The Study on the Oceanography of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea Traced by Radium Isotopes

本研究用锰纤维富集—射气闪烁法测量了黄海和东海夏冬两季水体中的224Ra，226Ra，228Ra，研究了该海域夏季和冬季这三种Ra同位素的水平、垂直分布及季节变化，并利用其进行了黄海和东海水团、海流、水体混合和物质输运研究。本论文的主要研究结果如下：1Ra同位素分布(1)整个海域三种Ra同位素的分布夏季和冬季趋势大致相同，由近岸向开阔海域，水体中的Ra同位素浓度逐渐降低，近岸海区陆地淡水输入和沿岸浅海沉积物的释放带来了高比活度的Ra同位素。(2)整个海域Ra同位素的垂直分布表现为：大部分站位226Ra的垂直分布不存在明显的变化趋势。224Ra和228Ra垂直变化较大；大部分站位比活度随离开沉积...In this study, three naturally occurring radium isotopes(224Ra, 226Ra and 228Ra) in seawaters of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea on summer and winter were measured using Mn-fiber adsorption—successive emanation scintillation method. The content levels, horizontal distributions, vertical distributions and seasonal variations of 224Ra, 226Ra and 228Ra were strudied. The oceanography topics rel...学位：理学博士院系专业：海洋与环境学院海洋学系_海洋化学学号：2112005140316

Vertical mixing rate evaluation based on radium isotope distributions of Yellow Sea and East China Sea

在黄海和东海采样测定了水体中的镭同位素分布,用平流扩散模型描述镭同位素分布,最小二乘方法计算了垂直涡动扩散系数和上升流或下降流流速.结果给出北黄海中部、南黄海中部、浙江沿岸和台湾北部海域存在上升流,流速分别为0.46x10--(-3)CM·S--(-1)、0.17x10--(-3)~1.39x10--(-3)CM·S--(-1)、2.02x10--(-3)~3.04x10--(-3)CM·S--(-1)和1.06x10--(-3)~2.51x10--(-3)CM·S--(-1).北黄海中部和东海东北部存在下降流.流速分别为-2.30x10--(-3)CM·S--(-1)和-0.61x10--(-3)~-2.10x10--(-3)CM·S--(-1) .计算同时给出的垂直涡动扩散系数为5.84~48.2 CM--2·S--(-1),平均值为22.3 CM--2·S--(-1).北黄海和浙江沿岸上升流流速与文献的结果一致;北黄海中部存在下降流与文献的结论一致.本研究结果与文献结果一致是对所建立的方法的肯定,也是对文献研究结果的支持.Radium isotopes in the seawater of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea (YSECS) were measured and their vertical distributions were described using an advection-diffusion model.Vertical eddy diffusion coefficients and advection velocities in the YSECS were calculated by fitting the distributions of radium isotopes in the seawater using least-square method.Results showed that upwellings occur in the middle of Northern and Southern Yellow Sea,coastal zone of Zhejiang,and Northeast of Taiwan.The current rates of upwellings are 0.46×10--(-3)cm·s--(-1), 0.17×10--(-3)～1.39×10--(-3)cm·s--(-1),2.02×10--(-3)～3.04×10--(-3)cm·s--(-1) and 1.06×10--(-3)～2.51× 10--(-3)cm·s--(-1) for above four sea areas respectively.Downwellings are indicated in the middle of Northern Yellow Sea and Northeastern East China Sea and the current rates are -2.30×10--(-3)cm·s--(-1) and -0.61×10--(-3)～-2.10×10--(-3)cm·s--(-1) respectively.The vertical eddy diffusion coefficients were obtained as 5.84～48.2 cm--2·s--(-1) with an average of 22.3 cm--2·s--(-1) from the same calculation.Upwelling velocity of Northern Yellow Sea and coastal zone of Zhejiang given by this study is in agreement with the results of literatures,and downwelling in Northern Yellow Sea is also supported by the literature.The agreement of the results obtained in this study with that of literatures not only confirms previous inference about upwelling distribution in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea,but also affirms the validity of our method.973计划项目(2005CB422305;2006CB400602)资

Biogenic silica in surface sediments of the northeastern and southern South China Sea

本研究测定了南海东北部和南部海域表层沉积物的生物硅含量(SIO2%),其含量范围分别为1.08%—3.01%和0.79%—9.06%,平均值分别为1.76%和4.22%。研究结果表明,南海表层沉积物中的生物硅含量与站位水深呈正相关关系;南海东北部的表层沉积物中的生物硅含量与其中的矿物含量、铁离子浓度、间隙水中的营养盐浓度不存在明显的相关性;南海南部海域表层沉积物中的生物硅含量与烧失量、有机碳含量、碳酸盐含量呈正相关关系,与粘土矿物含量相关性不明显。Biogenic silica(BSi) contents in surface sediments from the northeastern South China Sea(NSCS) and southern South China Sea(SSCS) were measured.The BSi contents(SiO2%)were in the range of 1.08%–3.01% and 0.79%–9.06%,with the means of 1.76% and 4.22% for the NSCS and SSCS,respectively.The results showed that the BSi contents in surface sediments have positive correlation with water depth of the sampling locations.The BSi contents in the NSCS had no evident correlation with minerals,ferrum ion concentrations in surface sediments or nutrients in the pore waters of sediments.The BSi contents in the SSCS had positive correlations with organic material and carbonate contents but not with clay material contents.国家基础研究发展计划项目(2005CB422305

--(226)Ra and --(228)Ra in seawater of the North Yellow Sea

用锰纤维富集-射气法测定了北黄海海水中的镭同位素226rA和228rA,研究了该海域水体中镭同位素的含量和分布.研究结果表明北黄海水体夏季226rA的比活度为1.80~4.35 bQ/M3,平均值为3.06 bQ/M3;冬季226rA的比活度为2.08~5.20 bQ/M3,平均值为3.28 bQ/M3.北黄海夏季228rA的比活度为3.85~25.60 bQ/M3,平均值为10.60 bQ/M3;冬季228rA的比活度为3.14~15.60bQ/M3,平均值为7.66 bQ/M3.该数据范围和中国近海其他海域、孟加拉湾、泰国昭披耶河口、濑户内海等海域相近.北黄海东北部海域,渤海海峡靠近山东半岛的海区和中北部海区表层镭同位素活度较高.C1断面镭同位素的分布特征从镭同位素的方面证实了渤海海峡水交换表现为北进南出特征这一结论的正确性.226rA和228rA的垂直分布较为复杂,大部分站位呈现出底层活度变高的趋势,其他少数站位呈现出中间层活度高的分布特征,不同来源的镭同位素输入至该海域形成了这样的分布特征.226Ra and 228Ra in the seawater of the North Yellow Sea were measured using the Mn-fiber adsorption-emanation method.The concentrations and distributions of 226Ra and 228Ra in this sea area were determined as follows: 226Ra activities were 1.80 to 4.35Bq/m3 with an average of 3.06Bq/m3 in the summer and 2.08 to 5.20Bq/m3 with an average of 3.28Bq/m3 in the winter;228Ra activities were 3.85 to 25.60 Bq/m3 with an average of 10.60Bq/m3 in the summer and 3.14 to 15.60Bq/m3 with an average of 7.66Bq/m3 in the winter.These concentration ranges for radium isotopes in the northern Yellow Sea were similar to those recorded for other sea areas of the China Seas,the Bay of Bengal,the Chao Phraya River Estuarine mixing zone of Thailand,the Seto Inland Sea and more.There were three areas of high radium isotope concentrations in the North Yellow Sea: the northeast area,the South Bohai Strait,and the central and the north area.The radium isotope distribution of section C1 confirmed the suggested movement of sea water into the Bohai Strait from the North and the exit of water from the Strait in the South.Vertical distributions of 226Ra and 228Ra were complex with higher activities exhibited in the bottom layers at most stations and in the middle layers at a few stations.This variable distribution pattern was due to input of radium isotopes from different sources.国家基础研究发展计划资助项目(2005CB422305

Review on the marine radioactive-pollution monitoring and assessment technology

介绍了海洋放射性核素的来源和组成,综述了国内外在海洋放射性核素检测方法和海洋放射性实时监测网络技术的进展,讨论了开展海洋非人类物种辐射防护评价研究的迫切性和可能性,以及相关的海洋放射性污染评价方法。最后,针对我国目前海洋放射性监测发展提出了几点建议。To review the marine radioactive-pollution monitoring and assessment technology,the sources and components of marine radioactivity were introduced;the development on the methods of marine radioactivity analysis and the technology of monitoring network were appreciated,and the possibility and importance on building the methodologies of non-human species radiation protection and assessment were discussed,including the assessment of marine radioactive-pollution.Some advice for developing marine radio-monitoring technology in China was proposed at last.海水放射性实时监测系统支撑技术研究(海三科2011);海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目(201205013);国家社会公益专项(2004DIB5J178

--(224)Ra in seawater of northern Yellow Sea

用锰纤维富集-射气法测量了北黄海水体的224rA,研究了该海域夏季和冬季2个季节224rA比活度及其垂直分布,并对其进行了比较研究.北黄海夏季224rA比活度为0.24~3.48bQ/M3,平均值为1.14bQ/M3;冬季224rA比活度为0.37~6.68bQ/M3,平均值为0.94bQ/M3.北黄海的表层水有3个224rA高值区,分别位于东北部海域、渤海海峡南部和北黄海中北部海区.30M水深将224rA比活度的垂直分布分成上层和下层2层.在0~30M水层,夏季,随着水深增加224rA比活度逐渐增加,比活度变化较小;冬季部分站位由表层向下224rA比活度逐渐降低.30M水深以下,224rA比活度随着水深的增加而增加,而且变化幅度较大.由224rA比活度的垂直分布得出该海域的垂直涡动扩散系数为2.5~43.5CM2/S,夏季北黄海冷水团中心海域底层溶解态化学物质输运补给到上层所经历的时间为9~15d左右.224Ra in seawater of northern Yellow Sea were measured using Mn-fiber adsorption-emanation method.The horizontal and vertical distribution of 224Ra in the sea in summer and winter were studied.The 224Ra activities were 0.24～3.48Bq/m3 with an average of 1.14Bq/m3 in summer and 0.37～6.68Bq/m3 with an average of 0.94Bq/m3 in winter.There were 3 high 224Ra areas in the northern Yellow Sea:northeast area,southern Bohai Strait,and central and northern area.30m layer divided the 224Ra vertical distribution into two parts:upper layer and lower layer.The upper layer,0～30m 224Ra increased with the depth and varied slightly in summer and 224Ra decreased with depth for some stations in winter.The layer below 30m,224Ra increased with depth and varied greatly.The vertical eddy diffusion coefficients based on the vertical distributions of 224Ra were 2.5～43.5cm2/s.It took 9～15d for the dissolved chemical matters in central area of the Yellow Sea cold water mass to transporte from the bottom layer to the upper layer in summer time.国家基础研究发展计划资助项目(2005CB422305

Characters of the Organic δ--(13)C and Its Climatic Information in Sediment Cores of the Lakes Nearby the Arcitic Yellow River Station of China

2007年7月和8月,在北极黄河站站区的2个湖泊采集沉积柱两支(1号柱样:78°56.489′n,11°49.194′E;2号柱样:78°56.554′n,11°51.576′E),采用210 Pb定年法测定了2个沉积物柱样的沉积速率,同时对两个柱样中有机碳同位素δ13 C垂直分布进行了分析。结果表明:1)沉积物柱样的沉积速率分别为1.05MM/A和0.91MM/A;2)两个柱样的δ13 C随深度的变化趋势基本一致,随时间的延长呈现出“降低-增加-降低-增加-降低“的趋势;3)北极黄河站的气温在近300年间呈现出“降低-升高-降低-升高-降低“的交替过程。Arctic is favored by researchers due to its sensitivity and feedback to Global Climate Change,and the organic δ13C record of lake sediment is a key indicator for the environmental climate change.The sedimentary rates and δ13C of two sediment cores(No.1 and No.2),collected from two lakes near the Arctic Yellow River Station of China during July to Aug of 2007,were determined in order to investigate the climate change of the Arctic during the past centuries.The sedimentary rates,determined with 210Pb method,of sample No.1 and sample No.2 were 1.05 mm/a and 0.91 mm/a,respectively,and the vertical distribution of organic δ13C of two sediment cores have similar trends during the same period.The results show that the temperature at the Arctic Yellow River Station of China during the last three centuries was unsteady,and was alternating with a "lower-higher-lower" process.中国极地科学战略研究基金“黄河站邻近湖泊沉积物中有机碳同位素研究及其古气候环境意义初探”(20070221

Rapid enrichment and analysis of --(137)Cs in seawater

以亚铁氰化铜(CufC)作为吸附剂,采用循环吸附的方法制备用于海水中137CS富集的富集材料,同时采用湿样制源的方法制备样品源.研究结果显示当流量在5.0、6.0 dM3/MIn,且富集体积保持在900 dM3以下时,对海水中137CS的富集效率保持在85%以上,且随富集体积的变化并不明显;当流量增大到7.0、8.0 dM3/MIn,且富集体积从500 dM3增大到1 000 dM3时,其富集效率从85%左右下降到75%左右,呈现出明显的下降趋势;而当流量进一步增大到10 dM3/MIn时,富集效率急剧下降到68%左右.研究结果表明,将流量控制在5.0--8.0dM3/MIn且富集体积在500 dM3以下时,可以在保证较高的富集效率的同时有效地减少富集时间,达到快速富集的目的.此外,湿样制源的方式缩短了样品前处理时间,提高了样品处理效率.本研究中所使用的海水中137CS的富集和分析方法总计耗时约需8H左右,只相当于传统分析方法耗时的1/5左右.137Cs,which emits β and γ rays,is an important nuclide released from a nuclear explosion or nuclear power plant.Once absorbed by humans or other animals,it accumulates in muscle tissue and adversely affects health.Investigation of the radioactivity of 137Cs in seawater is an important component of the background survey carried out before the construction of a nuclear power plant,but at present,the analysis of 137Cs in seawater is tedious and prolonged because of the inappropriate materials and complicated processing methods used.To adapt to the macro-trend of the development of nuclear power in China and to answer the call for rapid analysis of 137Cs in seawater,this work prepares impregnated cartridges for 137Cs in seawater employing a cycling method based on copper ferrocyanide(CuFC),which easily attaches to the support material because of its gelatinous form and highly selective absorption to 137Cs.Seawater was pumped through a series of four cartridges,two impregnated cartridges following two blank cartridges,and the impregnated cartridges were then directly transformed to have the same geometry after enrichment and were subjected to measurements with an HPGe γ detector.The results show that the concentration efficiency of a cartridge exceeded 85% when the flow was 5.0 or 6.0 dm3/min and the volume of seawater was kept below 900 dm3,decreased from 85% to 75% when the flow increased to 7.0 or 8.0 dm3/min and the volume of seawater increased from 500 to 1 000 dm3,and then dropped sharply to 68% when the flow increased to 10.0 dm3/min.The results show that the concentration efficiency of the cartridge is relatively high with shorter concentration time when flow was maintained between 5.0 and 8.0 dm3/min and the volume of seawater was kept within 500 dm3,and the sample preparation efficiency improved employing the wet sampling method.With the method proposed in this paper,the enrichment and determination time for 137Cs is about 8 hours,just one-fifth of that of the traditional method.国家海洋公益性行业科研专项经费资助项目(200705028

Progresses of Radium Isotopes Applications to Oceanography Research

镭同位素具有不同的半衰期,可以用来研究不同时空尺度的海洋学过程,在海洋学研究中得以广泛应用。镭同位素在海洋学中的应用主要包括溶解态物质输运,水体停留时间的估算,海洋地下水排放,沉积物的地球化学和放射年代学以及海洋水团分析5个方面的内容。从海洋中镭同位素的地球化学行为、测量方法及其在以上5个方面的研究综述了镭同位素海洋学研究进展,比较了海洋中镭同位素测量方法,阐释了各应用领域的示踪原理,给出各种应用的方法模式及公式,总结了镭同位素海洋学的发展变化,并指出我国镭同位素海洋学的发展前景和方向。Having different half-lives,Radium isotopes can be used to study marine processes with different timescales,which have been widely used in oceanography research.The applications of radium in oceanography research consist mostly of five aspects: the transportation of dissolved material,the estimation of the residence time of seawater,the submarine groundwater discharge,the geochemistry and radio chronology of the sediments,the quantitative analysis of seawater mass.In this paper,the progresses of radium isotopes are reviewed from its geochemical behaviors,measuring methods and the five application aspects mentioned above.The measuring methods are compared with each other.The principles,method models and formulas of the five application aspects are illustrated.The progresses of radium isotope oceanography are overviewed.The development direction and prospects of marine radium research in our country are suggested.国家海洋局第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目“台湾海峡上升流区水体混合过程的镭同位素示踪研究”(编号:2009050);国家重点基础研究发展计划项目“中国东部陆架边缘海海洋物理环境演变及其环境效应——典型水域生源循环及浮游生物多样性对物理环境演变的响应”(编号:2005CB422305)资

中国科学院力学研究所流固耦合系统力学重点实验室;中石油煤层气有限责任公司;

研究重点包括两个方面:一是煤层的低渗透特征,二是煤层气的解吸特征。大量研究已经证明低渗透多孔介质中的渗流规律并不遵循经典达西定律,流体流动过程存在启动压力梯度;低渗煤层中渗流同样存在启动压力梯度,会导致煤层中存在随时间逐渐外扩的动边界,该动边界外部为煤层气的未动用区域。在此方面的研究目的在于确定动边界扩展的规律。在煤层气的解吸方面,主要研究钻开煤层中压力下降至临界解吸压力后,煤层气解吸区域的边界随时间的变化规律,确定解吸范围的大小。在同时考虑低渗煤层气开发过程中存在启动压力梯度和临界解吸压力两个重要因素的影响条件下,建立符合低渗煤层中气体渗流特征的考虑动边界的低渗煤层不定常渗流模型。并采用空间..