ์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋„ N-type Ca2+ channel์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณผ๋•Œ, ์ฅ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์•„์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ„ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์— N-type Ca2+ channel์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the midbrain. For decades there have been many attempts to develop proper treatments for this disease. Recently, with the new technology of stem cells, research on cell therapy has been accelerated. We have also confirmed the recovery of motor function after implanting dopaminergic neurons (or precursors) derived from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into striatum of PD animal models, as feasible treatments applying stem cell technology have been identified. However, the physiological mechanism of dopamine (DA) release in response to transplantation of dopaminergic neurons derived from mouse ES cells is uncertain. DA release in dopaminergic neurons is induced by Ca2+ ion influx through Ca2+ channels in response to membrane depolarization. Herein, the purpose is to elucidate the relationship between Ca2+ channels and DA release in dopaminergic neurons derived from mouse ES cells by electrophysiological experiments and immunostaining. Firstly, the attempt to clarify the increase in DA release observed by HPLC made it clear that the influx of Ca2+ ions induced DA release. Secondly, decrease in DA release was observed with conotoxin GVIA (N-type Ca2+ channel blocker) with a KCl group compared to the KCl group only. This implies that the N-type Ca2+ channels formed in dopaminergic neurons derived from mouse ES cells function properly. Furthermore, N-type Ca2+ channels were identified with the whole cell patch clamp technique and immunofluorescence-staining. These results lead to the conclusion that the N-type Ca2+ channels were formed in dopaminergic neurons derived from mouse ES cells and that Ca2+ channels activated by Ca2+ ion influx in response to membrane depolarization caused DA release.ope

    ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ(๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต), 2013. 8. ๊น€์ข…์ฒ .๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ตฌ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ตญ์–ด๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ์™€ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์…‹์งธ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์— ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋ณดํŽธํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ‘œ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์งˆ์  ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ถ„์„(qualitative content analysis) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์™€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ 4-๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ ๋ชจํ˜•(Four-Component Model)๊ณผ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ(moral identity) ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์งˆ์  ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 1, 2ํ•™๋…„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ 173ํŽธ์˜ ๊ธ€๊ณผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ํ•™์Šต์ง€ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ์ธต ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€์˜ ๋ถ„์„์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. โ…ก์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ๊ต์  ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌํ•™์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์€ ์œค๋ฆฌ ์˜์‹ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ์ฃผ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • ๋˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ–‰์œ„ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์‹ค์ฒœ, ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ, ๋‹ดํ™”๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. โ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 1์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ถ„์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„, ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ด€์  ์ •๋ฆฝ ๋‹จ๊ณ„, ๋‚ด์šฉ ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง ๋‹จ๊ณ„, ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„, ๊ณ ์ณ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•„์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜์œ„ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ, ํ•„์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ •์„œ, ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ๋ ฅ, ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋“ค์€ ๋ ˆ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ดํ™”๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, 3์ ˆ์€ ๋‹ดํ™”๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ตญ์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…, ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๋™๊ธฐํ™”๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. โ…ฃ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” โ…ข์žฅ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ํ•„์ž์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์„ฑ๊ต์œก, ๋‹ดํ™”๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฌธํ™” ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋“ฑ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•„์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ, ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ˜•์„ฑ, ์†Œํ†ต์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ƒ์„ธํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ 6 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 11 II. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 17 1. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ œ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ 17 1) ์ „ํ†ต์  ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์œค๋ฆฌ 17 (1) ์ธ(ไป)๊ณผ ์˜ˆ(๏ฆถ)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์†Œํ†ต 19 (2) ํ•„์ž์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธ€์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ 21 2) ์ˆ˜์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ ์œค๋ฆฌ 25 (1) ์†Œํ†ต ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ 26 (2) ์—ํ† ์Šค์™€ ํŒŒํ† ์Šค์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ 27 (3) ์‹ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ์ž‘๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์œค๋ฆฌ 29 3) ๋„๋• ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ 31 (1) ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ํ–‰์œ„์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ 32 (2) ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๋™๊ธฐํ™” 45 2. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์™€ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ 50 1) ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 50 (1) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ ๊ตฌํ˜„์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ 53 (2) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ 56 2) ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ 59 (1) ํ–‰์œ„ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์‹ค์ฒœ 59 (2) ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ 62 (3) ๋‹ดํ™”๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋งฅ๋ฝ 63 3) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹ค์ œ์—์„œ์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ 65 (1) ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 65 (2) ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์†Œํ†ต ๊ตฌ์กฐ 66 III. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์–‘์ƒ ๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ 73 1. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์–‘์ƒ 76 1) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ œ ๋ถ„์„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 77 (1) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ์ ์šฉ ๋Œ€์ƒ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ 78 (2) ์žฅ๋ฅด์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ จ์ง“๊ธฐ 81 (3) ๊ณผ์ œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ 87 2) ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ด€์  ์ •๋ฆฝ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 89 (1) ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ฝ๊ธฐ 89 (2) ํ™”์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ 91 (3) ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ด€์  ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ 100 3) ๋‚ด์šฉ ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 103 (1) ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ 103 (2) ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๊ธฐ 107 4) ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 113 (1) ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ 113 (2) ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ 121 (3) ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ํƒœ๋„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ 131 5) ๊ณ ์ณ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 133 2. ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 139 1) ํ•„์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 139 (1) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์„ฑ 139 (2) ํ•„์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ •์„œ 141 (3) ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ๋ ฅ 145 (4) ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์งˆ 153 2) ๋‹ดํ™”๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธํ™” 157 (1) ๋‹ดํ™”๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ตญ์–ด ์ˆ˜์—… 159 (2) ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 160 IV. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์„ค๊ณ„ 164 1. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 164 1) ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ 164 2) ํ•„์ž์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์„ฑ๊ต์œก 170 3) ๋‹ดํ™”๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฌธํ™” ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  171 2. ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 173 1) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 173 2) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ 175 (1) ํ•„์ž ๋ฒ”์ฃผ 175 (2) ๋‹ดํ™”๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๋ฒ”์ฃผ 178 (3) ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ 179 3) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ™” 182 4) ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ์›๋ฆฌ 204 V. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  211 1. ์š”์•ฝ 211 2. ์ œ์–ธ 213 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 217 Abstract 235Docto

    The roles of TM4SF5 in the promotion of fibrotic and tumorigenic potentials of hepatocytes

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊ทœ.Chronic injury and inflammation causes liver fibrosis, through a process involving epithelialโ€“mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen [1-3]. Fibrosis can eventually lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). TM4SF5 (transmembrane 4 L6 family member 5) is expressed at much higher levels in liver tumours than in normal hepatic tissues [4]. TM4SF5 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that has four transmembrane domainsits N- and C-terminal tails are located in the cytosol [5]. TM4SF5 expression causes morphological changes (with aberrant actin reorganization) and EMT [4], mediates aberrant growth in multilayers, accelerates G1-to-S phase progression [4,6] and enhances cellular migration and invasion [7]. In addition, TM4SF5 can form massive tetraspanin web structures (Teraspanin-enriched microdomain, TREM) by forming complexes with other tetraspanins or cell adhesion molecules, such as integrins, and can play a role in regulation of matastasis. However, it is not known TM4SF5 roles during liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and how TM4SF expression is regulated. Also, any hierarchy among teraspanins has not been reported. In this study, I explored the mechanisms that induce TM4SF5 expression and whether impaired signalling pathways for TM4SF5 expression inhibit the acquisition of mesenchymal features, using human and mouse normal hepatocytes and animal model. And then, I examined the correlations between TM4SF5 and other teraspanins ( CD151 and CD63 ) using TM4SF5- expressing and -none-expressing cells. First, Using a CCl4-mediated mouse liver in vivo model, I examined whether TM4SF5 is expressed during liver fibrosis mediated by CCl4 administration and whether treatment with anti-TM4SF5 reagent blocks the fibrotic liver features. In the CCl4-mediated mouse liver model, TM4SF5 was expressed during the liver fibrosis mediated by CCl4 administration and correlated with ฮฑ-smooth muscle actin expression and collagen I deposition in fibrotic septa regions. Interestingly, treatment with anti-TM4SF5 reagent blocked the TM4SF5-mediated liver fibrotic features. These results suggest that TM4SF5 expression is induced by fibrotic processes during chronic liver injuries. TM4SF5 is thus a candidate target for prevention of liver fibrosis following chronic liver injury. I also explored the mechanisms that induce TM4SF5 expression and whether impaired signalling pathways for TM4SF5 expression inhibit the acquisition of mesenchymal cell features, using human and mouse normal hepatocytes. I found that TGFฮฒ1-mediated Smad activation caused TM4SF5 expression and EMT, and activation of the EGFR pathway. Inhibition of EGFR activity following TGFฮฒ1 treatment abolished acquisition of EMT, suggesting a link from Smads to EGFR for TM4SF5 expression. Further, TGFฮฒ1-mediated EGFR activation and TM4SF5 expression were abolished by EGFR suppression or extracellular EGF depletion. Smad overexpression mediated EGFR activation and TM4SF5 expression in the absence of serum, and EGFR kinase inactivation or EGF depletion abolished Smad-overexpression-induced TM4SF5 and mesenchymal cell marker expression. Inhibition of Smad, EGFR or TM4SF5 using Smad7 or small compounds also blocked TM4SF5 expression and/or EMT. These results indicate that TGFฮฒ1- and growth factor-mediated signalling activities mediate TM4SF5 expression leading to acquisition of mesenchymal cell features. Next, I investigated the relationship between TM4SF5-positive TERMs with liver fibrosis and tumorigenesis, using normal Chang hepatocytes that lack TM4SF5 expression and chronically TGFฮฒ1-treated Chang cells that express TM4SF5. TM4SF5 expression is positively correlated with tumorigenic CD151 expression, but is negatively correlated with tumorsuppressive CD63 expression in mouse fibrotic and human hepatic carcinoma tissues, indicating cooperative roles of the tetraspanins in liver malignancies. Although CD151 did not control the expression of TM4SF5, TM4SF5 appeared to control the expression levels of CD151 and CD63. TM4SF5 interacted with CD151, and caused the internalization of CD63 from the cell surface into late lysosomal membranes, presumably leading to terminating the tumor-suppressive functions of CD63. TM4SF5 could overcome the tumorigenic effects of CD151, especially cell migration and extracellular matrix (ECM)-degradation. Taken together, TM4SF5 appears to play a role in liver malignancy by controlling the levels of tetraspanins on the cell surface. Altogether, this study reveals that TM4SF5 expression is induced by fibrotic processes during chronic liver injuries and TGFฮฒ1- and growth factor-mediated signalling activities mediate TM4SF5 expression leading to acquisition of mesenchymal cell features. Thus, TM4SF5 induction may be involved in the development of liver pathologies. And TM4SF5 appears to play a role in liver malignancy by controlling the levels of tetraspanins (CD151 and CD63) on the cell surface. Taken together, TM4SF5 could provide a promising therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of liver malignancies. ----------------------------------------------------- Keywords : tetraspanin, TM4SF5, liver fibrosis, EMT, TGFฮฒ1, anti- TM4SF5, cytokine, EGFR, tetraspanin web, CD151, CD63Contents Abstract i Contents โ…ต List of Abbreviations.........................................................................โ…ถ List of Figures โ…น Introduction 1 Materials and Methods 6 Results 13 Discussion 68 References 78 Abstract in Korean 88Docto
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