The Significance of Maintenance: the Social and Technological Feature of Residential Green Building

本文旨在闡述目前台灣住宅綠建築實作中，建築維護的困難以及建築維護成功的關鍵環節，並將綠建築技術系統的維護視為一個社會、技術與使用者交織影響作用的過程。社會面向中包括了相關建築政策、法規以及住宅空間與商品特性，這些影響了綠建築技術的使用、營造商的營造規範以及住戶使用維護的機制；技術面向指涉各類綠技術的技術特性等等，而技術面向除了必須回應政策制度的規範，也影響了行動者，包括了建設公司如何設計、營造以及住戶的能動性。在這些作用交織影響下，技術的社會建構論（SCOT）所提出的詮釋彈性（interpretive flexibility）以及社會世界理論中邊界物（Boundary Object）的概念有助於理解建築維護如何可能。在實作現場中，技術的爭議會不斷地出現，包括了營造過程的瑕疵、技術的非預期性等，這些爭議都可能使技術無法運作下去。H建商的實作案例則提供了另一種可能，建設公司高度介入使用者的維護過程，並成功地重新界定技術課題，進而造成住戶對於技術認知的格式塔轉換，建築綠化技術從建築景觀的概念轉變成一個與自然共生的生態系課題，同時也納入了在舊技術課題中，造成技術危機的毛毛蟲、蚜蟲、水藻、蚊子，用這些非人的出現來強化新技術課題的合理性，也證明了新技術課題的維護成功，使得綠化技術得以按照最初H建商的規劃理念運作。This paper aims to illuminate both the difficulty of and the key point to building maintenance in the practice field of residential green building in Taiwan, and this paper treats the maintenance of the green building system as a process in which society, technique and users interweave with one another. The social factor points to the policies and the laws concerning building construction, the residential spaces and the features of commodities. It affects the usage of green building construction technology, the normative regulation for building constructors, and the mechanism of building maintenance among dwellers. The technical factor refers to the technical features of variegated green technology, which not only should be responsive to the policies, but also has an effect on the actors, including how the companies design and construct buildings, and dwellers’ agency. The concepts of Interpretive Flexibility from Social Construction of technology Theory (SCOT) and boundary object from Social World Theory shed us a new light to understand how buildings maintenance is possible under the intertwining factors. In practical world, the disputes over technology—the faults produced in the process of design or construction, the unpredictability of the technology—will keep emerging such that implementing new technology seems impossible. Fortunately, the case of H Building Company is a silver lining, proffering another alternative. After finishing the construction, H Building Company keeps highly involved in how dwellers’ maintain their building, and re-identifies technological problems, resulting in dwellers’ gestalt switch on the cognition of technology—that green building technology is now an issue of sustaining a symbiotic relationship with nature in an ecosystem but no longer mere the concept in architectural landscape. As a result, caterpillars, algae, aphids and mosquitos which were once claimed potential threat to technology are now used as a means to justify the indispensability of upgrading new technology on the one hand, and to prove the success of the gestalt switch on the cognition of technology on the other hand, enabling the green technology carried out as H Building Company originally planned

Applying a Genetic Algorithm to VLSI Floorplanning with Clustering Constraints

[[abstract]]隨著半導體製程的快速發展，超大型積體電路晶片的尺寸不斷地縮小，而積 集度則是與日遽增。於是，如何安置許多大小不一的電路模組，進而組成符合設 計需求的晶片，便成為超大型積體電路於實體設計階段的核心議題。在不違反叢 聚限制條件的情況下，本研究所探討之超大型積體電路晶片平面規劃問題旨在妥 善規劃眾多電路模組於晶片中的位置，進而最小化該晶片之面積。此一平面規劃 問題的一般形式已被證實為是 NP-完備問題。換言之，對於大規模問題案例之最 佳解的計算，吾人將無法承受求解過程所必須負擔的時間成本。也因此，大多數 的研究皆以泛用啟發式演算法為解題工具，試圖在合理的計算時間之內產生令人 滿意的近似最佳解。然而，大多數的問題求解方法在效能表現上仍有改進的空間。 有鑑於此，根據遺傳演算法的運作原理，本研究於是提出一種嶄新的編碼機制。 此一編碼機制的主要特色在於允許吾人可利用傳統的遺傳演算法運算子解決超大 型積體電路平面規劃問題。相較於傳統的泛用啟發式演算法，實驗結果顯示本研 究所提出之方法於解題效能方面有極佳的表現。[[abstract]]With rapid development in semiconductor manufacturing VLSI circuits have been consistently decreased in size with corresponding rapid increase in integrated density Consequently arranging circuit modules into a chip to optimize a predefined cost metric is becoming increasingly significant in the physical design cycle The problem of VLSI floorplanning considered in this study can be stated as planning the positions of a set of circuit modules on a chip without violating clustering constraints in order to minimize the total chip area The VLSI floorplanning problem is known to be NP-hard in its general form Due to the intractability of the problem numerous research efforts have focused on various approximation algorithms to acquire satisfactory suboptimal solutions within a reasonable amount of computation cost However most realistic approaches for solving the VLSI floorplanning problem still remain to be improved A genetic algorithm is therefore proposed for VLSI floorplanning with clustering constraints The proposed approach adopts a novel encoding scheme which represents the geometric relationships between circuit modules for a floorplan The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by comparing it against other existing metaheuristics such as simulated annealing (SA) and ant colony optimozation (ACO) Experimental results using the Microelectronics Center of North Carolina (MCNC) benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approac

Multichannel retailer influences price differentiation

[[abstract]]當零售商洞悉消費者偏好與產品差異時，便採取價格差異化來增加自身的財務績效。而零售商發展多重通路(即整合虛實通路) 在不同脈絡下賦予消費者各種不同屬性與利益進行價格差異化的機會。然而，先前文獻大多僅探討單一通路對價格差異化的影響，而在價格離散部分的研究亦僅以過去價格資訊進行分析。因此，本研究欲以顧客觀點探討多重通路零售商的價格離散之特徵因素對以顧客價值為基礎價格差異化的影響。 本研究以調查研究法為主，針對台灣地區具有網路購物經驗的消費者發放問卷，有效問卷共381份。以線性迴歸分析分別探討市場特徵(競爭程度、消費者涉入程度)、零售商特徵(服務品質、交易通路、商店形象)、產品特徵(產品型態、品牌權益)與知覺價格之間的關係，並檢驗不同的人口統計變數對各個變數的影響。其結果顯示市場特徵的競爭程度、零售商特徵的服務品質與商店形象以及產品特徵的產品型態和品牌權益會影響價格差異化。 本研究以資訊經濟學的價格離散理論實證影響價值為基礎的價格差異化之因素，說明零售商整合實體門市與虛擬網站的通路並藉此進行以價值為基礎的價格差異化可降低消費者對網路通路的知覺風險，並透過卓越的服務品質、通路便利、良好商店形象與高品牌權益等顧客價值的傳遞，使顧客願意支付更多的價格溢酬。[[abstract]]When retailers insight into consumer preferences and product differentiation they increase their financial performance using price differentiation There are a variety of attributes and benefits which retailers developed multichannel via consumers give them applying to price differentiation in different context However previous literatures mostly explore single channel influence on price differentiation and the studies in part of price dispersion are only analyzing past price information Therefore according to the customer perspective exploring characteristic factors of price dispersion for multichannel retailers effect on customer value-based price differentiation The method to carry out our study was using a questionnaire survey which aimed at consumers who has been shopping online in Taiwan Total received 381 questionnaires Taking linear regression analysis explores relationship of the market characteristics retailer characteristics the product characteristics and price differentiation And examine the relationship of the different population variables among these dimensions According to price dispersion of information economics demonstrates the factors of value-based price differentiation indicating that retailers use bricks-and-clicks and implement value-based price differentiation reducing consumer’s perceived risk on internet and delivering customer value by service quality transaction channel store image and brand equity allowing customers are willing to pay price premiu