Epitaxial growth of high quality Si-based Ge materials and interface properties of Ge MOS structures

Si基Ge材料具有较高的载流子迁移率，并且与传统硅工艺相兼容，是未来制备先进CMOS器件和Si基光电子器件的理想材料之一。然而，由于Si与Ge之间晶格失配度大，在Si衬底上外延生长高质量的Ge材料仍然是一个重大的挑战。在GeMOS器件的制备过程中，栅介质/Ge界面处极易形成锗氧化物(GeOx)，引入较高的界面态，使器件性能退化。因此，研究高质量Si基Ge材料外延生长和控制栅介质/Ge界面态技术对制备高性能Si基GeMOS器件具有重要的意义。 本论文首先采用UHV/CVD系统，在Si衬底上外延生长出高质量的Ge材料，研究了降低Ge外延层位错密度的方法及机理；在此基础上，利用热氧化Si盖帽层制备...Due to the high carrier mobilities and the compatibility with silicon microelectronics technology, Si-based Ge is considered to be one of the promising materials for advanced CMOS devices and Si-based optoelectronic devices in the future. However, epitaxial growth of high-quality Ge films on Si substrates is still a challenge because of the large lattice mismatch between them. During the fabricati...学位：理学硕士院系专业：物理与机电工程学院物理学系_凝聚态物理学号：1982008115300

Ge thin films on Si substrate and thermal annealing effect on their properties

采用超高真空化学气相沉积(uHV-CVd)系统,用低温gE缓冲层技术在SI衬底上外延了张应变gE薄膜。扫描电镜(TEM)图表明SI基外延gE薄膜拥有低的位错密度,原子力显微镜(AfM)测试gE层表面粗糙度仅为1.2 nM。对SI基外延gE薄膜进行了不同温度下的退火,并用双晶X射线衍射(dCXrd)曲线和rAMAn谱进行表征。结果表明,SI基外延gE薄膜受到的张应变随退火温度呈线性增加,当退火温度达到850℃时SI和gE发生严重的互扩散,这种互扩散改变了室温Pl谱,影响外延gE薄膜特性。The thermal stability of strained Ge films on Si substrate is critical for applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices.In this paper,the Ge thin films under tensile strain were grown on Si substrate with low temperature Ge buffer layer by ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition.The TEM image indicates that there are low threading dislocations in the top high temperature Ge layers.The root-mean-square surface roughness of the Ge epilayer is about 1.2 nm which was evaluated by atomic force microscopy.The thermal annealing effect on the Ge thin film properties was investigated by double crystal X-ray diffraction(DCXRD) and Raman measurement.The tensile strain in the Ge films increases linearly with the annealing temperature increasing from 650 ℃to 850 ℃.When the annealing temperature increases up to 850 ℃,serious Si-Ge intermixing is inferred from the X-ray diffraction rocking curves and Raman spectra,which modulates the room temperature photoluminescence spectrum significantly and affects the properties of Ge films.国家“973”计划资助项目(2007CB613404);教育部新世纪优秀人才计划资助项目(NCET-07-0724

Ecosystem structure and function in northern Beibu Gulf: zooplankton spatial niche and its differentiation

根据2006—2007年北部湾北部海域4个航次调查资料,采用k-优势度曲线法对浮游动物种(类)群进行排序分析,运用lEVInS公式和PIAnkA指数分析了主要优势种(类)群的生态位宽度值和生态位重叠程度,并通过除趋势典范对应分析(dCCA)研究生态位分化状况。结果表明,该海区浮游动物优势种(类)群按生态位宽度值可划分为广生态位、中生态位和窄生态位三大类型。其中,广生态位的种(类)群如肥胖软箭虫、亚强次真哲水蚤、长尾类幼体等具有较强的生态适应性,生活范围较广;窄生态位的种(类)群,对环境的适应性较差,对海流和水团等环境因素的变化具有指示意义。生态位宽度能够反映种(类)群丰度季节变化,但不能反映具体丰度大小。北部湾北部全年主要优势种(类)群的生态位宽度值介于0.08—0.77之间,并且各优势种(类)群的生态位宽度差异较大,种对间生态位重叠值介于0.02—0.89之间,平均生态位重叠指数为0.45,种(类)群之间利用资源环境的互补性较强,这与海域内生境多样化并且各优势种对环境适应能力的差异存在一定联系。dCCA分析表明,影响浮游动物分布的主要因子是水深、温度和盐度,其次是叶绿素A和溶解氧。The concept of ecological niche had remained as one of the core ideas in ecological research for almost a century,which was closely linked with interspecific competition,resource utilization had played an important role in the study of community composition and function,of the relationships among species,biodiversity,community succession and population evolution.Based on four seasonal investigations( Spring 2007,Summer 2006,Autumn 2007 and Winter 2006) in northern Beibu Gulf from 2006 to 2007,the niche breadth,niche overlap,spatial differentiation and environment effects on the abundance and spatial distribution of zooplankton were studied with qualitative and quantitative methods.The cumulative top 80% of zooplankton dominant populations were selected by the K-dominant curve method,then the niche breadths and their overlaps of zooplankton were measured using the formulas proposed by Levins Niche Breadth index and the Pianka Niche Overlap index,and the spatial niche differentiation was studied by using Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis( DCCA) method.The results showed that the zooplankton dominant species in northern Beibu Gulf were classified in to three groups,i e.,wide niche breadth groups( Bi= 0.60—0.77),middle niche breadth groups( Bi= 0.30—0.60),narrow niche breadth groups( Bi= 0.08—0.30) based on the niche breadth value.The niche breadths of zooplankton such as Sagitta enflata,Subeucalanus subcrassus and Macrura larvae were wider,which was related with their own characteristics and the capability of adapting environment,while the species whose niche breadths were narrower such as Doliolum denticulatum and Dolioletta gegenbauri will be considered as an indicative significance for ocean currents and water masses.Niche breadth could reflect the zooplankton abundance with the seasonal dynamic changes,and also could objectively reflect the species in the habitat in which the distributions of degree but it could not reflect the Accurate zooplankton abundance.The niche breadth values of dominance zooplankton species ranged between 0.08 and 0.77 in the whole year and The niche breadth difference among the dominant populations was great; The niche overlap values of dominance zooplankton species ranged between 0.02 and 0.89 in the whole year and the average niche overlap index was 0.45,there was strong complementarity in terms of the utility of resource among zooplankton populations,which had certain relationship with northern Beibu Gulf habitat diversification and the strong complementarity in terms of the utility of resource among zooplankton populations.The Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis result showed that depth,temperature and salinity had more important influence on the species spatial distribution than Chlorophyll a and dissolved oxygen.海湾公益项目(201005012); 我国近海海洋综合调查与评价专项(908-01-ST09

Research Progress on Luminous Properties of Si-based Ge Epitaxial Films

理论和实验研究表明,在一定的应变和掺杂浓度下,SI基外延gE薄膜能实现1.55μM光通信波段的直接带隙发光。讨论了SI基外延gE材料的生长技术及其能带结构,结合本小组近年来在该领域所取得的成果,介绍了国内外各研究机构对gE薄膜发光材料和器件的研究进展,展望了未来的发展趋势。It has been theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that,with proper band structure engineering using in-plain tensile stress and n-type doping,germanium can be used as efficient light emission materials and optical gain can be achieved at near 1550nm.In this paper,epitaxial growth of Ge on Si substrate and modulation of its band structure are summarized.The research progress on light emission of Si-based Ge epilayer is reviewed and the developing trends are discussed.国家“973”计划项目(2007CB613404);国家自然科学基金资助项目(561036003;60837001

An ecological study on zooplankton in the northern Beibu Gulf V: the effects of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton in summer

2011年8月份于北部湾北部海域5个观测站位获得的分层水样,分析了表层叶绿素A含量和表层微型浮游动物丰度以及类群组成;同时于现场采用稀释培养法研究了该海域浮游植物生长率(μ)和微型浮游动物的摄食率(g)。分析和测定结果表明:调查海区的微型浮游动物丰度400—1167个/l,类群组成以无壳纤毛虫为主;浮游植物的生长率为-1.50—1.13 d-1,微型浮游动物摄食率为0.33—1.08 d-1;推算微型浮游动物对浮游植物现存量以及初级生产力的摄食压力分别为28.1%—66.0%和-7.4%—438.4%。相对于中国其他海区,8月份北部湾北部海域微型浮游动物摄食速率处于中等水平。调查期间,广西沿海高生产力海区,浮游植物生长率大于微型浮游动物动物的摄食率,浮游植物生物量处于积累期;涠洲岛以南海域,浮游植物生产力较低,微型浮游动物摄食作用是控制浮游植物生长的重要因素。In August 2011,we quantified the impact of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton production in the surface waters of the northern Beibu Gulf,Vietnam.Shipboard dilution incubation experiments were carried out at five stations to calculate phytoplankton specific growth rates and the specific rates of grazing losses to microzooplankton.Dilution experiments using chlorophyll a( Chl a) as a tracer were used to estimate daily rates in two size fractions; image-analyzed microscopy provided quantitative estimates of microzooplankton standing stock( including ciliate and vertebrate larvae).PFW( particle-free water) was used to dilute seawater to five target dilutions of 0%,20%,40%,60%,and 80%.Microzooplankton grazing and phytoplankton growth rates were estimated by the linear regression of AGR( apparent growth rate) versus dilution factor.We estimated the grazing impact of microzooplankton on phytoplankton by calculating the percentage of phytoplankton standing stock and potential primary production ingested.Average total chlorophyll a concentration was( 0.67 ± 0.58) μg / L.Small-celled phytoplankton dominated this particular community.A notable characteristic of the phytoplankton community structure was that nano- and picoplankton made up a significant portion.Aloricate ciliates dominated the microzooplankton samples,in particular Strombidium,which accounted for 27.2% of total aloricate ciliate abundance.In addition,loricate ciliates and copepod nauplii were recorded.Microzooplankton densityvaried from 400 to 1167 ind / L.The horizontal distribution of microzooplankton was greater in nearshore than in offshore waters.Abundance did not differ significantly with chlorophyll a concentration in this study; however,there was a positive correlation between microzooplankton abundance and temperature.The phytoplankton growth rate( < 200 μm) ranged between-1.50 and 1.13 d-1,with the highest values being associated with nearshore waters.Meanwhile phytoplankton mortality due to microzooplankton grazing( 0.33—1.08 d-1) was highest at the same nearshore sites; however,growth rates were low at these sites.Consequently,microzooplankton consumed 28.1%—66.0% of chlorophyll a standing stocks and-8.1%—438.4% of the primary production per day.However,the grazing rate of microzooplankton on nanoplankton( 2— 20 μm) varied from 1.87 to 0.52 d-1,with an average of( 0.94±0.57) d-1.Given that the rates of grazing on phytoplankton of <200 μm were lower than those on nanoplankton,we conclude that microzooplankton prefer to graze on nanoplankton.There was a positive correlation between phytoplankton growth rate and grazing rate; in addition,significant differences between grazing rate and chlorophyll a were found.This suggests that microzooplankton grazing activity is the main factor regulating the community structure and restraining the growth of phytoplankton.During the investigation period, microzooplankton grazing effectively controlled the growth of phytoplankton,consuming 176.2% of primary production on average.When grazing rates are far greater than phytoplankton growth rates,energy is transferred from lower to higher trophic levels more effectively.In the surface waters of the northern Beibu Gulf,microzooplankton largely control the growth of phytoplankton by grazing offshore rather than in nearshore waters where primary production is high.The growth and grazing rates combined promote planktonic ecosystem stability in this area.These results indicate that grazing by microzooplankton is a key process controlling the growth of phytoplankton in this area.海湾公益项目(201005012

The relationship between nutrients and phytoplankton community structure in northern Beibu Gulf

根据2011年4月和8月北部湾北部(北部湾20°n以北的海域)的调查数据,北部湾北部春夏两季共鉴定出浮游植物312种,隶属于4门78属,硅藻是主要优势类群。春季优势种为细弱海链藻(THAlASSIOSIrA SubTIlIS)、丹麦细柱藻(lEPTOCylIndruS dAnICuS)、奇异棍形藻(bACIllArIA PArAdOXA)和尖刺拟菱形藻(PSEudOnITzSCHIA PungEnS);夏季优势种仅为海链藻(THAlASSIOSIrA SP.)。浮游植物群落在春季可划分为2个子群落(SPr1和SPr2),在夏季可划分为3个子群落(SuM1、SuM2和SuM3)。该海域n/P比值一直处于高的水平,绝大部分的水域表现为磷限制,这可能是硅藻大量生长所造成的。春季SPr2群落优势种的柔弱角毛藻(CHAETOCErOS dEbIlIS)与除铵盐之外的营养盐具显著相关关系,奇异棍形藻与环境因子无相关关系。夏季SuM3群落优势种的奇异棍形藻与磷酸盐具显著相关关系。分析表明,琼州海峡过道水为北部湾北部输送了磷酸盐,而硅酸盐则主要由陆地径流输入。Phytoplankton community and nutrient concentration in the northern Beibu Gulf in April and August 2011 were investigated.In this research, 312 phytoplankton taxa were identified, which belonged to four phyla and 78 genera, with Bacillariophyta being the main group.The dominant species were Thalassiosira subtilis, Leptocylindrus danicus, Bacillaria paradoxa, and Pseudonitzschia pungens in spring, and Thalassiosira sp.in summer.Phytoplankton community in northern Beibu Gulf could be divided into two natural groups in spring(spr1 & spr2) and three in summer(sum1, sum2 & sum3).N/P ratio was in a relatively high level in the study area, and most of the waters were phosphorus limitated which resulted from diatom blossom.Chaetoceros debilis was the dominant species of group spr1 and had significant correlation with nutrient in spring, except for ammonium.Bacillaria paradoxa was the dominant species of group sum3 and had significant correlation with phosphate in summer, but, it was uncorrelated with any environmental factors as the dominant species of group spr2 in spring.Phosphate was transported to northern Beibu Gulf through the Qiongzhou Strait corridor water, and silicate was input by land runoff.海洋公益性行业科研专项项目(201005012

中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

Ecosystem structure and function in northern Beibu GulfⅠ.The temporal and spatial variation of species composition on zooplankton

根据北部湾“908专项“于2006—2007年4个季节的调查数据,分析了北部湾北部浮游动物的种类组成及影响种数时空变化的环境因素。研究结果表明,北部湾北部浮游动物共计鉴定370种,隶属于8个门,19个类群。水螅水母类和桡足类是优势类群。种数变化呈如下从大至小的顺序为夏季、秋季、春季、冬季的单峰型季节性特征。种数平面分布与水深变化有关,种类数随水深的增加而增多。广温广盐类群和近岸低盐类群在该海域占据主导地位,与少数的河口类群及大洋类群形成北部湾北部特有的浮游动物群落组成结构。该海域在春季出现的暖温带种类由粤西沿岸经琼州海峡过道水带入本调查区。影响种数的环境因素呈季节性变化。地形特征、海流与水团的消长及浮游植物的生长与繁殖是影响浮游动物群落组成和水平分布推移的重要因素。The species composition of zooplankton in northern Beibu Gulf was studied based on the samples of Beibu Gulf collected during 2006—2007.The environmental factors which affected the number of species were also analyzed.The study showed that a total of 370 zooplankton taxa were identified,which belonging to 8 phyla,19 Taxa.Hydromedusae and Copepoda were dominant taxa.The species number of zooplankton,varied seasonally,was highest in summer,followed by autumn,spring and winter.The distribution characteristics indicated that there was a gradual increase in the species number from shallow water to deep water.The wide-temperature-salinity group and the neritic low-salinity group which were dominant in this area formed a uniquely northern Beibu Gulf zooplankton community composition structure with few estuarine group and oceanic group.The temperate group appeared in spring might be brought in Beibu Gulf from neritic Guangdong by Qiongzhou Strait.The environmental factors which affected the number of species were varied during four seasons.Topographic feature,currents and water masses,phytoplankton were the main factors on zooplankton composition.我国近海海洋综合调查与评价专项(908-01-ST09); 海湾公益项目“东南沿海半封闭海湾生态系统对人类活动干扰的响应评价、生态重构技术及示范”(201005012

Ecosystem structure and function in northern Beibu Gulf Ⅱ.Quantitative distribution and dominant species of zooplankton

为了解北部湾北部海区浮游动物数量分布规律及优势种组成,2006—2007年对北部湾进行4个航次的综合性调查。根据浮游动物样品分析结果,研究了北部湾北部浮游动物的丰度、生物量和优势种组成,并利用SPEArMAn等级相关法分析丰度与环境因子间的关系。研究结果表明,北部湾北部浮游动物丰度年均值(183.5±142.9)Ind/M3,丰度的季节分布由高到低依次为秋季、夏季、冬季、春季;生物量年均值(139.5±116.8)Mg/M3,由高到低依次为春季、秋季、冬季、夏季特征。平面分布上,春、秋两季丰度分布呈远岸高近岸低的趋势,而夏、冬两季则在近岸海域形成高丰度区。生物量的平面分布趋势与丰度的分布趋势基本一致。丰度变化与环境因子的相关性显著,水深、温度及叶绿素A浓度是影响丰度分布的主要因素。肥胖软箭虫flACCISAgITTA EnflATA、亚强次真哲水蚤SubEuCAlAnuS SubCrASSuS和间型莹虾luCIfEr InTErMEdIuS在北部湾北部的优势地位显著,优势种演替具有明显的季节性。The distribution of zooplankton abundance and biomass in northern Beibu Gulf were studied based on the samples collected by vertically towing a net(80cm diameter,505μm mesh)including biological,chemical and hydrographic investigation from July 2006to December 2007.This study was important to know the variation of zooplankton abundance,biomass and dominant species.Environmental factors which affected the zooplankton abundance were tested using spearman rank correlation by BIOEVN of PRIMER 5.0.The study showed that both abundance and biomass of zooplankton in northern Beibu Gulf varied clearly with season.The average of abundance was(183.5±142.9)ind/m3,while the average biomass was(139.5±116.8)ind/m3.There was a gradual increase in the abundance from inshore to offshore in spring and autumn,while the abundance was high inshore in summer and winter.The abundance was the highest in autumn,followed by summer,winter and spring.Biomass horizontal distribution was similar with abundance,but varied differently during four seasons,in the order of spring,autumn, winter and summer.The correlation between abundance and environmental factors was significant.Depth,temperature and chlorophyll a were the main factors.Flaccisagitta enflata,Subeucalanus subcrassus and Lucifer intermedius dominated in northern Beibu Gulf especially.The dominant species changed dramatically during four seasons.我国近海海洋综合调查与评价专项(908-01-ST09); 海洋公益项目“东南沿海半封闭海湾生态系统对人类活动干扰的响应评价、生态重构技术及示范”(201005012

海棠和核桃叶片叶绿素含量的时间变化

采用Minolta公司生产的SPAD-502型叶绿素计,研究我国北方2种主要果树海棠和核桃不同枝条叶片叶绿素含量的时间变化。结果表明:海棠和核桃所有叶片的SPAD平均值分别为46.3、37.3。海棠叶片早春SPAD值较高,随后缓慢增加;核桃叶片早春SPAD值较低,随后快速增加。海棠树冠西部叶片SPAD值较高,东部较低;核桃树冠东部叶片SPAD值最高。海棠树冠上、中层叶片SPAD值显著高于下层,果枝顶、中端叶片SPAD值显著高于果枝基部叶片;核桃树冠不同层次叶片SPAD值无显著异,果枝不同部位叶片SPAD值亦无显著差异。海棠和核桃非果枝叶片SPAD值略大于果枝,但无显著差异。为加强叶片叶绿素含量累积,促进光合作用,对于海棠和核桃应分别在早春及中期加强肥水管理