The effect of ginsenoside Rk1 in junctional protein of severe preeclamptic placenta

Objective: To investigate the differential expression of junctional proteins in the normal and preeclamptic human placenta and the effect of ginsenoside Rk1 in junctional proteins. Methods: Placental tissues from 10 women with severe preeclampsia and 5 normal women were collected at the time of their cesarean section. Five of 10 preeclamptic women were complicated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting was employed to localize junctional proteins (zo-1, occludin and plakoglobin) positive cells. The placental explant culture was performed to investigate if Rk1 can attenuate the expression of junctional proteins (zo-1, occluding and plakoglobin) induced by deferoxamine-induced hypoxia. Rk1 was treated at the day 3 and Western blot analysis was performed for protein quantification. Results: There was no different expression of zo-1 and plakoglobin among all the study groups. Occludin showed negative at the endothelial cells of the terminal villi in both normal and preeclampsia groups. At the endothelial cells of the stem villi, occludin was detected in both normal and severe preeclamptic placenta with normal fetal growth. However, severe preeclampsia with IUGR were decreased expression of occludin at the endothelial cells of the stem villi. When we administered Rk1 to the placenta treated with DFO, expression of occluding was not different. Conclusion: The placental expression of zo-1 and plakoglobin were not different among the study groups, while that of occludin was significantly decreased at the endothelium of stem villi in severe preeclampsia with IUGR. Rk-1 showed no effect on the placental junctional proteins. These results suggest that occludin may play a role in pathophysiology of fetal growth restriction in uteroope

유아를 위한 피아노 교재연구

西洋音樂이 우리나라에 들어온 후 始作된 피아노學習은 關心과 熱意를 더하여 가고 있으며, 어린이의 音樂敎育을 위하여 피아노學習을 擇하고 있는 數도 急增해 오고 있다. 어린이들에게 피아노學習을 시키는 데는 훌륭한 演奏家를 目標로 하는 演奏家 養成에도 그 뜻이 있겠으나 人間의 全人的인 人格形成의 調和와 均等을 마련해 주는 것에도 意義를 가진다고 하겠다. 지금까지 우리나라의 幼兒(滿 3~5才)를 위한 피아노敎育에 있어서는 그들의 年齡, 興味, 能力을 無視한 一律的인 敎材를 使用하여 가르쳐 왔다. 가령 ""Beyer""과 같은 것이 그것이다. 이제, 이와같은 特定한 敎材에서 脫皮하여 좀 더 우리나라 幼兒들에게 適合한 敎材의 硏究가 있어야 하겠다. 그리하여 筆者는 다음과 같은 內容의 敎材를 提示하여 피아노에 대한 開心과 興味를 갖도록 하고 더 나아가서 音樂的 表現能力을 길러주는데 도움이 되었으면 한다. 本 敎材는 피아노學習을 위하여 基礎的인 音樂的 準備過程과 實際 피아노 練習曲으로 構成하여 提示하였다. A. 音樂的 準備過程 音樂的 準備過程으로 다음과 같은 內容을 提示하여 樂譜를 읽을 수 있는 基礎를 마련해 주었다. 1) 오른손과 왼손의 區別 2) 높은音과 낮은音의 區別 3) 손가락 番號 4) 音의 紹介 5) 흰건반과 검은건반의 區別 6) 빠른音과 느린音의 區別 7) 오선 그러기 8) 리듬 訓練 B. 피아노 練習曲 피아노 練習曲으로 다음과 같은 內容을 提示하였다. 1) 음표와 오선을 크게 하여 幼兒들이 쉽게 樂譜를 볼 수 있도록 하였다. 2) 색갈음표를 使用하여 보다 쉽게 音의 位置를 判斷할 수 있도록 하였다. 3) C'을 中心으로 하여 아래 위로 한音씩 차례로 紹介하여 어린이들이 앞에서 배운 것과 連貫性을 갖게 하여 自然스럽게 건반과 樂譜의 關係를 理解할 수 있도록 하였다. 4) 처음부터 두손을 同等한 比重으로 使用하였고, 높은音과 낮은音 자리표를 同時에 使用하여 初見力을 向上시킬 수 있도록 하였다. 5) 우리 나라 또는 外國 民謠 및 童謠를 編曲하여 幼兒들이 音樂에 대한 親近感과 興味를 갖도록 하였다. 6) 大部分의 曲에 伴奏를 붙여서 學生과 先生과의 音樂的 對話를 하도록 하였고 獨奏이외의 Duet이나 Ensemble을 할 수 있는 能力을 기르도록 하였다. 7) 그 曲에 關聯된 歌詞와 그림을 揷入하여 그 曲의 內容을 理解하게 하여 音樂的 表現을 向上시키도록 하였다. 8) C Major로 一貫된 것이 아닌 G, F Major 까지 取扱하여 여러가지 調性에 대한 느낌을 갖도록 하였다. 9) 大部分의 曲들은 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 박자를 使用하였다. 10) Dynamic 에 있어서 幼兒들이 無理없이 나타낼 수 있는 f, p 만을 다루었다. 11) 理論과 技巧며에 있어서는 못갖춘 마디, 임시표, 조표, 도돌이표, 덧줄, Tie, Slur, Double note, Cross hand, Staccato, Phrase, Scale, Broken Chord, Alberti Bass, Canon 등을 提示하였다. 위와같은 事實을 土臺로 한 本 敎材가 幼兒들의 피아노學習에 있어서 단지 손놀림 爲主의 技巧的인 것에 그치지 않고 音樂을 알고 그것을 表現할 수 있는 能力을 길러줄 수 있는데 다소나마 도움이 되기를 希望한다.;Since the introduction of western music to Korea, a large number of Korean Children have been taking piano lessons to increase their musical intelligence and their interest on the piano lessons have increased since that time. The major goal of piano education is to help them to build a well-rounded, harmonious and balanced personality rather than to train them to be an excellont performer and in order to attain this goal, we must use well organized piano teaching-Materials. Until recently, most of the piano instructors in Korea used certain piano teaching-materials such as ""Beyer', regardless of children's age, interest, or ability. But the uniform use of a piano teaching-materials might ceased for the interest of the children taking piano lessons. So, I am suggesting the following materials to get the children interested in developing their musical ability of musical expression. It includes musical readiness programs and etudes. The contents of musical readiness programs and etudes are as follows. A. Musical Readiness Programs The following items represent the specific material which will provide a sufficient background towards reading the musical material. 1) Awareness of the right and left hand and the coordination between the two. 2) Awareness of pitch, that is, the difference between high and low sounds. 3) The numbering of the fingers. 4) The introduction of the scale tones. 5) Awareness of the black and white Keys, and the distinction between the two and three black key groups. 6) Awareness of fast and slow sounds. 7) Drawing the staff corretly. 8) Awareness of rhythmic concepts. B. Etudes 1) The oversizing of staffs and notes, and the recognition of this notation. 2) The use of color notes to make the children aware of the different pitches. 3) By suggesting a lawer and higher scale from middle C sequentially so that the children can easily understand the relation between the notes and keyboards. 4) By using the hands with equal gravity in treble and bass clef situations, which will aid in developing the ability of directional reading. 5) To acquaint the children to different types of music, for example, Korean and foreign folk melodies and nursery rhymes. 6) By providing duet accompaniments for various musical compositions this will improve the student's ability in playing duets-and ensembles, and in addition, the student's conversations with his instructor will become more enjoyable. 7) By inserting words and pictures, this will improve the student's ability to express hIs ideas. 8) Along with the C major, by adopting the G and F major will make the student acquainted with different tones and moods. 9) The introduction of rhythm, especially 2/4, 3/4, and 4/4 meter. 10) Using the simple dynamic marks, such as a f and p. 11) Suggesting the following theory and technics. For example, incomplete bar, accidental-signature, key-signature, double-note, leger line, cross hand, repeat mark, staocato, phrase, scale, triad, broken chord, chord, Alberti bass, canon. I hope that the items mentioned above will help the children in developing their musical skills in a general way rather than in a technical way.I. 서론 1 II. 교재 작성시 유의하여야 할 사항 4 A. 유아를 위한 음악학습 교재 4 B. 유아를 위한 피아노학습 교재 4 III. 본 교재의 내용 6 A. 음악적 준비 활동의 과정 6 B. 피아노 연습곡 9 IV. 결론 14 참고문헌 15 참고악보 16 ABSTRACT 17 V./(IV) 악보의 제시:유아를 위한 피아노 교재[파오손면;p.101(76)] 2

Cyclin B1 and D1 expression in invasive cervical cancer

Objective : Cyclin is a family of regulatory proteins that play a key role in controlling the cell cycle. Abnormalities of cell cycle regulators, including cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), have been reported in malignant tumors. This study was undertaken to quantitatively detect cyclin B1 and D1 in cervical cancer. Methods : A quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis were used to analyze the expression of cyclin B1, D1 mRNA and proteins, respectively, in fresh invasive cervical cancer (n=41) and normal cervix tissue (n=10). Results : There was significantly greater cyclin B1 expression in invasive cervical cancer than in normal cervix tissue (p=0.019). However, cyclin D1 expression was not significantly different (p=0.967). A Western blot analysis yielded similar results. Conclusion : Our results were consistent with the concept that up-regulation of cyclin B1 expression occurred in cervical cancer and an aberrant expression of cyclin B1 might play an important role in cervical carcinogenesis.restrictio

Decreased endothelial progenitor cells in umbilical cord blood in severe preeclampsia

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We compared the numbers of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in umbilical cord blood in severe preeclampsia and normal pregnancy, along with the cord blood plasma levels of free VEGF and sVEGFR-1. METHODS: Umbilical cord blood EPC counts in severe preeclampsia (n = 15) and gestationally matched normal pregnant women (n = 30) were retrospectively analyzed. Cord plasma free VEGF and sVEGFR-1 levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: Significantly higher systolic blood pressure, lower birth weight, and higher rate of small for gestational age were noted in the severe preeclampsia group. Circulating EPCs in cord blood and umbilical cord plasma free VEGF were significantly decreased in severe preeclampsia compared to the control group (p = 0.009 and 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION: In severe preeclampsia, cord blood EPCs were reduced markedly and this was accompanied by a significant decrease in cord plasma free VEGF which is known to play a role in EPC mobilization.ope

Differential expression of nestin in normal and pre-eclamptic human placentas

BACKGROUND: Nestin is a type VI intermediate filament protein originally described in neural stem cells. Recent reports have documented nestin expression in endothelium of newly formed blood vessels and suggested its role as a marker of capacity for neovascularization and angiogenesis in endothelial cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the differential expression of nestin in normal and pre-eclamptic human placentas. METHODS: Placental tissues from 12 women with severe pre-eclampsia and 15 gestational age-matched normotensive women were collected at the time of their cesarean section. Western blot analysis for each placental tissue was performed for nestin quantification. Immunohistochemical staining was employed to localize nestin-positive cells and to investigate differential staining intensity in each placental cell. RESULTS: Nestin expression was detected in all of the normal and pre-eclamptic placental tissues by Western blotting. Compared with the normal placentas, tissues from severe pre-eclamptic placentas showed higher expression of nestin (p<0.001). Nestin immunoreactivity was localized only to endothelial cells of chorionic villi. However, mesenchymal connective tissue cells, cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, and decidual cells did not reveal any specific signal for nestin. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the capacity for neovascularization and angiogenesis in endothelial cell is increased in pre-eclamptic placenta compared to that from normal pregnancy. Such changes may be a compensatory mechanism for the reduced maternofetal exchanges and long-lasting fetal hypoxia in pre-eclamptic pregnancy. Furthermore, these changes in endothelial cells of chorionic villi in pre-eclamptic pregnancy may give an explanation for fetal response to pre-eclamptic conditions.ope

정산 산모와 전자간중 산모의 태반에서 Adenosine 수용체의 발현 양상

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the differential expression of adenosine receptors (ADORs) in the normal and preeclamptic placenta. Methods: Placentas were obtained from women undergoing cesarean section with normal and preeclamptic pregnancies at term. Total RNA was reverse transcribed using ADORs gene specific primers. RT-PCR measurements were made semi-quantitatively. Western blot analysis was performed for protein quantitation. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-adenosine receptor antibodies were employed to localize adenosine receptors in placental tissues. Results: RT-PCR revealed that A2aR, A2bR, and A3R mRNA, not A1 receptor mRNA were expressed in both normal and preeclamptic placenta. Interestingly, there were somewhat higher expressions of A2aR, A2bR, and A3R mRNA in preeclamptic placenta than in normal placenta. Western blotting revealed that A2a, A2b, and A3 receptors were all present in the placental tissue as verified by immunoreactive protein bands. The bands for the A2a, A2b, and A3 receptors were stronger in preeclamptic placenta than in normal placenta. A2a and A2b receptors were detected in endothelial cell, whereas we could not find the staining for A3 receptor in endothelial cells. Importantly, A3 antibody had high intensity of staining in trophoblasts in preeclampsia. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate the expression of ADORs in normal placenta, and to compare ADOR subtypes in normal versus preeclamptic placenta. This study suggests that the specific subtype of ADORs may have a role in the development of preeclampsia.ope

Differential effect of intraperitoneal albendazole and paclitaxel on ascites formation and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in ovarian cancer cell-bearing athymic nude mice.

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of our study were to evaluate the effect of intraperitoneal albendazole on tumor growth, ascites formation, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression, and to assess the synergistic effect of paclitaxel in OVCAR-3-bearing nude mice. METHODS: In all, 4 groups of mice were injected intraperitoneally with weekly albendazole (450 mg/kg per week), paclitaxel (30 mg/kg per week), albendazole plus paclitaxel, or normal saline for 4 weeks. RESULTS: Ascitic fluid accumulation (2.47, 2.65, 2.88, and 5.90 mL, respectively) and in ascitic VEGF levels were significantly reduced in the 3 treatment groups compared to the control group (170.83, 229.16, 267, and 1625 pg/mL, respectively). However, complete tumor suppression was more prominent in the paclitaxel group, and VEGF mRNA expression was more strongly inhibited in the albendazole group (P < .05). No synergistic effect of albendazole and paclitaxel was observed. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated a differential effect of albendazole and paclitaxel in a xenograft model of ovarian carcinoma; albendazole suppressed ascites formation by inhibiting VEGF secretion, and paclitaxel exerted its effects by direct cytotoxicity.ope

정상 산모들과 임신중독증 산모들의 혈청 중 네프린 발현 빈도의 차이: 예비결과 보고

OBJECTIVE: Nephrin is one of the slit membrane proteins of podocytes in the kidney. It is known that the nephrin is shed in the urine in nephropathy accompanying proteinuira. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the difference in the serum nephrin expression between normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. METHODS: A total of 20 pregnant women from May to September 2008 who received prenatal care and underwent delivery at our institute participated in the study. The preeclamptic group includes 13 women diagnosed as preeclampsia and a normal group of 7. Their serum were collected before delivery and analyzed by Western blotting for comparing serum nephrin expression. RESULTS: There was no difference in age, body weight of pregnant women, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, urine creatinine level and gestational age between two groups. However, preeclampsia group had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001), serum soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 level (P=0.002), and lower birth weight (P=0.011). In serum Western blot analysis, serum nephrin was detected in 10 of 13 in preeclampsia women (76.9%) but only in 2 of 7 (28.6%) in normal pregnancy women showing statistically significant difference (P=0.032). CONCLUSION: A higher prevalence of nephrin expression in the maternal serum was found in the preeclampsia when compared to the normal pregnancy.ope