675 research outputs found

    The European Monetary Union, the Fiscal Policy Restraints and Labor Market Reforms

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    This paper analyzes "The Stability and Growth Pact" for countries joining the Economic Monetary Union (EMU) in Europe. In the EMU, the member states face a credibility problem in terms of fiscal policy, to induce inflation. The Fiscal Theory of Price Determination suggests that government deficit and excessive debt cause actual and expected high inflation, and that fiscal restraint, such as The Stability and Growth Pact, is needed to sustain low inflation. However, most Western European countries in EMU face severe unemployment problems, which are caused by labor market institutions and others. The short run unemployment problems there depend on the aggregate demand induced by fiscal policy. This is inconsistent with the rule of fiscal constraint in the EMU. This paper investigates the effect of fiscal restraint on inflation and unemployment under the EMU, where monetary policy is conducted by the European Central Bank, and fiscal policy is determined by each government. The Stability and Growth Pact is effective for keeping inflation low, but may give rise to unemployment in member states

    在水生与气生状态下石莼光合作用对光照和温度的响应(英文)

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    如何对付由于高潮时的水生状态与低潮时的气生状态高频率循环所导致的不同环境条件 ,是潮间带海藻的光合作用所面临的独特问题。对采自汕头沿岸的石莼 (Ulvalactuca)在水生和气生不同状态下光合作用对光照和温度的响应特性进行了测定 ,以探讨这种常见的潮间带绿藻在潮汐循环背景下的光合特性。在气生状态下 ,光饱和净光合速率 (Pmax)随气生暴露时间的变化模式可以很好地用三次方程进行描述 ,而温度影响方程的系数 ;当水分损失为 1 5 %时 ,石莼的Pmax增加至最大值 ,然后Pmax随进一步脱水而下降 ,

    Do EMU Countries Have the Same Business Cycles? : A Lesson for Regional Monetary Integration in East Asia

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    This paper studies the synchronization of business cycles in the EMU and East Asia using a band-pass filter. This is because from the point of view of the Optimum Currency Area criteria, this synchronization is an important factor in the introduction of a common regional currency. In this paper, policy coordination, such as fiscal constraints and cooperative monetary policies, is considered as an important factor in synchronization. Therefore, we suggest that policy coordination will be necessary if East Asia intends to introduce a common regional currency

    Empirical Study of Government Expenditure in EMU : One Application of Structural Vector Auto Regression Model

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    本稿では、財政制約である安定成長協定 (SGP) の是非を実証的に検討することが目的である。そのため,構造VARモデルを用いて,EMU加盟各国の生産と物価への財政支出の効果を実証した。その結果,財政支出の増加は,短期的に生産には正の効果,長期には物価に対して正の効果を与えることが判明した。したがって,SGPを導入することには一定の意義はあるものの,EMUによる経済構造の変化などを考慮すれば短期的な財政政策の効果にも期待を寄せねばならず,現行のSGPを改革することが望ましいと結論づける。本研究は,平成17年度関西大学学術研究助成基金(奨励研究)において,研究課題「欧州における安定成長協定改革の最適性に関する理論および実証的研究」,および平成17年度科学研究費基盤研究C(課題番号17530253) として研究費を受けたものの研究成果の一部である

    Competition between the Euro and the US Dollar

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    This paper focuses on the function of international currencies as foreign exchange vehicles, which has the character of network externality. On January 1999, the Euro was introduced in some European countries (Euroland) where the functions of the Euro were limited as a currency. After July 2002, the Euro started functioning fully as a currency, and competition between the Euro and the US dollar, the dominant international currency, began. We present a currency competition model with decreasing transaction costs that reflect the character of network externality, to investigate competition between the Euro and the Dollar. We suggest that the impact of the introduction of the Euro is a determining factor in whether the Euro or the Dollar will emerge as the dominant international currency

    An Empirical Study on Differential of Inflation in Euro Area

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    商学部創設100周年 商学会設立50周年 記念特

    The Role of Real Exchange Rates in European Monetary System

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    EMSではペッグ制のERMがあり,ある程度,名目為替レートの変動は制限されていた。したがって為替レートの役割は限定されたもののようにも考えられる。しかし,ERMのもとでも上下数%の変動幅があり,かつ平価変更やERMからの離脱もあり,完全な固定レート制ではなかった。名目レートの変動があり,また物価の変動が粘着的であったとしても長期的には変動するものと考えられるので,実質為替レートも変動する。そのため,ここでは近似的に変動レート制のモデルを適用し,実質為替レートの役割を明示的に取り扱うものとする。本稿で得られた結論は, EMSにおいて,実質為替レートの変動が,外生ショックの吸収には,有用であったことである
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