36 research outputs found
์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ์ ๊ต์ธํฌ์ Ras ๊ฒฝ๋ก ๊ณผํ์ฑํ๊ฐ Ras ๊ด๋ จ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ฐ๋ฌ์ฅ์ ์์ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ๊ธฐ์ต์ฅ์ ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์๊ณผ๋ํ ์๊ณผํ๊ณผ, 2023. 8. ์ด์ฉ์.RAS-ERK ์ ํธ ์ ๋ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ธํฌ์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ ์ ํธ ์ ๋ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ก์จ ์ธํฌ์ ์์กด๊ณผ ๋ถํ, ์๋
์ค ์ ๋ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ์ต๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ต ๋ฑ ์ค์ถ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์์ ๋ค์ํ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ๋ก์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ ์ ์ ์๋ค์ ๋์ฐ๋ณ์ด์ ์ํด์ ๋ค์ํ ์ง๋ณ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ค์ ์ด์นญํ์ฌ RASopathy๋ผ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฅด๊ณ , ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฌ์ ์ข
1ํ, ๋๋ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ, ์ฌ์ฅ-์ผ๊ตด-ํผ๋ถ ์ฆํ๊ตฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ฝ์คํ
๋ก ์ฆํ๊ตฐ ๋ฑ์ด ์ด์ ์ํ๋ค. RASopathy์ ์ฐ๊ด๋์ด ์๋ ๋์ฐ๋ณ์ด๋ค์ ๋๋ถ๋ถ RAS-ERK ์ ํธ ์ ๋ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ณผํ์ฑ์ํค๋ฉฐ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ RASopathy ์ผ์ด์ค๋ ๊ณตํต์ ์ธ ํน์ง์ ๋ณด์ด๋๋ฐ, ๊ทธ์ค ํ๋๊ฐ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ธ์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ฅ์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ค์ํ ์์ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ต๊ทผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ RAS-ERK ์ ํธ ์ ๋ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์ ์ ์๋ค์ด ์ธํฌ ํ์
ํน์ด์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ์, ์ธํฌ์ ๋ณ๋ฆฌ ์๋ฆฌํ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ํ์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ RASopathy ์ฐ๊ด ์ธ์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ฅ์ ์ ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์ด ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ์ ์ฑ์๊ต์ธํฌ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ญํ ์ ์ํํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ์ค์ ์ค์ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ข
๋ฅ์ RASopathy ์์ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ, KRAS G12V์ BRAF K499E์์ ์ธ์ง ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ์ธํฌ ํ์
ํน์ด์ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ๋ํด ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์๋ค.
Chapter 1์์๋, ํ์์ ์์ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ค์ถ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ฌ๊ณผ ์ธ์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์์ด RASopathy ๊ด๋ จ ๋์ฐ๋ณ์ด์ ํน์ง์ ์ธ ์ญํ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ทฐํ์๊ณ , RAS-ERK ์ ํธ ์ ๋ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ก ์ ์ ์๋ค์ ๋ณ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ดํ ๋ฌธํ๋ค์ ์ ๋ฆฌํ์๋ค.
Chapter 2์์๋ KRAS G12V ๋ฐํ์ ํตํ RAS-ERK ์ ํธ ์ ๋ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ก์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ ํ์
ํน์ด์ ์กฐ์ ์ด ํด๋ง ์ธ์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ํด ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์๊ณ , KRAS G12V์ ๋ฐํ์ด ํฅ๋ถ์ฑ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ์ ์ต์ ์ฑ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ ๋ชจ๋์์ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด์ ๋ก ํ์ต๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ต ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ต์ ์ฑ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ์์ KRAS G12V๋ ์ต์ ์ฑ ์๋
์ค ์ ๋ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋
์ค ๊ฐ์์ฑ์ ์์์์ผฐ๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ฐํด ํฅ๋ถ์ฑ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ์์ KRAS G12V๋ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ ์ฌ๋ฉธ์ ์ ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ต์ ์ฑ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ์ ํฅ๋ถ์ฑ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ํตํด KRAS์ ์ฐ๊ด๋ ์ธ์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ด์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
Chapter 3์์๋ ๋น์ด์์ ์ธ Braf ์ ํธ๊ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ธ์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋์ง RASopathy ์ฐ๊ด Braf ๋์ฐ๋ณ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ์๋ค. ์ ๊ฒฝ ์ค๊ธฐ ์ธํฌ ํน์ด์ ์ผ๋ก Braf K499E๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ ์์ฅ๋ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ํ์ต ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์์ง๋ง ํฅ๋ถ์ฑ ํน์ ์ต์ ์ฑ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ ํน์ด์ ์ผ๋ก Braf K499E๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ ์์ฅ๋ ์ ์์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ตํ๋ค. Braf K499E๋ RAS-ERK ์ ํธ ์ ๋ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ณผํ์ฑํ ์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฑ์๊ต์ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ฑ ์ํ๋ก ๋ณํ์์ผฐ๋ค. ํนํ, ์ฑ์ฒด ์๊ธฐ์์ ์ฑ์๊ต์ธํฌ ํน์ด์ ์ธ ๋์ฐ๋ณ์ด BRAF์ ๋ฐํ ์ญ์ ์ธํฌ์ , ํ๋์ ์ฅ์ ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ํ ์ ์์๊ณ , ์ฑ์๊ต์ธํฌ ๋ด๋ถ์ ์นผ์ ์ ํธ๊ฐ ๋น์ด์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ๋์ด ์์์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก, ๋ฐ๋ฌ ๋จ๊ณ๋ถํฐ Braf K499E๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ๋ ์์ฅ์ ์ฑ์ฒด ์๊ธฐ์ ์ฑ์๊ต์ธํฌ ํน์ด์ ์ผ๋ก๋ง RAS-ERK ์ ํธ ์ ๋ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ ์์ผฐ์ ๋ ํ์ต ์ฅ์ ๊ฐ ํ๋ณต๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก, ๋ณธ ํ์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ RASopathy ์ฐ๊ด ์ ์ ์๋ค์ด ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ค์ถ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์ธํฌ ํ์
์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ RASopathy ํ์๋ค์ ์ธํฌ ํ์
ํน์ด์ ๋ณ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ท๋ฐ์นจํ๋ค. KRAS๋ก ์ธํด ๋งค๊ฐ๋๋ ํ์ต ์ฅ์ ์์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ BRAF๋ก ์ธํด ๋งค๊ฐ๋๋ ํ์ต ์ฅ์ ์์๋ ์ฑ์๊ต์ธํฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํจ์ผ๋ก์จ, ๊ฐ ์ ์ ์ ํน์ด์ ์ธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ์ ์ฑ์๊ต์ธํฌ ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ RASopathy ์ฐ๊ด ์ธ์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ฅ์ ์ ์์ธ์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ป์๋ค. ๋ํ, ๋ณธ ํ์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๋ค๋ฃจ์ง ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ RASopathy ์ฐ๊ด ์ธ์ง ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ฅ์ ์ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ๋ํด ์๋ก์ด ์ดํด์ ํต์ฐฐ์ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ค.The RAS-ERK signaling pathway plays critical roles in brain function, including cellular processes, synaptic transmission, and learning and memory in central nervous system. Germline mutations of molecules in the RAS-ERK signaling pathway are associated with a series of developmental disorders, collectively called RASopathy, which includes neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome, and Costello syndrome. Most mutations associated with RASopathy enhance the activity of RAS-ERK signaling pathway, and therefore, most cases with RASopathies share representative clinical characteristics, especially, cognitive impairments. Recent studies using various mouse models of RASopathies have shown that each RAS-ERK signaling component may have a distinct molecular and cellular pathophysiology depending on cell type-specificity. In this dissertation, I hypothesized that each neuronal and astroglial cell type might have distinct roles that contribute to the cell type-specific pathophysiology in RASopathy-related cognitive deficits. To answer the question, I investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory impairments in two types of RASopathy mouse models, KRAS G12V and BRAF K499E.
In chapter 1, I reviewed the previous literatures that investigated the impact of RASopathy-associated mutations on central nervous system development in mice and humans, which provided understandings and insights into the specific roles of RAS-ERK signaling genes to central nervous system and the subsequent effect on cognitive function in adult mice.
In chapter 2, I investigated the impacts of neuron type-specific manipulation of RAS-ERK signaling by expressing KRAS G12V in the hippocampus. I found that the expression of KRAS G12V in either hippocampal excitatory or inhibitory neurons results in spatial learning and memory deficits in adult mice, each for different reasons. In inhibitory neurons, KRAS G12V induced enhanced GABAergic inhibitory synaptic transmission, and impaired long-term potentiation, which could be restored by picrotoxin treatment. In contrast, in excitatory neurons, KRAS G12V induced neuronal cell death, which might be responsible to the behavioral defects. This result showed that both inhibitory and excitatory neurons are involved in KRAS-associated learning impairments in adult via distinct mechanisms.
In chapter 3, I investigated how the aberrant Braf signaling affects cognitive functions by using CFC syndrome-associated Braf mutations. Expressing the Braf K499E under control of Nestin-Cre, resulted in severe hippocampal memory deficits in mice, whereas Braf K499E in either excitatory or inhibitory neurons did not alter learning and memory. Intriguingly, I found that the Braf K499E and subsequently activated ERK signaling renders astrocytes being in reactive-like status. Importantly, astrocyte-specific expression of the mutant BRAF in adult was sufficient to induce cellular and behavioral deficits in mice, which are accompanied by hyperactive Ca2+ fluctuations in astrocyte. Finally, the learning deficits of Nestin;Braf KE/+ mice can be reversed by normalizing RAS-ERK signaling solely in astrocytes. This study demonstrates that the reactive-like astrogliosis may underlies the severe cognitive deficits in CFC syndrome.
In conclusion, I demonstrated that the RASopathy-associated genes are differentially affect functional properties of each cell type in central nervous system, which may be responsible for the cell type-specific pathophysiology of individual RASopathy patient. By showing the neuronal contribution in mutant KRAS-mediated learning deficits, and astrocytic contribution in mutant BRAF-mediated learning deficits, these results strongly suggest that both neuron and astrocyte are responsible for RASopathy-related cognitive impairments in each gene-specific manner. Furthermore, this study will provide insight to identify cell types as well as underlying mechanism accounting for the cognitive deficits in other RASopathies not covered here.Preface 1
Abstract 2
Table of Contents 5
Lists of Figures and Tables 7
Chapter 1. The impact of RASopathy-related mutations on CNS in human and mice 10
1. RAS-ERK signaling and RASopathy 11
2. RASopathy and central nervous system features 17
2.1 Neurofibromatosis type 1 17
2.2 Noonan syndrome / Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines 21
2.3 Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome 25
2.4 Costello syndrome 29
2.5 Further questions 32
2.6 Purpose of this study 33
Chapter 2. Neuron type-specific expression of a RASopathy-related KRAS mutation impairs spatial learning and memory 34
Introduction 35
Material and Method 38
Results
2.1 Ectopic expression of KRAS G12V in hippocampal inhibitory neurons 42
2.2 Ectopic expression of KRAS G12V in inhibitory neurons impairs hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory 44
2.3 Ectopic expression of KRAS G12V in inhibitory neurons increases inhibitory synaptic transmission 48
2.4 Ectopic expression of KRAS G12V in hippocampal excitatory neurons 51
2.5 Ectopic expression of KRAS G12V in hippocampal excitatory neurons impairs hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory 53
2.6 Ectopic expression of KRAS G12V in hippocampal excitatory neurons induces neuronal death 56
Discussion 58
Chapter 3. Aberrant BRAF signaling impairs learning and memory via reactive-like astrogliosis 61
Introduction 62
Material and Method 64
Results
3.1 Braf K499E expression in either excitatory neurons or inhibitory neurons does not impair learning and memory 68
3.2 Braf K499E in neural stem cell impairs learning and memory 75
3.3 Braf K499E drives increased reactive-like astrogliosis in the hippocampus 80
3.4 Braf-driven reactive-like astrogliosis is established during adolescent period 89
3.5 Braf K499E in neural stem cell does not affect synaptic properties 93
3.6 Braf-mediated RAS-ERK signaling dysregulation in adult astrocytes leads to learning deficits 95
3.7 BRAF KE-expressing astrocyte showed hyperactive calcium fluctuation which is normalized by attenuation of RAS-ERK signaling activity 104
3.8 Hyperactive calcium fluctuation in Nestin;Braf KE/+ astrocytes were attenuated by GFAP-specific dnMEK1 injection 112
3.9 The learning deficits of Nestin;Braf KE/+ mice can be reversed by normalizing RAS-ERK signaling solely in astrocytes 116
Discussion 119
General Conclusion 124
Bibliography 128
Abstract in Korean 147๋ฐ
์๊ฐ-๋์กฐ ํ์๊ตฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ฝํ๋ํ ์ฝํ๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์ด์ฃผ์ฐ.Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2(SGLT2) ์ต์ ์ ๋ ์ ์ธ๋จ๊ด์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๋ถํฌํ๋ SGLT2๋ฅผ ์ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ต์ ํ์ฌ, ๋ํธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ๋น์ ๊ตํ์ ๋ง์ ์๋ณ์ผ๋ก์ ํฌ๋๋น ๋ฐฐ์ถ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํจ๋ค. ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ์๋ณ์ ๋น ๋๋๊ฐ ์์นํ์ฌ ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ด ๋ํ๋ ์ ์๋ค. SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ ๋ณต์ฉ์ ๋น๋จ๋ณ ํ์์์ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ๊ณผ ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ ์์น์ ์ผ๊ธฐํ ์ ์๋ค. ํํธ์ผ๋ก, SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ค์ ์ผ์น๋๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋
ธ์ธ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ์ง๋จ์ ๋ํ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฐ ์์ผ๋, ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ฑ๊ตฐ์ ๋ํ ์ ๋ณด๋ ์ ํ์ ์ด๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ํ๋ณธ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์๊ฐ-๋์กฐ๊ตฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ, ๋น๋จ๋ณ ํ์์์ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํจ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ๋ํ๋๋ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ผ ์ํ์ฑ์ ํ์ธํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ, SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ ๋ฐ ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ, ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ด ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๊ณผ, ํ์์ ์ฐ๋ น ๋ฐ ์ฑ๋ณ, ๊ฐ์ผ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธตํ ๋ถ์์ ํตํด ํนํ ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ฑ์ด ์์น๋๋ ๊ตฐ์ ํ์ธํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 2016๋
, 2017๋
์ ๊ฑด๊ฐ๋ณดํ์ฌ์ฌํ๊ฐ์ ํ์ํ๋ณธ์๋ฃ ์ค ์ ์ฒดํ์๋ฐ์ดํฐ์
(HIRA-NPS-2016, HIRA-NPS2017)๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ นํ์๋ฐ์ดํฐ์
(HIRA-APS-2016, HIRA-APS-2017)์ ์๊ธฐ-๋์กฐํ์๊ตฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๊ณ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค.
ํด๋น ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ ํ์ ์ค, ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ ํ์๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์ฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์์ ํฌํจํ์๋ค. ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ํด๋น ๊ฐ์ผ ์ง๋จ๋ช
์ด ์์ผ๋ฉด์ ํญ๊ท ์ , ํญ์ง๊ท ์ ๋๋ ํญ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค์ ๊ฐ ์ฒ๋ฐฉ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ก ์ ์ํ์๋ค. 1๋
๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์์ 1์๋ถํฐ 3์๊น์ง์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ํฌํจํ์ง ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ 1๋ฌ ์ ์ ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ฆ์ด ์ง๋จ๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ ํ์ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ด ์๋ ํ์๋ ๋ถ์์์ ์ ์ธํ์๋ค.
SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ๋
ธ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฐฉ๋ ๋ ๋ก๋ถํฐ, ์ฒ๋ฐฉ์ผ์์ washout period๋ฅผ ๋ํ ๋ ์ง๋ก ์ ์ํ์๋ค. Washout period๋ 7์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์๊ฐ ์ด์ ์ ์ฒ๋ฐฉ๋ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ ๋
ธ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ดํ 30์ผ ์ด๋ด์ ์ฌ์ฒ๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฐ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ง์ ํฌ์ฌ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ์๋ค.
๋ถ์์ ํฌํจ๋ ํ์๋ ์ด 2,949๋ช
์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ฒด ํ์์ ์ฝ 80%๊ฐ ์ฌ์ฑ์ด์๋ค. ๊ด์ฐฐ๋ ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ ์ค ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ์ 2,057๋ช
(69.75%)์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ 1,393๋ช
(47.24%)์๋ค.
์ด SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์์ ๊ฐ์ผ ๋ฐ์์จ์ ์ ์ฒด ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ 1.27 ์ธ-๋
, ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ 1.32 ์ธ-๋
, ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ 1.49 ์ธ-๋
์ด์๋ค.
SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฌํ์ง ์์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๋น ํฌ์ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ฑ์ด ์ฝ 24% ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์์นํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ(Incidence risk ratio, IRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.16-1.33), ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ฑ์ ์ฝ 19% ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์์นํ์๊ณ (IRR 1.19, 95% CI 1.10-1.30), ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ฑ์ ์ฝ 29% ์์นํ์๋ค(IRR 1.29, 95% CI 1.17-1.43).
SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ ํฌ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ 7์ผ ์ด๋ด, 8-14์ผ, 15-28์ผ, 29์ผ ์ดํ๋ก ๋๋์ด ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ ์ฒด ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ํฌ์ฌ์์ 8์ผ ์ดํ๋ถํฐ IRR์ด ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์์นํ์๋ค(IRR 1.43, 95% CI 1.11-1.84). ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ๊ตฐ์์๋ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ํฌ์ฌ์์ 8์ผ์์ 14์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ IRR์ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ฉฐ(IRR 1.40, 95% CI 1.05-1.89), ํฌ์ฌ์์ 15-28์ผ, 29์ผ ์ดํ์๋ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๊ฒ ์ ์ง๋์๋ค(IRR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.26). ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ๊ตฐ์์๋ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ํฌ์ฌ์์ 8-14์ผ์งธ๋ถํฐ IRR์ด ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์์นํ ํ(IRR 1.44, 95% CI 1.06-1.97) 15-28์ผ์งธ์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ๋์ผ๋ฉฐ(IRR 1.65, 95% CI 1.33-2.04), 29์ผ ์ดํ์๋ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๊ฒ ์ ์ง๋์๋ค(IRR 1.25, 95% CI 1.13-1.38).
์ฑ๋ณ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๋ น์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธตํ ๋ถ์์์๋ ์ ์ฒด ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ๋ํด์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ํํ์ฌ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ํด ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ ์ํ์ฑ์ด ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์์นํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋จ์ฑ์์๋ ์ ์ํ์ง ์์๋ค. ํนํ 50์ธ ์ด์ 64์ธ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ฑ์์ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ํ ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ฑ์ด ์ฝ 40%๊ฐ๋ ์์นํ์ฌ, ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ ์์นํญ์ ๋ณด์๋ค(IRR 1.40 95% CI 1.21-1.61). 50์ธ ์ด์ 64์ธ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ฑ์์ ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ ์ํ์ฑ์ ์ฝ 26% (IRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.50), ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ ์ํ์ฑ์ ์ฝ 54% ์์นํ์๋ค(IRR 1.54, 95% CI 1.26-1.88). 65์ธ ์ด์์ ์ฌ์ฑ์ ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ ์ํ์ฑ์ด ์ฝ 26%(IRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.12-1.41), ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ ์ํ์ฑ์ 47% ์์นํ์๋ค(IRR 1.47, 95% CI 1.27-1.71).
๊ฐ์ผ ๋ถ์๋ณ ์ธตํ ๋ถ์์์๋ ์ธ์์ง ๊ฐ์ผ(IRR 1.37, 95% CI 1.24-1.53), ์๊ถ ๊ฐ์ผ(IRR 1.31, 95% CI 1.14-1.51), ์ ์ฅ๊ฐ์ผ(IRR 1.30, 95% CI 1.08-1.55), ์๋๊ฐ์ผ(IRR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05-1.39), ๋ฐฉ๊ด์ผ(IRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06-1.27) ์์ผ๋ก SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ง ์์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๋น ์ฌ์ฉํ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ฑ์ด ๋๊ฒ ์์นํ์๋ค. ์ ๋ฆฝ์ ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ฑ์ ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์์๋ค(IRR 0.80, 95% CI 0.60-1.07).
SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ข
๋ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธตํ ๋ถ์์์๋ empagliflozin ๋ฐ dapagliflozin์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ ๋ฐ ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ ์ํ์ฑ์ด ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์์นํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ๋ชจ๋ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ฑ์ด ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์์นํ์๋ค.
๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฉํ ํญ๊ท ์ , ํญ์ง๊ท ์ , ํญ๋ฐ์ด๋ฌ์ค์ ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ฌ ์ ํ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ฐ์ผ์ด๋ผ ์ ์ํ๊ณ , ์ฌ๊ฐ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ผ์ ๋๋ ์ธตํ ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ ๋ฐ ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ฌ๊ฐํ ๊ฐ์ผ ๋ฐ ์ฌ๊ฐํ์ง ์์ ๊ฐ์ผ ๋ชจ๋์์ ์ ์ํ ๊ฐ์ผ ์ํ์ฑ์ ์์น์ ๋ณด์์ผ๋, ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์์น๋์ง ์์๋ค(IRR 0.99, 95% CI 0.71-1.39).
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ๊ฒฝํํ ๊ฐ์ธ ๋ด์์ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ง ์๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋๋น ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ํ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ์ฆ, ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ฆ์ ์ํ์ฑ์ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์์นํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ํนํ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์ฌ์ฑ ํ์์์ SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ํฌ์ฌ ์์ ํ 8-14์ผ ์์ ์ ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ฑ, 15-28์ผ ์์ ์์ ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ์ํ์ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์ด ์์นํ๊ณ , 29์ผ ์ดํ์๋ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์ ์ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. SGLT2 ์ต์ ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ผ๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฐ์ผ์ํ์ ์์น์ ์์๊ธฐ ๊ฐ์ผ์์ ์๋ก๊ฐ์ผ๋ณด๋ค ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors selectively block SGLT2 in the renal tubule and prevent sodium-glucose exchange, leading to increased glucose excretion into the urine. Therefore, the use of SGLT2 inhibitors could increase the risk of urogenital infection in diabetic patients. In contrast, the risk of urinary tract infection with SGLT2 inhibitors is controversial. Moreover, limited studies have evaluated the risk of genital infection risk with SGLT2 inhibitors in menopausal patients, who are known to be vulnerable to genital infection.
We aimed to investigate the incidence rate ratio of urogenital, urinary tract, and genital infections using a self-controlled case series design to minimize the bias due to the interindividual differences in susceptibility to urogenital infections. In addition, we investigated the increase in risk in relation to each period from the initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors and in relation to sex and age, infection sites, SGLT2 inhibitor type, and seriousness of infection.
For this analysis, we used the national patient sample datasets (HIRA-NPS-2016, HIRA-NPS-2017) and aged population sample datasets (HIRA-APS-2016, HIRA-APS-2017) provided by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service in 2016 and 2017. We included as the subjects patients with diabetes who were prescribed SGLT2 inhibitors at least once and subsequently contracted urogenital infection. Urogenital infections were defined as having a diagnosis of urogenital infections and being prescribed antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals on the same day as the diagnosis. Data from January to March were censored from the observation period, considering the possibility of SGLT2 inhibitors prescription which was carried forward from the previous year. Patients who were diagnosed with urogenital infection within 1 month of SGLT2 inhibitor use and those who used SGLT inhibitors persistently during the observation period were excluded due to the absence of a control period.
The exposure period of the SGLT2 inhibitor was defined as the period from the prescription date to the end date of prescription supply plus a 7-day washout period. We allowed a gap of 30 days (grace period) between the supply of SGLT2 inhibitors for continuous use.
A total of 2,949 patients were included in the analysis, and approximately 80% of the patients were women. The number of patients who were diagnosed with urinary tract infections was 2,057 (69.75%) and with genital infections was 1,393 (47.24%).
The incidence rates of urogenital, urinary tract, and genital infections were 1.27 person-year, 1.32 person-year, and 1.49 person-year, respectively. The risk of urogenital (incidence risk ratio, IRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.16โ1.33), urinary tract (IRR 1.19, 95% CI 1.10โ1.30), and genital infections (IRR 1.29, 95% CI 1.17โ1.43) significantly increased during the SGLT2 inhibitor exposure period compared with the non-exposure period.
The risk of total urogenital infection was significant 8โ14 days after initiating SGLT2 inhibitor therapy (IRR 1.43, 95% CI 1.11โ1.84). The highest increase in the risk of urinary tract infection and genital infection was observed from 8 to 14 days (IRR 1.40, 95% CI 1.05โ1.89) and 15 to 28 days (IRR 1.65, 95% CI 1.33โ2.04), respectively, after initiating SGLT2 inhibitor therapy.
In stratified analysis by sex and age, only women older than 50 years, especially those between 50 and 64 years of age, showed a significant increase in the risk of urogenital infection during the periods of exposure to SGLT2 inhibitors (IRR 1.40, 95% CI 1.21โ1.61). The increase in risk of genital infection (IRR 1.54, 95% CI 1.26โ1.88) was higher than that of urinary tract infection (IRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06โ1.50) in women aged between 50 and 64 years. A similar tendency was observed in women older than 65 years.
The highest increase in the risk of urogenital infection was observed in vulvovaginal infection (IRR 1.37, 95% CI 1.24โ1.53), followed by uterine (IRR 1.31, 95% CI 1.14โ1.51), renal (IRR 1.30, 95% CI 1.08โ1.55), urethral (IRR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05โ1.39), and bladder infections (IRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.06โ1.27) during the exposure period of SGLT2 inhibitors. The use of SGLT2 inhibitors did not affect the risk of prostatic infection (IRR 0.80, 95% CI 0.60โ1.07).
The empagliflozin and dapagliflozin groups showed a significant increase in the risk of urogenital and urinary tract infections during the SGLT2 inhibitor exposure period, respectively, while ipragliflozin showed no significant results. The increase in the risk of genital infection during the SGLT2 inhibitor exposure period was significant for all types of SGLT2 inhibitors.
We defined seriousness by using an injection formulation of antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals. The risk of urogenital and urinary tract infections increased significantly for both non-serious and serious infections during the SGLT2 inhibitor exposure period. The use of SGLT2 inhibitors did not affect the risk of serious genital infection (IRR 0.99, 95% CI 0.71โ1.39).
In conclusion, we confirmed that exposure to SGLT2 inhibitors increases the risk of urogenital, urinary tract, and genital infections in diabetic patients, especially in women aged between 50 and 64 years, who contracted urogenital infections. The increase in the risk of genital infection was greater than that of urinary tract infection.1. ์ ๋ก 1
1.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1
1.2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ํ์์ฑ 6
1.3 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ 7
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 8
2.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค๊ณ 8
2.2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์๋ฃ 9
2.3 ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์ 11
2.4 ๋
ธ์ถ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ค์ 23
2.5 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณ์ 26
2.6 ๋ณ์ฉ ์ฝ๋ฌผ 27
2.7 ์ธตํ ๋ถ์ 32
2.8 ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋ ๋ถ์ 33
2.9 ํต๊ณ ๋ถ์ 34
3. ์ฐ ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ 35
3.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์์ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ด ํน์ฑ ํ์
35
3.2 ๋น๋จ์์๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ผ์ ๋ฐ์ 39
3.3 ์ธตํ ๋ถ์ 43
3.4 ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋ ๋ถ์ 49
4. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 58
5. ์์ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 65Maste
Bone formation of the porous layer formed of Ti-Ag mesh for GBR membrane applications
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ํ๋ฉด ์์ ๋๋
ธ ๋จ์์ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ ํฐํ๋-์ ๋ฉ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ๋ฉ์ฌ์ ๊ณจ ํ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ํ๊ฐํ๋๋ฐ ์๋ค. ์ฐ์ ์ํธ ์ ์์ ์ํด cp-Ti์ ๋นํด ๋ถ์์ ํญ์ฑ์ด ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํฐํ๋-์ ํฉ๊ธ์ ์ 2.0 at%์ ์ฒจ๊ฐ์์ผ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋ ์
์๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์ํธ์ ๋ธ๋ผ์คํ
์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ๋ค 0.5% ๋ถ์ฐ ์ ํด์ก์์ 60๋ถ ๋์ 20 V ์ ์์ ๊ฐํ์ฌ ์๊ทน์ฐํ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ์๋ค. ์ํธ์ ํ๋ฉด ํํ๋ ์ฃผ์ฌ์ ์ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ ํตํด ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค. ๊ณจ ํ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ํ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํ ๋ผ์ ๋๊ฐ๊ณจ์ ์ฒ๊ณตํ ๋ค ํ์ ํธ์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์์ ์ํธ์ ์๋ฆฝํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2์ฃผ์ 4์ฃผ ๋ค ๋ฉ์ฌ ์ฃผ์์ ๊ณจ ์กฐ์ง ํํ๋ฅผ 3D ์ค์บ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง๋ก ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๊ณ ์์ฑ๋ ๊ณจ์ ๋ถํผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ์๋ค. ์ํธ ํ๋ฉด ํ์ ๊ด์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋จ์์ ๋ฐ๊ตฌ ํํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์์ ๋๋
ธ ๋จ์์ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์์๊ณ , ๊ณจ ํ์ฑ๋ฅ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์์๋ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ฉ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฝํ์ง ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์์ ๋ณด๋ค ํฐํ๋-์ ํฉ๊ธ ๋ฉ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์๋ฆฝํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์์ 2์ฃผ์ 4์ฃผ ๋ชจ๋ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋ ๋ง์ ๊ณจ ํ์ฑ๋์ ๋ณด์๋ค(p<0.05). ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์ด ๋ณด์ ํฐํ๋-์ ํฉ๊ธ์ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ํ๋ฉด ์์ ๋๋
ธ ๋ค๊ณต์ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ฑํ ์ ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณจ ํ์ฑ๋ฅ ์ญ์ ์ฐ์ํ์ฌ ๊ณจ์ ๋ ์ฌ์์ ์ ์ํ ๋ฉ์ฌ๋ก์ ์ ์ฉํ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋๋ค.ope
Echocardiographic Investigation of the Mechanism Underlying Abnormal Interventricular Septal Motion after Open Heart Surgery
BACKGROUND: Abnormal interventricular septal motion (ASM) is frequently observed after open heart surgery (OHS). The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and temporal change of ASM, and its underlying mechanism in patients who underwent OHS using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE).
METHODS: In total, 165 patients [60 ยฑ 13 years, 92 (56%) men] who underwent coronary bypass surgery or heart valve surgery were consecutively enrolled in a prospective manner. TTE was performed preoperatively, at 3--6-month postoperatively, and at the 1-year follow-up visit. Routine TTE images and strain analysis were performed using velocity vector imaging.
RESULTS: ASM was documented in 121 of 165 patients (73%) immediately after surgery: 26 patients (17%) presented concomitant expiratory diastolic flow reversal of the hepatic vein, 11 (7%) had inferior vena cava plethora, and 11 (7%) had both. Only 2 patients (1%) showed clinically discernible constriction. ASM persisted 3--6 months after surgery in 38 patients (25%), but only in 23 (15%) after 1 year. There was no difference in preoperative and postoperative peak systolic strain of all segments of the left ventricle (LV) between groups with or without ASM. However, systolic radial velocity (VRad) of the mid anterior-septum and anterior wall of the LV significantly decreased in patients with ASM.
CONCLUSION: Although ASM was common (74%) immediately after OHS, it disappeared over time without causing clinically detectable constriction. Furthermore, we consider that ASM might not be caused by myocardial ischemia, but by the decreased systolic VRad of the interventricular septum after pericardium incision.ope
Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients
Background/Aims: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (HIV-PAH) is a complication of HIV infection. Due to improvements in HIV survival rates following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV-PAH has become an important cause of HIV-related morbidity. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore the prevalence and characteristics of HIV-PAH. Methods: Ninety-two patients were enrolled in the study from March to August 2010. We investigated clinical characteristics and performed echocardiography. HIV-PAH was defined as having a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP)โฅ25 mmHg based on Mahan`s equation, without lung disease or heart disease. The HIV-PAH-possible group was defined as having a tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) of 2.9-3.4 m/s and a pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) of 37-50 mmHg. Results: Fifteen patients (16.3%) met the criteria of HIV-PAH based on mPAP. With respect to TRV, six patients met the criteria of the HIV-PAH-possible group. Based on the criteria of mPAP, the duration of HIV infection was not different with or without HIV-PAH. HIV RNA titers and CD4 T cell counts tended to be higher in HIV-PAH patients (8,607ยฑ11 vs. 1,067ยฑ64 copies/mL, p=0.371; 471ยฑ148 vs. 499ยฑ252 cells/mm3, p=0.680, respectively). Echocardiographic indices of the right ventricle were significantly deteriorated in the HIV-PAH group as compared with the non-HIV-PAH group (TASPE: 20.52 vs. 23.2, p=0.001; Tei index: 0.42 vs. 0.39, p=0.037). In a multivariate regression analysis, HIV activity factors (HIV duration, HIV RNA titer, and CD4 cell count) were not associated with echocardiographic indices of PAH (mPAP, PASP, and pulmonary vascular resistance). Conclusions: In this study, the prevalence of HIV-PAH was comparable to that of previous studies.ope
Studies on Ginkgo biloba (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-(2)-enyl Diphosphate Reductase Gene and Promoter
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๋์๋ช
๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2013. 2. ๊น์์ธ.Isoprenoids, also known as terpenoids, are derived from the five-carbon building units isopentenyl diphophate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Even though they are synthesized in all living organisms, plants have more diverse and abundant isoprenoid compounds compared to others. Plants have two distinct isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonic acid (MVA) pathways. In this study, plant IDS, the terminal enzyme in MEP pathway, is focused. Ginkgo biloba, one of the gymnosperm tree known as living fossil, has three copies of IDS genes. They are divided into two classes: GbIDS1 to class 1, and GbIDS2 and 2-1 to class 2. Each enzyme class is known to separately participate in primary and secondary metabolisms. In this research, promoter analysis and overexpression study of GbIDSs were performed respectively in Arabidopsis and poplar. The GbIDS1 and GbIDS2 promoters were fused with GUS protein and then introduced into Arabidopsis. GbIDS1pro::GUS transformant showed GUS expression in most organs except for roots, petals, and stamina, whereas GbIDS2pro::GUS was expressed only in the young leaves, internodes where the flower and shoot branched, and notably in primary root junction. This pattern of GUS expression correlated with high transcript level of GbIDS2 in Ginkgo roots compared to that of GbIDS. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment resulted in down-regulated GbIDS1pro activity in Arabidopsis leaves and upregulated GbIDS2pro activity in roots. The similar patterns of GUS activity in GbIDS2pro:: GUS Arabidopsis roots were also seen upon treatments of gibberellins (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), and indole butyric acid (IBA). Each of the GbIDS1 and GbIDS2 overexpression construct was introduced into poplars. Ten GbIDS1 overexpression lines were obtained while no transformants were made with GbIDS2. GbIDS1 transgenic poplars were taller than wild-type (WT) BH poplars by 25% and have 2 more leaves in indoor condition 7 weeks after potting in soil. Twenty five weeks after potting in outdoor nursery, GbIDS1 plants in pot gained height by 7% compared to BH, and showed delayed winter bud formation. In addition, overexpression of GbIDS1 gene led increase of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents by approximately 20% in transgenic poplars compared to WT poplars. Chlorophyll-related genes, CHS (chlorophyll synthase) and CAO (chlorophyll a oxidase) transcript levels were higher in transgenic poplars by 30% and 50% respectively. Transcript level analyses of GA biosynthetic genes, KS (kaurene synthase), GA20ox (gibberellin 20 oxidase), and GA2ox (gibberellin 2 oxidase), were performed in poplar. In this analysis, transcript levels of bioactive GA synthesis gene, KS and GA20ox, were up-regulated while GA inactivation gene, GA2ox, was down-regulated in transgenic poplars. In spite of signal peptide deletion, tGbIDS2 (truncated GbIDS2 devoid of signal peptide) targeted to the chloroplast. In the heterozygote Arabidopsis plants, overexpression of tGbIDS2 was previously reported to lead rapid growth and early flowering. However, in homozygote tGbIDS2 overexpression transgenic Arabidopsis in the current research, there were no significant phenotype changes compared to the Col-0 wild type (WT). Besides, little changes were observed in chlorophyll and carotenoids contents in transgenic and Col-0 Arabidopsis plants. On the other hand, transcript levels of floral genes and GA4 displayed differences between WT and transgenic Arabidopsis plants. CO (CONSTANTS) levels were up-regulated by 60% but FLC (FLOWERING LOCUS C), SOC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1), and LFY (LEAFY) were down-regulated by 26%, 32%, and 24%, respectively. Also transcript level of GA4 gene increased by 56% in transgenic Arabidopsis, it infers decrease of GA amounts in transgenic Arabidopsis. Through these experiments, physiological differences of each GbIDS were examined, and applicability of GbIDSs for genetic engineering was evaluated.CONTENTS
OVERALL ABSTRACT CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OFABBREVIATIONS
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Ginkgo biloba
2. Ginkgolides
3. Isoprenoid biosynthesis
4. MEP pathway in plants
5. (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-mehtylbut-2-enyl Diphosphate Reductase/Isopentenyl diphosphate synthase (HDR/IDS) in plants
6. GA biosynthesis
7. Flowering in Arabidopsis
PART ะ: Distinct expression patterns of two Ginkgo biloba
(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Diphosphate Reductase/Isopentyl Diphosphate Synthase (HDR/IDS) promoters in Arabidopsis model
1.1. ABSTRACT
1.2. INTRODUCTION
1.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
1.3.1. Plants and growth condition
1.3.2. Isolation and analysis of GbIDS1 and GbIDS2 promoters
1.3.3. Construction of plasmids and Arabidopsis transformation
1.3.4. Histochemical GUS assay
1.3.5. GUS activity assay
1.3.6. RNA preparation and reverse transcription
1.3.7. Hormone treatments
1.3.8. RT-PCR and qRT-PCR
1.4. RESULTS
1.4.1. Isolation of GbIDS1 and GbIDS2 promoters
1.4.2. Histochemical analysis of GbIDSpro-driven GUS expression in Arabidopsis
1.4.3. Responsiveness of GbIDS promoters in Arabidopsis toward hormone treatments
1.4.4. Transcript distribution of GbIDS1 and GbIDS2 in Ginkgo
1.4.5. GbIDS1 and GbIDS2 transcript level changes in Ginkgo by MeJA and SA treatments
1.5. DISCUSSION
1.6. ABSTRACT IN KOREAN
PART ฮ : Functional study of Ginkgo biloba
(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Diphosphate Reductase/Isopentenyl Diphosphate Synthase
(HDR/IDS) gene in Poplar
2.1. ABSTRACT
2.2. INTRODUCTION
2.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.3.1. Construction of plasmid
2.3.2. Poplar transformation and regeneration
2.3.3. Phenotypic assessment
2.3.4. Measurement of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents
2.3.5. RNA preparation and reverse transcription
2.3.6. qRT-PCR analysis
2.3.7. Statistical analysis
2.4. RESULTS
2.4.1. Establishment of transgenic poplars
2.4.2. RT-PCR analysis
2.4.3. Growth assessment of GbIDS1 overexpression poplar
2.4.4. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents
2.4.5. Transcript level of chlorophyll related genes
2.4.6. Transcript level of GA related genes
2.5. DISCUSSION
2.6. ABSTRACT IN KOREAN
PART ะจ: Functional analysis of truncated form Ginkgo biloba (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Diphosphate Reductase/Isopentenyl Diphosphate Synthase
(HDR/IDS) 2 gene in Arabidopsis
3.1. ABSTRACT
3.2. INTRODUCTION
3.3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.3.1. Construction of plasmid
3.3.2. Arabidopsis growth condition and transformation
3.3.3. Transient expression in Arabidopsis protoplast
3.3.4. Phenotypic assessment
3.3.5. Measurement of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents
3.3.6. RNA preparation and reverse transcription
3.3.7. qRT-PCR analysis
3.3.8. Statistical analysis
3.4. RESULTS
3.4.1. RT-PCR analysis
3.4.2. Targeting analysis of tGbIDS2 in Arabidopsis protoplasts
3.4.3. Growth and flowering time of tGbIDS2 overexpression transgenic Arabidopsis
3.4.4. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents
3.4.5. Transcript levels of floral genes
3.4.6. Transcript level GA4 gene
3.5. DISCUSSION
3.6. ABSTRACT IN KOREAN
OVERALL ABSTRACT IN KOREAN
REFERENCESDocto
Relationship between onset age of coronary heart disease and family histiry of coronary heat disease
์ญํ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ์ฆ์งํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ด์๋๋งฅ ์งํ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ ์๋ ์ง๋จ์์ ๋ํ๋๋ ์ํ์์ธ๋ค์ ํน์ฑ๋ค์ ์์๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ ์ฌ๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ด์๋๋งฅ ์งํ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฐ๋ น์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋์์ 1994๋
7์๋ถํฐ 2003๋
8์ ๊น์ง ์์ธ ์์ฌ ์ข
ํฉ๋ณ์์์ ๊ด์๋๋งฅ ์กฐ์์ ์ ์ํํ์ฌ ๊ด์๋๋งฅ ์งํ ์ง๋จ์ ๋ฐ์ 4194๋ช
์ด์๋ค. ์๋ฃ ์์ง์ ์ง์ interview ๋ฐ chart review, ์ ํ interview๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ณ ํ์ ์ ๋ฌด, ํก์ฐ ์ ๋ฌด, ๋น๋จ์ ๋ฌด, ์ฌ์์ ๊ฒจ์ฐ ํ๊ฒฝ ์ฌ๋ถ, ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ ์ ๋ฌด, ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ ์๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ, ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ ์๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์, ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ ์๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์ง๋จ๋ช
๋ฑ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๊ณ , ์
์ ์ ์ ๊ท ํ์ก ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ์ง์ง ์์ค์ผ๋ก ์ด ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค, ์ค์ฑ์ง๋ฐฉ, HDL- ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค, LDL-์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค, ํ์ก ์๊ณ ์ธ์๋ก๋ Fibrinogen, tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA), Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI-1), ์ง๋จ๋ฐฑ ์์ค์ผ๋ก๋ Apolipoprotein A1(Apo-A1), Apolipoprotein B(Apo-B), Lipoprotein a(Lp a) ์, Homocystein์ ํฌํจ์ํค๊ณ , inflammatory marker๋ก C-reactive protein (CRP)๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ํต๊ณ ๋ถ์์ SAS Ver. 8.1์ ์ฌ์ฉ ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค.
์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ด์๋๋งฅ ์งํ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ์ง๋จ์์๋ ๊ด์๋๋งฅ ์งํ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฐ๋ น์ด ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ์ง๋จ์ ๋นํด ๋จ๋
๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฝ 3-4์ธ ๋ฎ์๋ค.
๋์งธ, ์ฐ๋ น์ ํต์ ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ ์ ๋ฌด์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ด ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ํ์์ธ์ ๋น๊ต ํ์์ ๋, ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ๋จ์ ๊ตฐ์์ ํค, ์ด์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค, LDL-์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค, LDL/HDL, Apo-B๊ฐ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ๋จ์ ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ๋์๋ค.
์
์งธ, ์ง์ง ์์ค๊ณผ ํก์ฐ ๋ฑ์ ์ค์ ์ํ ์์ธ๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ผ ๋ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ์ด ์๋ ๊ตฐ์์ ์๋ ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ๊ด์๋๋งฅ ๋ฐ์ ์ฐ๋ น์ด ๋ฎ์๋ค.
๋ท์งธ, ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ์ ๊ด์๋๋งฅ ์งํ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฐ๋ น์ ์ฝ 4์ธ ์ ๋ ๋ฎ์ถ๋ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ํ์ธ์์ด๋ค.
์ด์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข
ํฉํ์ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋จ์์ ์์ด์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง์ง ์์ค์์ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ์ ๊ด์๋๋งฅ ์งํ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ฐ๋ น์ ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ๋ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์์ธ์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์์ผ๋ก ๊ด์๋๋งฅ ์งํ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ด๋์ด ์ฃผ์ ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋๊ณ ๊ด์๋๋งฅ ์งํ์ ๊ณ ์ํ ๊ฐ์กฑ์ ์์ด ์๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์ ์ง์นจ์ ์ธ์ฐ๋๋ฐ ๋์์ด ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]The aim of this study was to investigate relationship between onset age of coronary heart disease and family history of coronary heart disease.
We analyzed the major risk factors in 4194 coronary heart disease patients. 247 subjects (6%)had family history of coronary heart disease(FCAD), 3947 subjects had not family history(NFCAD). The patients were diagnosed as coronary heart disease by coronary angiography at the Samsung Medical Center from Jun 1994 to Aug 2003.
The mean age of the group of FCAD was significantly younger than that of the group of NFCAD.
The means of Total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, the ratio of LDL/HDL and Apo-B were significantly higher in the group of male with family history of coronary heart disease, not in the group of female.
In the same condition of other risk factors (lipid profile and smoking), the onset age of coronary heart disease was lower r in the group FCAD.
this study showed family history influenced onset age of coronary heart disease to be earlier for 4 year by the multivariate regression analysis.
In the conclusion, the group of FCAD showed significantly younger age, higher TC, LDL, LDL/HDL and Apo-B compared with those of the group of NFCAD in the male patients, suggesting a genetic predisposition related to TC and LDL metabolism especially in male patients. and family history was found to be an independent factor for earlier onset age of coronary heart disease.prohibitio
Relationship between the formation of N-type Ca2+ channels and dopamine release in the differentiation of dopaminergic
์๊ณผํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]ํํจ์จ์จ๋ณ์ ์ค๋์ ํ์์ง ์น๋ฐ๋ถ(substantia nigra pars compacta, SNpc)์ ์๋ ๋ํ๋ฏผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ์ ์์ค์ ์ํด ๋ํ๋๋ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ์ ๊ฒฝํดํ์ฑ ์งํ์ด๋ค. ์์ ๋ถํฐ ํํจ์จ์จ๋ณ์ ์น๋ฃํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ต๊ทผ์ ์ธํฌ์น๋ฃ์ ์๋ก์ด ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ก ์ค๊ธฐ์ธํฌ๊ฐ ๋๋๋์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ํ๋ฐํ ์งํ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ค์์๋ ์ฅ์ ๋ฐฐ์์ค๊ธฐ์ธํฌ์์ ๋ถํ์ํจ ๋ํ๋ฏผ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ(๋๋ ์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด)๋ฅผ ํํจ์จ์จ๋ณ ๋๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ ์กฐ์ฒด์ ์ด์ํ ํ, ์ด๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ํ๋ณต์ ํ์ธํ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊พธ์คํ ๋ฐฐ์์ค๊ธฐ์ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ํํจ์จ์จ๋ณ ์น๋ฃ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ํตํด ํ์ธ๋์ด์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ฐฐ์์ค๊ธฐ์ธํฌ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ถํ์ํจ ๋ํ๋ฏผ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ๊ฐ ์์ฒด๋ด๋ก ์ด์ ํ ์ด๋ ํ ์ธํฌ ์๋ฆฌํ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ํตํด ๋ํ๋ฏผ์ ๋ถ๋นํ๋์ง์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฏธ๋นํ ์ค์ ์ด๋ค. ๋ํ๋ฏผ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ์์ ๋ํ๋ฏผ์ ๋ถ๋น๋ ์ธํฌ๋ง์ ํ๋ถ๊ทน์ ์ํด Ca2+ ์ฑ๋์ด ์ด๋ ค ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ธํฌ์ธ๋ถ์์ ์ ์
๋ Ca2+ ions์ ์ํด ์ ๋๋๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฅ์ ๋ฐฐ์์ค๊ธฐ์ธํฌ์์ ๋ถํ์ํจ ๋ํ๋ฏผ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ์์ ์ ๊ธฐ์๋ฆฌํ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์ญ์ผ์๋ฒ์ ํตํด Ca2+ ์ฑ๋๊ณผ ๋ํ๋ฏผ ๋ถ๋น์์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. Ca2+ ratiometic ใCa2+ใi ์ธก์ ๋ฒ์ ํตํด ๋ง์ ์ ํ๋ถ๊ทน์ ์ํ ์ธํฌ๋ด Ca2+ ๋๋์ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๊ณ , HPLC๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ํ๋ฏผ์ ๋ถ๋น๋์ด ์ฆ๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ธํฌ๋ด ์ ์
๋ Ca2+ ions์ด ๋ํ๋ฏผ์ ๋ถ๋น์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด์, N-type Ca2+ channel blocker์ธ ฯ-conotoxin GVIA๋ฅผ KCl๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ KCl๋ง ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณด๋ค ๋ํ๋ฏผ ๋ถ๋น๋์ด ๊ฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์, ์ฅ์ ๋ฐฐ์์ค๊ธฐ์ธํฌ์์ ๋ถํํ ๋ํ๋ฏผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ์ N-type Ca2+ channel์ด ํ์ฑ๋์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ํ๊ณ ์์์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ํ Whole cell ๋ง์ ์ ๊ณ ์ ๋ฒ๊ณผ ํ๊ด๋ฉด์ญ์ผ์์ ํตํด์๋ N-type Ca2+ channel์ด ํ์ฑ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ณผ๋, ์ฅ์ ๋ฐฐ์์ค๊ธฐ์ธํฌ์์ ๋ถํ์ํจ ๋ํ๋ฏผ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ์ N-type Ca2+ channel์ด ํ์ฑ๋์ด ๋ํ๋ฏผ์ ๋ถ๋น์ ๊ด์ฌํจ์ ์ ์ ์๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the midbrain. For decades there have been many attempts to develop proper treatments for this disease. Recently, with the new technology of stem cells, research on cell therapy has been accelerated. We have also confirmed the recovery of motor function after implanting dopaminergic neurons (or precursors) derived from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into striatum of PD animal models, as feasible treatments applying stem cell technology have been identified. However, the physiological mechanism of dopamine (DA) release in response to transplantation of dopaminergic neurons derived from mouse ES cells is uncertain. DA release in dopaminergic neurons is induced by Ca2+ ion influx through Ca2+ channels in response to membrane depolarization. Herein, the purpose is to elucidate the relationship between Ca2+ channels and DA release in dopaminergic neurons derived from mouse ES cells by electrophysiological experiments and immunostaining. Firstly, the attempt to clarify the increase in DA release observed by HPLC made it clear that the influx of Ca2+ ions induced DA release. Secondly, decrease in DA release was observed with conotoxin GVIA (N-type Ca2+ channel blocker) with a KCl group compared to the KCl group only. This implies that the N-type Ca2+ channels formed in dopaminergic neurons derived from mouse ES cells function properly. Furthermore, N-type Ca2+ channels were identified with the whole cell patch clamp technique and immunofluorescence-staining. These results lead to the conclusion that the N-type Ca2+ channels were formed in dopaminergic neurons derived from mouse ES cells and that Ca2+ channels activated by Ca2+ ion influx in response to membrane depolarization caused DA release.ope
์ฐํ์ ์คํธ๋ ์ค ์ํ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ธํฌ ์ฌ๋ฉธ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒจ์๊ณผ ์๋ฌผ์ ์๋ ๋ฒ ํ-ํ๋คํธ-์์ด์์์ค์ฌ์ด์๋ค์ดํธ์ ๋นํ๋ฏผ C์ ๋ณตํฉ ํจ๊ณผ
Thesis(master`s)--์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๋์๋ช
๊ณตํ๋ถ,2005.Maste
์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ด์ฉ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ตญ์ด๊ต์ก๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ด๊ต์ก์ ๊ณต), 2013. 8. ๊น์ข
์ฒ .๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๊ตญ์ด๊ณผ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ด์ฉ์ผ๋ก์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ต์ก ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ตฌ์ํ๋ ๋ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋ณธ๊ณ ์์๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ค์ ํ์๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ์ธ์ด๋ฌธํ์ ํ์๋ค์๊ฒ ํ์ํ ํต์ฌ ์ญ๋ ๋ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ๋, ๊ตญ์ด๊ณผ ๊ต์ก์์ ๋ค๋ฃจ์ด์ผ ํ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฐ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฌด์์ธ๊ฐ? ๋์งธ, ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ค์ฒ์ ๊ด์ฌํ๋ ์์์ ํ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ท์ ํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ? ์
์งธ, ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ชฉํ๋ ๋ฌด์์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ต์ก ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ ์ ์๋๊ฐ? ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ธํฐ๋ท๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํตํ์ฌ ๊ฒ์ํ ์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ํ์ฉํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ๋ณดํธํํ๊ณ ์๊ณ , ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ํ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์ฒจ์ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฌ๋๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ์ฌ ์๋ฃ ํตํฉ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋
ผ์์ ์ฃผ๋ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ผ์๋ค.
์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ฌธํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์ง์ ๋ด์ฉ ๋ถ์(qualitative content analysis) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํ์ฉํ์๋ค. ๋จผ์ ๋ฌธํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋งํ๊ธฐ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ์์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ์๊ณ , ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์์์ ๊ด๋ จ ์์์ ๋ํ ๋ถ์ํ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ๋ ์คํธ์ 4-๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์ ๋ชจํ(Four-Component Model)๊ณผ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ(moral identity) ์ด๋ก ์ ์ ํฉ์ฑ์ ๋ํด ๊ฒํ ํ์๋ค. ์ง์ ๋ด์ฉ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ๊ต 1, 2ํ๋
ํ์๋ค์ด ์์ฑํ 173ํธ์ ๊ธ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ํ์ฉํ ํ์ต์ง ๋ฐ ์ฌ์ธต ์ค๋ฌธ์ง์ ๋ถ์์ ์ ์ฉํ์๋ค.
โ
ก์ฅ์์๋ ์ ๊ต์ ์ํต ๋ฌธํ์ ์์ฌํ์ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ์ฌ, ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฐ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ท์ ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก์ ์ค๋ฆฌ ์์ ๊ทธ ์์ฒด๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ธ์ ์ฐ๋ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๊ธธ๋ฌ์ฃผ์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ด์ ์์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ค์ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ๊ณ ํ์๊ฐ ํ
์คํธ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ถ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์งํค๋ฉด์ ๊ธ์ ์ฐ๋ ๊ณผ์ ๋๋ ํ์๋ก ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์๋ฅผ ํ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ค์ฒ, ํ
์คํธ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฑ, ๋ดํ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ด๋ จ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์๋ฃ ํตํฉ์ ํ
์คํธ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์๋ก ๋ค์ด ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์๋ค์ด ์ค์ ์ ์ธ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ์์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ํธ์์ฉํ๋์ง ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค.
โ
ข์ฅ์์๋ ํ์๋ค์ด ์์ฑํ ํ
์คํธ์ ๋ํ ๋ด์ฉ ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ๊ต์ก ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ค๊ณํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋จผ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ด๋ จ๋๋์ง ์ดํด๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ค์ํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ 1์ ์์๋ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ ๋ถ์ ๋จ๊ณ, ์๋ฃ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ด์ ์ ๋ฆฝ ๋จ๊ณ, ๋ด์ฉ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง ๋จ๊ณ, ์๋ฃ ํตํฉ ๋ฐ ํํ ๋จ๊ณ, ๊ณ ์ณ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋จ๊ณ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ด๋ จ ์์์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. 2์ ์์๋ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น ์ ์๋ ํ์์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํน์ฑ์ ์ดํด๋ณด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ์ ํญ๋ชฉ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ๋ํ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ฑ, ํ์๋ก์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์, ๋ฌธ์ ํด๊ฒฐ์ ํ์ํ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋จ๋ ฅ, ์ฐ๊ธฐ ํจ๋ฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์๊ธฐ ๊ท์ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฌํ ํญ๋ชฉ๋ค์ ๋ ์คํธ์ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ ์ด๋ก ์ ํ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ์๋ค. ํ์๋ค์ด ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ๋ํ ๋ดํ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ์ํฅ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ธํ ๋ด์ฉ๋ค์ ์ฃผ๋ก ๊ตญ์ด ์์
๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, 3์ ์ ๋ดํ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ก์์ ๊ตญ์ด ์์
, ๊ต์ฌ์ ํ๊ฐ ์ด์ ๋ฐฉ์๊ณผ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋๊ธฐํ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑํ์๋ค.
โ
ฃ์ฅ์์๋ โ
ข์ฅ๊น์ง์ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ค๊ณํ์๋ค. ๋จผ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํต์ฌ ์ญ๋์ผ๋ก์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ, ํ์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฑ๊ต์ก, ๋ดํ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ํต ๋ฌธํ ํ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ํต์ ์์ฐ์ฑ ์ ๊ณ ๋ฑ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ์ค์ ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ด์ฉ ๋ฒ์ฃผ๋ ํ์๋ก์์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ, ๋์๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ ํ์ฑ, ์ํต์ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ณ , ๊ฐ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์ก ๋ด์ฉ์ ์์ธํํ์๋ค.โ
. ์๋ก 1
1. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ํ์์ฑ 1
2. ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ฌ 6
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 11
II. ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 17
1. ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํ ํ์ ์ ์ ๊ทผ 17
1) ์ ํต์ ์ํต ๋ฌธํ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ 17
(1) ์ธ(ไป)๊ณผ ์(๏ฆถ)๋ฅผ ํตํ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ํต 19
(2) ํ์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฑ 21
2) ์์ฌํ๊ณผ ์ค๋ฆฌ 25
(1) ์ํต ํ์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฑ 26
(2) ์ํ ์ค์ ํํ ์ค์ ์ค๋ฆฌ 27
(3) ์ ์์ฌํ์์์ ์๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์ค๋ฆฌ 29
3) ๋๋ ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ค์ฒ 31
(1) ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ํ์์ ํ์ํ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์ 32
(2) ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ ์ํ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๋๊ธฐํ 45
2. ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ 50
1) ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๋
๋ฐ ํน์ฑ 50
(1) ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ๋ณธ์ง ๊ตฌํ์ผ๋ก์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ 53
(2) ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ค์ฒ์ผ๋ก์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ 56
2) ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์ 59
(1) ํ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ค์ฒ 59
(2) ํ
์คํธ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฑ 62
(3) ๋ดํ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ด๋ จ ๋งฅ๋ฝ 63
3) ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค์ ์์์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ 65
(1) ์๋ฃ ํตํฉ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฐ๋
65
(2) ์๋ฃ ํตํฉ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ํต ๊ตฌ์กฐ 66
III. ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ด๋ จ ์์ ๋ฐ ์ํฅ ์์ธ 73
1. ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ ์์์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ด๋ จ ์์ 76
1) ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ณผ์ ๋ถ์ ๋จ๊ณ 77
(1) ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ์ ์ฉ ๋์ ํ์
ํ๊ธฐ 78
(2) ์ฅ๋ฅด์ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ด๋ จ์ง๊ธฐ 81
(3) ๊ณผ์ ์ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์์ํ๊ธฐ 87
2) ์๋ฃ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ด์ ์ ๋ฆฝ ๋จ๊ณ 89
(1) ๊ฐ๊ด์ ์ธ ํ๋๋ก ์๋ฃ ์ฝ๊ธฐ 89
(2) ํ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ง์ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๊ธฐ 91
(3) ๋ค์ํ ๊ด์ ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์์ ์ ๊ด์ ์ ํ๊ธฐ 100
3) ๋ด์ฉ ์ ์ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์ง ๋จ๊ณ 103
(1) ์ ๋ขฐ์ฑ ์๋ ๋ด์ฉ ์ ์ ํ๊ธฐ 103
(2) ์ฐฝ์์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ด์ฉ ์กฐ์งํ๊ธฐ 107
4) ์๋ฃ ํตํฉ ๋ฐ ํํ ๋จ๊ณ 113
(1) ์ ๋นํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์๋ฃ ํตํฉํ๊ธฐ 113
(2) ์๋ฃ์ ์์กดํ์ง ์๊ณ ๋ด์ฉ ์ ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ 121
(3) ๋์์ ๋ํ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋ ํํํ๊ธฐ 131
5) ๊ณ ์ณ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋จ๊ณ 133
2. ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์์ธ 139
1) ํ์์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํน์ฑ 139
(1) ์ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธก๋ฉด์ ๋ํ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ์ฑ 139
(2) ํ์๋ก์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ 141
(3) ๋ฌธ์ ํด๊ฒฐ์ ํ์ํ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ํ๋จ๋ ฅ 145
(4) ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง์ํ ์ ์๋ ์์ง 153
2) ๋ดํ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธํ 157
(1) ๋ดํ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ก์์ ๊ตญ์ด ์์
159
(2) ๊ต์ฌ์ ์ฐ๊ธฐ ํ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ 160
IV. ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ด์ฉ ์ค๊ณ 164
1. ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ชฉํ 164
1) ํต์ฌ ์ญ๋์ผ๋ก์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ๊ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฅ๋ ฅ 164
2) ํ์์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์ฑ๊ต์ก 170
3) ๋ดํ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ํต ๋ฌธํ ํ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ํต์ ์์ฐ์ฑ ์ ๊ณ 171
2. ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ด์ฉ ๊ตฌ์ฑ 173
1) ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ด์ฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 173
2) ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ด์ฉ ๋ฒ์ฃผ 175
(1) ํ์ ๋ฒ์ฃผ 175
(2) ๋ดํ๊ณต๋์ฒด ๋ฒ์ฃผ 178
(3) ํ
์คํธ ๋ฒ์ฃผ 179
3) ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก ๋ด์ฉ์ ์์ธํ 182
4) ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ค๋ฆฌ ๊ต์ก ๋ด์ฉ์ ์ ์ฉ ์๋ฆฌ 204
V. ๊ฒฐ๋ก 211
1. ์์ฝ 211
2. ์ ์ธ 213
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 217
Abstract 235Docto