Ecological Study on Medusae in Beibu Gulf and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Eirenidae in Coastal Waters of China

水母类是海洋浮游动物的重要类群之一，是海洋食物链的重要环节，在近岸海域或半封闭型海湾，水母往往是影响浮游动物种群数量和鱼类补充的重要因子，很容易成为干扰生态系统的主要类群，进而破坏海洋生态平衡，影响鱼类资源的可持续利用。北部湾是南海北部一个典型的半封闭型海湾，也是我国重要渔场之一。开展北部湾水母类的生态学研究，能够了解水母类在北部湾生态系统所扮演的角色及其对健康的或急剧变化的北部湾生态系统的影响，进而促进对整个北部湾生态系统动力学过程的全面认识。本研究利用2006～2007年北部湾海域调查资料，利用多种统计学分析和生态分析手段，首次对北部湾水母类的栖息环境、种类组成、数量时空分布、群落结构、多...Medusae[1] is one of the important groups in marine zooplankton and it is vital in the food chain of marine ecosystem. Medusae has a great influence on zooplankton population dynamics and fish recruitment in marine ecosystems, especially in marginal seas. In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in Medusae biomass over the coastal areas around the world, and it can damage oceanic ecolog...学位：理学博士院系专业：海洋与环境学院海洋学系_海洋生物学学号：B2005140317

The assemblage and abundance distribution of jellyfish in northern Beibu Gulf

根据“908“专项北部湾2006—2007年四个季节的调查数据,分析了北部湾北部(20°n以北海域)水母类的种类组成、数量分布、优势种和群集结构特征及其环境影响因子。该区共记录水母类4类125种,分别为水螅水母类99种、管水母类17种、钵水母类4种和栉水母5种;以沿岸暖水种为主,占本区水母总种数的61.6%,其次是大洋暖水种,占37.6%,沿岸暖温种仅占0.8%。种数季节变化呈单峰型,夏季83种,冬季56种,秋季和春季各49种,四季均以水螅水母类为主。周年丰度变化呈单峰型,夏季(943.0个/M3)>春季(572.4个/M3)>冬季(548.2个/M3)>秋季(427.6个/M3)。拟细浅室水母、双生水母、球型侧腕水母、四叶小舌水母、半口壮丽水母、两手筐水母、异摇篮水母、双小水母、单囊美螅水母、疣真囊水母、半球美螅水母、六幅和平水母、八囊摇篮水母、刺胞真囊水母、黑球真唇水母、端粗范式水母和细颈和平水母共17种全年出现,为四季种;其中,前7种为四季优势种,优势度(y)分别为0.25、0.19、0.09、0.08、0.05、0.03和0.03,各季节的优势种演替模式不尽相同。依据水母种类和数量分布情况,北部湾北部水母类可划分2个群集:栖息在受沿岸流影响的20 M以浅的低盐群集,代表种有拟细浅室水母和双生水母等;栖息在受外海水影响的20 M以深的高盐群集,代表种有四叶小舌水母、半口壮丽水母和两手筐水母等。海流与水团的消长是影响水母类群集结构和水平分布格局的重要影响因素。The assemblage structure and abundance distribution of jellyfish were studied based on the samples of Beibu Gulf during 4 seasons in 2006—2007.The environmental factors that probably affected the number of species,abundance and assemblage structure were analyzed.The study showed that a total of 125 jellyfish species were identified,which belongs to4 assembleges,they were Hydromedusae,Siphonophora,Scyphomedusae and Ctenophore.Hydromedusae was the dominant assemblege,accounted for 79.2% of the total species.The species number of jellyfish varied seasonally,there was 83 in summer,which was the highest among 4 seasons,followed by winter,autumn and spring,the species number were 56,49 and 49.The 20 meters deep of water could be considered as the boundary according to the horizontal distribution of jellyfish species,the species number of the above was more than the under.There were three ecological groups of the jellyfish,the neritic warm-water group such as Lensia subtiloides,Diphyes chamissonis and Pleurobrachia globosa was the dominant group,accounted for 61.6% of total species, followed by the high-temperature oceanic group, occupied 37.6%, Liriope tetraphylla,Aglaura hemistoma and Solmundella bitentaculata were belonged to this group,and there was only one neritic low-temperature specie identified,that was Ocyropsis crystallina.The abundance of jellyfish varied seasonally,was highestin summer,followed by spring,winter and autumn.The abundance in the northwest of the studied area was higher,and the northern of Weizhou Island was lower,basiclly less than 10.0 ind / m3.There were 17 seasonal species which appeared the whole year,7 of them were dominant species,Lensia subtiloides,Diphyes chamissonis,Pleurobrachia globosa and Liriope tetraphylla were the most important.Lensia subtiloides got the largest abundance in summer,made contributions to 40.4%of the sum.Diphyes chamissonis' abundance was large in spring and winter,occounted for 36.3% and 32.6% of the sum in each season.The abundance of Liriope tetraphylla in autumn occupied 36.7% of the sum,was far more than the other three seasons.Pleurobrachia globosa' abundance in 4 seasons changed not much compared to the 3 mentioned species,was largest in summer,occupied 12.2% of the sum.The assemblage of jellyfish in northern Beibu Gulf was analyzed based on the effect of 10 factors,they were deeper( D,m),surface temperature( Ts,℃),middle temperature( Tm,℃),bottom temperature( Tb,℃),surface salinity( Ss),middle salinity( Sm),bottom salinity( Sb),surface chlorophll a( Chas,mg / m3),middle chlorophll a( Cham,mg/m3) and bottom chlorophll a( Chab,mg/m3).Though the results showed details difference in 4 seasons,it could be divided into two groups,the low-salinity group( lower than 20 m) and highsalinity group( deeper than 20 m) formed northern Beibu Gulf jellyfish assemblage structure.The low-salinity group was mainly affected by the coastal current from Guangxi to Vietnam,this group had two types depended on temperature,they were the neritic low-temperature type and the neritic warm-water type.The high-salinity group was mainly affected by the seawater.The environmental factors varied during four seasons.Currents and water masses were the main factors on jellyfish assemblage and abundance distribution.我国近海海洋综合调查与评价专项(908-01-ST09); 海洋公益项目“东南沿海半封闭海湾生态系统对人类活动干扰的响应评价、生态重构技术及示范”(201005012); 国家自然科学基金(41006078

Studies on the Formation Mechanism of Expanded Graphite by Electrolytic Oxidation Method

采用现代测试方法对电解氧化法制备的膨胀石墨各阶段产物进行了表征 ,对其形成机理作了一些探讨。结果证实 ,在氧化过程中 ,层间表面的石墨被氧化后 ,与嵌入层间的H2 SO4、H2 O等生成层间化合物 ,该化合物瞬间受高热而分解 ,产生的推力使石墨沿C轴方向膨胀 ,而层平面碳 -碳结构未被破坏。The expanded graphite was prepared by electrolytic oxidation.The nature graphite(NG)、oxided graphite (OG) and expanded graphite means of (EG) is characterized by scanning electron microscopy SEM.X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and transmision electron microscope (TEM).The results show that the surface graphite in interlayer is oxided first,and then sulphate_graphite intercalation compounds is formed with H 2SO 4 and H 2O intercalated in the interlayer.It expands along c_axie when heated at 1000℃ in a twinkling.The C-C structure on the layer does not destroy.福建省自然科学基金!资助项目 (E970 1 1

Ecosystem structure and function in northern Beibu Gulf: zooplankton spatial niche and its differentiation

根据2006—2007年北部湾北部海域4个航次调查资料,采用k-优势度曲线法对浮游动物种(类)群进行排序分析,运用lEVInS公式和PIAnkA指数分析了主要优势种(类)群的生态位宽度值和生态位重叠程度,并通过除趋势典范对应分析(dCCA)研究生态位分化状况。结果表明,该海区浮游动物优势种(类)群按生态位宽度值可划分为广生态位、中生态位和窄生态位三大类型。其中,广生态位的种(类)群如肥胖软箭虫、亚强次真哲水蚤、长尾类幼体等具有较强的生态适应性,生活范围较广;窄生态位的种(类)群,对环境的适应性较差,对海流和水团等环境因素的变化具有指示意义。生态位宽度能够反映种(类)群丰度季节变化,但不能反映具体丰度大小。北部湾北部全年主要优势种(类)群的生态位宽度值介于0.08—0.77之间,并且各优势种(类)群的生态位宽度差异较大,种对间生态位重叠值介于0.02—0.89之间,平均生态位重叠指数为0.45,种(类)群之间利用资源环境的互补性较强,这与海域内生境多样化并且各优势种对环境适应能力的差异存在一定联系。dCCA分析表明,影响浮游动物分布的主要因子是水深、温度和盐度,其次是叶绿素A和溶解氧。The concept of ecological niche had remained as one of the core ideas in ecological research for almost a century,which was closely linked with interspecific competition,resource utilization had played an important role in the study of community composition and function,of the relationships among species,biodiversity,community succession and population evolution.Based on four seasonal investigations( Spring 2007,Summer 2006,Autumn 2007 and Winter 2006) in northern Beibu Gulf from 2006 to 2007,the niche breadth,niche overlap,spatial differentiation and environment effects on the abundance and spatial distribution of zooplankton were studied with qualitative and quantitative methods.The cumulative top 80% of zooplankton dominant populations were selected by the K-dominant curve method,then the niche breadths and their overlaps of zooplankton were measured using the formulas proposed by Levins Niche Breadth index and the Pianka Niche Overlap index,and the spatial niche differentiation was studied by using Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis( DCCA) method.The results showed that the zooplankton dominant species in northern Beibu Gulf were classified in to three groups,i e.,wide niche breadth groups( Bi= 0.60—0.77),middle niche breadth groups( Bi= 0.30—0.60),narrow niche breadth groups( Bi= 0.08—0.30) based on the niche breadth value.The niche breadths of zooplankton such as Sagitta enflata,Subeucalanus subcrassus and Macrura larvae were wider,which was related with their own characteristics and the capability of adapting environment,while the species whose niche breadths were narrower such as Doliolum denticulatum and Dolioletta gegenbauri will be considered as an indicative significance for ocean currents and water masses.Niche breadth could reflect the zooplankton abundance with the seasonal dynamic changes,and also could objectively reflect the species in the habitat in which the distributions of degree but it could not reflect the Accurate zooplankton abundance.The niche breadth values of dominance zooplankton species ranged between 0.08 and 0.77 in the whole year and The niche breadth difference among the dominant populations was great; The niche overlap values of dominance zooplankton species ranged between 0.02 and 0.89 in the whole year and the average niche overlap index was 0.45,there was strong complementarity in terms of the utility of resource among zooplankton populations,which had certain relationship with northern Beibu Gulf habitat diversification and the strong complementarity in terms of the utility of resource among zooplankton populations.The Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis result showed that depth,temperature and salinity had more important influence on the species spatial distribution than Chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen.海湾公益项目(201005012); 我国近海海洋综合调查与评价专项(908-01-ST09

长江口邻近海域夏季大中型浮游动物物种多样性、年际变化及其影响因素

利用2014—2016年毎年7月在长江口邻近海域进行的大面调查所采集的浮游动物样品,对该海域夏季大中型浮游动物的种类组成及种数平面分布进行了分析,同时结合环境参数,研究了种类组成、种数平面及年际变化的影响因素.研究结果表明:长江口邻近海域3年共鉴定大中型浮游动物165种,隶属7个门的17个类群;桡足类和水螅水母类是每年夏季优势类群;调查区大中型浮游动物种类分布大致呈现近岸低、远岸高、南部高于北部的特征;大中型浮游动物种类数没有明显的年际变化,但是种类组成有明显的年际更替.Pearson相关性分析结果显示:盐度、温度和溶解氧是影响大中型浮游动物种类数平面分布的主要环境因素;复杂的水文环境及台风过境的剧烈影响可能是造成该区域大中型浮游动物种类组成年际变化的主要原因.国家自然科学基金(41676133,J1310037);;福建省自然科学基金(2016J01196);;国家海洋局近岸海域生态环境重点实验室项目;;厦门大学校长基金(20720170077);厦门大学大学生创新创业训练计划项目(201610384120,103842017046

DNA barcoding of hydromedusae in northern Beibu Gulf for species identification

水螅水母类是浮游动物群落的重要组成部分,在近岸海洋生态系统物质循环和能量流动中扮演着重要角色。水螅水母类形态结构简单,但其物种的准确鉴定一直是分类工作中的难点。dnA条形码极大地促进了水螅水母物种的快速、准确鉴定。本研究扩增了北部湾北部28种水螅水母的线粒体COI和16S序列,分别为92条和116条;比较了2个基因片段的种内、种间k2P(kIMurA 2-PArAMETEr)遗传距离;构建了基于这2个基因片段的系统发育邻接树(nEIgHbOr-JOInIng PHylOgEnETIC TrEE);并结合矢量分析构建了klEE-dIAgrAM图。结果显示:COI序列的种内遗传距离为0.008±0.005(0–0.033),种间遗传距离为0.298±0.128(0.092–0.597);16S序列的种内遗传距离为0.006±0.010(0–0.047),种间遗传距离为0.394±0.195(0.068–0.898)。2个基因序列在所调查种类中,种内遗传差异均小于种间遗传差异,存在明显的条形码间隔(bArCOdIng gAP)。基于2个基因片段的nJ树均显示,单种所有个体都位于同一独立分枝。研究结果表明,以COI和16S作为dnA条形码均能对北部湾北部常见水螅水母类进行物种鉴定。Being a major component of coastal zooplankton assemblages, hydromedusae play a key role in material recycling and energy flow of marine ecosystems.Species identification is challenging for this group due to their phonetic simplicity.DNA barcoding provides an efficient method for species identification.In the present study, 92 COI and 116 16 S sequences from 28 hydromedusae species were amplified.A neighborjoining phylogenetic tree was constructed based on Kimura 2-parameter genetic distance and further studied using Klee-diagram vector analysis.Intra-specific K2 P genetic distance averaged 0.008±0.005(0–0.033) for COI, and 0.006±0.010(0–0.047) for 16S; inter-specific K2 P genetic distance averaged 0.298±0.128(0.092– 0.597), and 0.394±0.195(0.068–0.898) for COI and 16 S, respectively.An obvious "barcoding gap" was detected for all species in both markers and all individuals of a species clustered together in both the COI and 16 S trees.Further confirmatory evidence was also provided through indicator vector analysis.Hence, both COI and 16 S appear to be accurate and efficient markers for hydromedusae identification in northern Beibu Gulf.国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(41006078); 海洋公益性行业专项(201005012-3;201005015-5); 厦门大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2010121037); 厦门大学海洋科学基地科研训练及科研能力提高项目(J1210050

An ecological study on zooplankton in the northern Beibu Gulf V: the effects of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton in summer

2011年8月份于北部湾北部海域5个观测站位获得的分层水样,分析了表层叶绿素A含量和表层微型浮游动物丰度以及类群组成;同时于现场采用稀释培养法研究了该海域浮游植物生长率(μ)和微型浮游动物的摄食率(g)。分析和测定结果表明:调查海区的微型浮游动物丰度400—1167个/l,类群组成以无壳纤毛虫为主;浮游植物的生长率为-1.50—1.13 d-1,微型浮游动物摄食率为0.33—1.08 d-1;推算微型浮游动物对浮游植物现存量以及初级生产力的摄食压力分别为28.1%—66.0%和-7.4%—438.4%。相对于中国其他海区,8月份北部湾北部海域微型浮游动物摄食速率处于中等水平。调查期间,广西沿海高生产力海区,浮游植物生长率大于微型浮游动物动物的摄食率,浮游植物生物量处于积累期;涠洲岛以南海域,浮游植物生产力较低,微型浮游动物摄食作用是控制浮游植物生长的重要因素。In August 2011,we quantified the impact of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton production in the surface waters of the northern Beibu Gulf,Vietnam.Shipboard dilution incubation experiments were carried out at five stations to calculate phytoplankton specific growth rates and the specific rates of grazing losses to microzooplankton.Dilution experiments using chlorophyll a( Chl a) as a tracer were used to estimate daily rates in two size fractions; image-analyzed microscopy provided quantitative estimates of microzooplankton standing stock( including ciliate and vertebrate larvae).PFW( particle-free water) was used to dilute seawater to five target dilutions of 0%,20%,40%,60%,and 80%.Microzooplankton grazing and phytoplankton growth rates were estimated by the linear regression of AGR( apparent growth rate) versus dilution factor.We estimated the grazing impact of microzooplankton on phytoplankton by calculating the percentage of phytoplankton standing stock and potential primary production ingested.Average total chlorophyll a concentration was( 0.67 ± 0.58) μg / L.Small-celled phytoplankton dominated this particular community.A notable characteristic of the phytoplankton community structure was that nano- and picoplankton made up a significant portion.Aloricate ciliates dominated the microzooplankton samples,in particular Strombidium,which accounted for 27.2% of total aloricate ciliate abundance.In addition,loricate ciliates and copepod nauplii were recorded.Microzooplankton densityvaried from 400 to 1167 ind / L.The horizontal distribution of microzooplankton was greater in nearshore than in offshore waters.Abundance did not differ significantly with chlorophyll a concentration in this study; however,there was a positive correlation between microzooplankton abundance and temperature.The phytoplankton growth rate( < 200 μm) ranged between-1.50 and 1.13 d-1,with the highest values being associated with nearshore waters.Meanwhile phytoplankton mortality due to microzooplankton grazing( 0.33—1.08 d-1) was highest at the same nearshore sites; however,growth rates were low at these sites.Consequently,microzooplankton consumed 28.1%—66.0% of chlorophyll a standing stocks and-8.1%—438.4% of the primary production per day.However,the grazing rate of microzooplankton on nanoplankton( 2— 20 μm) varied from 1.87 to 0.52 d-1,with an average of( 0.94±0.57) d-1.Given that the rates of grazing on phytoplankton of <200 μm were lower than those on nanoplankton,we conclude that microzooplankton prefer to graze on nanoplankton.There was a positive correlation between phytoplankton growth rate and grazing rate; in addition,significant differences between grazing rate and chlorophyll a were found.This suggests that microzooplankton grazing activity is the main factor regulating the community structure and restraining the growth of phytoplankton.During the investigation period, microzooplankton grazing effectively controlled the growth of phytoplankton,consuming 176.2% of primary production on average.When grazing rates are far greater than phytoplankton growth rates,energy is transferred from lower to higher trophic levels more effectively.In the surface waters of the northern Beibu Gulf,microzooplankton largely control the growth of phytoplankton by grazing offshore rather than in nearshore waters where primary production is high.The growth and grazing rates combined promote planktonic ecosystem stability in this area.These results indicate that grazing by microzooplankton is a key process controlling the growth of phytoplankton in this area.海湾公益项目(201005012

The relationship between nutrients and phytoplankton community structure in northern Beibu Gulf

根据2011年4月和8月北部湾北部(北部湾20°n以北的海域)的调查数据,北部湾北部春夏两季共鉴定出浮游植物312种,隶属于4门78属,硅藻是主要优势类群。春季优势种为细弱海链藻(THAlASSIOSIrA SubTIlIS)、丹麦细柱藻(lEPTOCylIndruS dAnICuS)、奇异棍形藻(bACIllArIA PArAdOXA)和尖刺拟菱形藻(PSEudOnITzSCHIA PungEnS);夏季优势种仅为海链藻(THAlASSIOSIrA SP.)。浮游植物群落在春季可划分为2个子群落(SPr1和SPr2),在夏季可划分为3个子群落(SuM1、SuM2和SuM3)。该海域n/P比值一直处于高的水平,绝大部分的水域表现为磷限制,这可能是硅藻大量生长所造成的。春季SPr2群落优势种的柔弱角毛藻(CHAETOCErOS dEbIlIS)与除铵盐之外的营养盐具显著相关关系,奇异棍形藻与环境因子无相关关系。夏季SuM3群落优势种的奇异棍形藻与磷酸盐具显著相关关系。分析表明,琼州海峡过道水为北部湾北部输送了磷酸盐,而硅酸盐则主要由陆地径流输入。Phytoplankton community and nutrient concentration in the northern Beibu Gulf in April and August 2011 were investigated.In this research, 312 phytoplankton taxa were identified, which belonged to four phyla and 78 genera, with Bacillariophyta being the main group.The dominant species were Thalassiosira subtilis, Leptocylindrus danicus, Bacillaria paradoxa, and Pseudonitzschia pungens in spring, and Thalassiosira sp.in summer.Phytoplankton community in northern Beibu Gulf could be divided into two natural groups in spring(spr1 & spr2) and three in summer(sum1, sum2 & sum3).N/P ratio was in a relatively high level in the study area, and most of the waters were phosphorus limitated which resulted from diatom blossom.Chaetoceros debilis was the dominant species of group spr1 and had significant correlation with nutrient in spring, except for ammonium.Bacillaria paradoxa was the dominant species of group sum3 and had significant correlation with phosphate in summer, but, it was uncorrelated with any environmental factors as the dominant species of group spr2 in spring.Phosphate was transported to northern Beibu Gulf through the Qiongzhou Strait corridor water, and silicate was input by land runoff.海洋公益性行业科研专项项目(201005012

Ge/GeO/多层石墨纳米复合物锂离子电池负极材料性能研究

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