圣·约翰草提取物片治疗抑郁障碍专家共识

结合循证医学证据,本文归纳圣·约翰草提取物片治疗抑郁障碍的专家共识

Y型聚乙二醇干扰素琢-2b注射液治疗HCV基因2/3型慢性丙型肝炎患者疗效和安全性的多中心随机对照试验研究

目的以标准剂量的聚乙二醇干扰素(Peg IFN)α-2a联合利巴韦林作为阳性对照,评价新型试验药物Y型Peg IFNα-2b注射液联合利巴韦林治疗2型/3型慢性丙型肝炎(CHC)患者的疗效和安全性。方法采用多中心、随机开放、阳性药对照的Ⅲ期临床试验,筛选符合要求的2型/3型CHC患者,按照2:1的比例随机分配到Y型Peg IFNα-2b组和Peg IFNα-2a组,同时口服利巴韦林,疗程24 w,停药随访24 w。采用Abbott Real Time HCV Genotype II检测HCV基因型,采用Cobas Taq Man实时定量PCR法检测血清HCV RNA水平。详细记录不良事件。主要疗效指标为持续病毒学应答(SVR),并进行非劣效检验。结果本试验实际入组2型/3型CHC患者255例,实际治疗241例。全分析集(FAS)数据显示,158例试验组和83例对照组患者SVR分别为85.4%(95%CI 79.94%~90.94%)和79.5%(95%CI 70.84%~88.20%,P=0.2402);对符合方案分析集(PPS)人群分析显示,试验组和对照组患者SVR分别为87.9%(95%CI 82.45%~93.27%)和85.9%(95%CI 77.82%~94.01%,P=0.7060),率差的95%可置信区间均符合非劣效标准;对PPS人群分析显示,85.8%受试者获得了早期病毒学应答(RVR),RVR的阳性预测值为90.1%;试验组和对照组不良事件发生率相似,分别为95.6%和95.2%,严重不良事件发生率分别为3.8%和3.6%。结论应用Peg IFNα联合利巴韦林治疗2型/3型CHC患者,新型试验药物Y型Peg IFNα-2b具有与对照药物Peg IFNα-2a相似的疗效和安全性。国家科技部“十二五”重大专项(编号:2012ZX10002-003)；“重大新药创制”十二五科技重大专项(编号:2012ZX09303019)

Trisomy 21-induced Dysregulation of Microglial Homeostasis in Alzheimer’s Brains is Mediated by USP25

阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease, AD）是一种最为常见的与记忆、认知能力退化相关的渐进性神经退行性疾病。唐氏综合征（Down’s syndrome, DS）是早发型阿尔茨海默病的一个重要风险因素，作为最常见的智力障碍遗传疾病，厦门大学医学院神经科学研究所王鑫教授团队揭示了治疗阿尔茨海默病和唐氏综合征新的治疗靶点，并且在小鼠模型上利用USP25小分子抑制剂成功地改善了阿尔茨海默病小鼠的认知功能，缓解了神经退行性病变的病理进程。该研究工作由王鑫教授指导完成，厦门大学医学院助理教授郑秋阳和博士生李桂林完成主要实验工作，王世华、朱琳、高月、邓青芳、张洪峰、张丽珊、吴美玲、狄安洁参与了部分研究工作。厦门大学医学院许华曦、赵颖俊和孙灏教授在研究过程中给予大力帮助和支持，清华大学董晨教授提供了Usp25基因敲除小鼠，厦门大学附属妇女儿童医院周裕林教授和郑良楷博士帮助收集了脑组织样品。Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of chromosome 21, is the most significant risk factor for early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, underlying mechanisms linking DS and AD remain unclear. Here, we show that triplication of homologous chromosome 21 genes aggravates neuroinflammation in combined murine DS-AD models. Overexpression of USP25, a deubiquitinating enzyme encoded by chromosome 21, results in microglial activation and induces synaptic and cognitive deficits, whereas genetic ablation of Usp25 reduces neuroinflammation and rescues synaptic and cognitive function in 5×FAD mice. Mechanistically, USP25 deficiency attenuates microglia-mediated proinflammatory cytokine overproduction and synapse elimination. Inhibition of USP25 reestablishes homeostatic microglial signatures and restores synaptic and cognitive function in 5×FAD mice. In summary, we demonstrate an unprecedented role for trisomy 21 and pathogenic effects associated with microgliosis as a result of the increased USP25 dosage, implicating USP25 as a therapeutic target for neuroinflammation in DS and AD.This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31871077, 81822014, and 81571176 to X.W.; 81701130 to Q.Z.), the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFC1305900 to X.W.), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (2017J06021 to X.W.), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Chinese Central Universities (20720150061 to X.W.), and the BrightFocus Foundation (A2018214F to Yingjun Zhao). 该研究工作得到国家重点研发计划项目、国家自然科学基金、福建省自然科学基金、厦门大学校长基金的资助和支持

The Theories,Approaches and Practice of Evolutionary Linguistics

演化语言学是以达尔文进化论为基础的语言学,主要关注语言的起源与发展的问题。演化语言学与演化生物学等学科关注类似的问题,使用相似的研究方法。语言学可以借用生物学、遗传学、分子人类学、数理统计学等其他学科的先进理论与方法,与各学科合作共同推进对语言起源与演化的研究。本研究采用分子人类学和词源统计法中先进的计量方法研究了中国的语言和方言,对其发生学关系做了科学的测定与分类,为中国语言和方言的演化研究做了新的有益的探索。Evolutionary linguistics is based on Darwin's evolutionary theory which is focused on the emergence and development of language.Evolutionary biology and evolutionary linguistics focus on similar issues and use the similar methods.The advanced theories and methods of other disciplines such as biology,genetics,molecular anthropology and mathematical statistics should be introduced into linguistics.Cooperation between linguistics and other disciplines should be promoted for the research of language emergence and development.We studied the languages and dialects in China with the advanced calculating methods which come from molecular anthropology and etymological statistics and provided a scientific measure and classfication of them.Newly useful exploration has been made with this advanced research.国家社科基金项目“汉藏语系谱系分类及其时间深度的研究”(10BYY069);国家社科基金重点项目“台湾原住民问题研究”(11AZD069

A New Perspective of Language Research: Evolutionary Linguistics

演化语言学是以达尔文演化论为基础的语言学,主要关注语言的起源与发展的问题。语言起源与演化是一个跨学科的研究课题,语言演化的研究不只限于语言学领域,还广泛涉及其他许多相关的学科。近年来,包括生物学、遗传学、分子人类学、神经科学、认知科学、考古学、人类学、数学和计算机科学等在内的诸多学科都参与到语言演化问题的研究中来,跨学科的合作便演化语言学迅速兴起。未来演化语言学的发展仍有赖于学科之间的通力合作。中国学者也需要积极利用我国丰富的语言、文化资源,参与到语言演化研究中来,演化语言学大有可为。Evolutionary linguistics is a new discipline focusing on the emergence and development of language inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution.The research of the emergence and evolution of language is an interdisciplinary field which depends on the collaborations of many disciplines including biology,genetics,molecular anthropology,neurosciences,cognitive science,archaeology,mathematical and computational modeling studies.This paper reviews the history of evolutionary linguistics and gives a brief introduction to the new exploration in the study of language evolution among the international academics as well as in China.As a conclusion the prospect of the future research is given.国家社科基金一般项目“汉藏语系谱系分类及其时间深度的研究”(10BYY069);国家社科基金重点项目“台湾原住民问题研究”(11AZD069

对数螺旋线型凸轮机构运动规律的研究

利用SolidWorks软件建立了对数螺旋线型凸轮机构和普通凸轮机构的实体模型,并进行了运动学仿真,然后利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对两种凸轮机构进行了动力学分析,得到了凸轮机构主、从动件最大应力随时间的变化情况。对对数螺旋线型凸轮机构与普通凸轮机构的运动学、动力学仿真结果进行了对比分析,发现对数螺旋线型凸轮在工作过程中传动更加平稳,主、从动件的受力变化范围小,且应力平均值小,表明对数螺旋线型凸轮机构要优于普通凸轮机构,具有推广应用价值

Introduction of Language Phylogenetic Network and a Phylogenetic Network Analysis on Tibeto-Burman Languages

文章回顾了演化树理论产生、发展的历史,分析了演化树理论对于语言演化研究的不足之处,介绍了生物学中演化网思想和演化网重建方法诞生的理论背景及其在语言演化研究中的应用情况。此外,文章以中国境内的藏缅语族语言为例,以nEIgHbOrnET演化网生成方法重建了藏缅语演化网,分析了演化网图对于重新理解藏缅语演化历史的启示。This paper review the history of family tree theory, analyse the disadvantage of family tree theory in language evolution study.Then we introduce phylogenetic network theory and phylogenetic network reconstruction methods to Sino-Tibetan language studies by reviewing the background of their generating and the history of their development.At last, we analyse the evolution history of Tibeto-Burman languages by reconstructing the phylogenetic network of these languages.国家社科基金项目“汉藏语系谱系分类及其时间深度的研究”(10BYY069);国家社科基金项目“台湾原住民问题研究”(11AZD069