Application of Agricultural and Industrial Wastes to Develop Disease-suppressive Media for Cultivation of Vegetable Seedlings

中文摘要在金針菇太空包廢棄堆肥(Spent forest mushroom compost, SFMC), 香菇太空包廢棄堆肥(Spent golden mushroom compost)與荷蘭泥 炭苔(Bas Van Burren No.4, BVB No.4)中,分別添加不同濃度的紙漿污 泥(Papermill sludge)作為培育西瓜,番茄,甘藍與甜椒種苗的介質,結果 發現在金針菇太空包廢棄堆肥中,添加10%或25%(v/v)以上的紙漿污泥時, 分別不利於甜椒及甘藍幼苗的發育;至於添加50%(v/v)以上的紙漿污泥時, 則會顯著抑制西瓜與番茄搖幼苗的生長. 在香菇太空包廢棄堆肥中,添 加5%(v/v)紙漿污泥時,可顯著提高西瓜與甜椒種苗的鮮重;而添加50%(v/ v)以上的紙漿污泥時,西瓜,番茄,甘藍與田椒均明顯受阻. 此外,在荷蘭泥 炭苔中,隨著紙漿污泥添加濃度的增加,西瓜,番茄,甘藍與甜椒種苗的鮮 重,卻均呈現遞減的趨勢. 將75%(v/v)金針菇太空包廢棄堆肥(SGMC),香菇 太空包廢棄堆肥(SFMC)與荷蘭泥炭苔(BVB No.4),分別加入25%(v/v)紙漿 污泥(PMS)後,均勻調製成SGMC75,SFMC75與BVB No.4等三種蔬菜種苗栽培 介質,隨後分別將西瓜蔓割病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum),十 字花科蔬菜根瘤病菌(Plasmodiophora brassicae),甘藍黃葉病菌( Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans),立枯絲核菌(Rhizoctonia solani AG-4),南方根瘤線蟲(Meloidogyne incognita)及根腐病菌( Pythium myriotylum)接種於SGMC,SGMC75,SFMC,SFMC75,BVB,BVB75與PMS 等七種介質中,經播種西瓜,番茄,甘藍與甜椒種子 30天後,發現除BVB與 BVB75兩介質均具有顯抑制西瓜蔓割病,甘藍根瘤病與西瓜,番茄,甘藍及甜 椒根瘤線蟲病等效果,惟僅有SFMC介質具有抑制甘藍黃葉病發生的功效. 此外,SFMC及SFMC75介質尚具有抑制番茄根腐病的效果. 然而,上述七種介 質卻無法有效降低甘藍.甜椒與西瓜立枯病的發生.香菇太空包廢棄堆肥( SFMC)據有顯著抑制Pythium myriotylum為害番茄幼苗的功效. SFMC的浸 出液,經過攝氏40至100度的溫度處理10分鐘後,均仍具有抑制P. Myriotylum形成藏卵器及藏精器的效果,惟將SFMC浸出液稀釋5倍以上,就 不再具有抑制P. myriotylum形成藏卵器與藏精器的功效.SFMC 的組成分 中,雜木鋸屑(SA),米糠(RC),黃豆粉(SM)及碳酸鈣(CC)的浸出液均可抑制 P. myriotylum形成藏卵器與藏精器.然而僅米糠及黃豆粉兩者的浸出液可 顯著抑制游走子的發芽管長度.SFMC,RC及SM的浸出液可顯著抑制游走子的 發芽管長度. SFMC,RC及SM的浸出液以1N NaOH或HCl調整酸鹼值為4.0-8.0 時,均具有抑制P.Myriotylum形成藏卵器與藏精器及抑制游走子的發芽管 長度,尤其在酸鹼蔬?C於4.5時,它們的抑制效果最好. 利用高效能液相層 析儀檢測SFMC,RC,SM的浸出液時,發現三者在分析運轉至38.48分時均具有 抑制P. myriotylum的游走子的發芽及發芽管長度.由光學顯微鏡觀察發現 在SFMC栽種的番茄根系比種在BVB No.4者更具有抗拒P. Myriotylum侵入 根內部組織的效果.其中在SFMC栽種的番茄根表皮細胞內充塞有棕褐色的 物質,惟在BVB No.4栽種者,卻無此現象.觀鍵詞:香菇太空包廢棄堆肥,金 針菇太空包廢棄堆肥,紙漿污泥,荷蘭泥炭苔,番茄根腐病菌,高效能液相層 析儀.Several agricultural and industrial wastes such as spent forest mushroomcompost (SFMC), spent golden mushroom compost (SGMC),and papermill sludge(PMS) were used to formulate culture media for growth of watermelon, tomato,pepper and cabbage seedlings. SFMC or SGMC mixed with 5-25% (v/v) PMS wasoptimal for culturing the vegetable seedlings. However, SFMC or SGMC mixed with50-75%(v/v)PMS was unfavorable to grow the vegetable seedlings and significantly reduced their fresh weight.SFMC, SGMC and BVB No.4 were respectively mixed withd 25% PMS to formulate culture media of SFMC75, SGMC75 and BVB75 for growth of the vegetable seedlinge. Then Fusarium oxysporium oxysporum f. sp. niveum, Plasmodiophora brassicae, F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans, Rhizoctonia solani AG-4, Meloidogyne incognita and Pythium myriotylum were respectively inoculated into the culture media of SFMC, SFMC75, SGMC, SGMC75, BVB No.4, BVB75 and PMS. Except for BVB No.4 andBVB 75, media of SGMC, SGMC75, SFMC, SFMC75 and PMS were effective to inhibitthe occurrence of watermelon fusarial wilt, cabbage clubroot, root-knot nematode diseases of watermelon, tomato and pepper, and Pythium root rot of tomato and watermelon.However, those media were not able to suppress Rhizoctonia damping-off of tomato, watermelon and pepper. SFMC was effective to protect tomato seedlinga from infection of P. myriotylum. The filtrates extracted from SFMC Could inhibit markedly formation of oogonia and antheridia of P. myriotylum and reduce germ tube length of the pathogen. SFMC was consisted of sawdust(SA), rice chaff(RC), Soybean meal(SM) and calcium carbonate(CC). The filtrates extracted from RC and SM were as sameeffective as same effective as from SFMC to reduce germination and germ tubelength of encysted zoospores of the pathogen, but was not the filtrate from SA. Filtrates of SFMC, RC and SM had the same extractive substances were alsoeffective to reduce germ tube length of encysted zoospores of the pathogen.key words: agriculture wasts, papermill sludge, culture media

Establish the Cultivation Practices for Safe Quality of Vegetable Production.

一.建構蔬菜安全生產體系 整合長豇豆、萵苣、芹菜、洋香瓜和青蔥栽培各技術領域，根據土壤根系環境特性，配合作物生長，建立合理化施肥模式、健康種苗的培育和在不同發育期所發生之病蟲害，依照防治曆進行田間防治示範測試，並以目前新登記於植物保護手冊之殺菌殺蟲劑之稀釋倍數與用量進行田間防治評估；並配合非農藥防治法，建構上述作物安全生產體系流程，提供與農民作為防治規範。一、建構蔬菜安全生產體系 The main purpose of the study is to establish a series of suitable cultivation practices for asparagus bean , lettuce, celery, muskmelon and onion production. Integrate the suitable practices which include the techniques of seedling careness, field preparation, planting, fertilization and pest management. Field soil was diagnosed for its pH, internal drainage, compaction, and nutrient content. The kinds of pests and their occurrence on plants in the field will be surveyed. Design a practicable pest-management and fertilization schedule for production of safety asparagus bean,lettuce, celery, muskmelon and onion

Policy on the management of insect-borne plant diseases

由昆蟲媒介的蟲媒作物病害，近年來在臺灣的發生有逐漸加劇之現象，國內此類蟲媒病害之病原菌以病毒與細菌為主，少數為真菌及其他病原菌，又媒介此類病原菌之昆蟲多屬於小型害蟲，包括薊馬、蚜蟲、粉蝨與葉蟬等，其具有世代短、隱匿性高、遷飛能力強及易產生抗藥性等特性。臺灣因地處亞熱帶及熱帶地區，此類媒介昆蟲的族群數量龐大，不僅活動範圍廣且繁殖力強，農民如要同時 防治病害與蟲害，或當媒介昆蟲不是該項作物之主要害物時，蟲害防治容易遭忽略，而未能即時阻斷傳播途徑，均提高蟲媒病害防疫工作之困難度。國內所發生之洋香瓜病毒病、柑桔黃龍病及番茄斑點萎凋病等重大蟲媒病害，均增加農民於農作物生產上之防治成本與風險，甚至造成嚴重疫情，嚴重影響產業及農民收益至鉅。針對此類重大蟲媒病害，防檢局研擬相關疫情管理策略，包括：疫情監測 與組織分工、整合性防治技術開發、組訓農民與示範宣導、種子種苗病害檢查規範訂定、國際疫情資訊蒐集與法規防治等，期能協助農民並強化蟲媒病害防疫體系，除於第一線的檢疫把關外，並與第二線之防疫措施緊密配合，未來更應在現有的基礎與成果上，順應國際趨勢的發展，加強國際疫情資訊蒐集，適時增修訂相關法規，以落實生物安全農業措施，並在健全植物保護體系政策下，強化與各植物保護單位之分工，且縝密規劃作物病害施政重點策略，持續改善各項防疫缺失並提升相關防疫技術，以確保國內生產環境安全及農業之永續發展，維護農產品的衛生安全及消費者的健康。 In recent years,Crop diseases vectored by the insects have gradually become serious in Taiwan. We found that the causing organisms spread via this mechanism were viruses and bacteria mainly, with small proportions of fungi, nematodes and other micro-organisms. Insects which carrying these pathogens are mostly belonged to the group of small insects,such as thrips, aphids,whiteflies and leafhoppers.They shared common characteristics including short generation, strong hiding and flying ability, and easily produced resistant offsprings against pesticides. Taiwan is located between the subtropical and tropical regions, where inhabit a great number of insect vectors characterized being very active and fecund, under such complicated and difficult circumstance, farmers are forced to face both the threat of the diseases and their vectors, when the insect vector is not the major pest of the crop, farmers always ignore the existence of the vectors, hence the insect-borne diseases prevail in certain local areas. For example, currently the local outbreaks of muskmelon virus diseases, citrus huanglongbing, and tomato spotted wilt disease had increased the costs of pest control and the risks on crop production, and even impacted the local agriculture industry. To deal with the issue on the control of major insect-borne diseases, BAPHIQ conduct the management programs including plant pests and diseases monitoring, task assignment, IPM technology development, farmers training and demonstration symposium, seed or seedling disease certification, collection of information on international epidemic situations, and regulations control etc., to assist farmers in crop production, and to strengthen insect-borne disease control system. The efforts of quarantine and plant protection measures should be integrated to tackle the problems. In the future, we should not only base on the existing of foundation and results to shape the plant protection policies that conform to the international trend and standards, but also strengthen the gathering of international epidemic information to timely amend related regulations for implementation of agricultural security. Finally, the sound and complete plant protection system will be established. By thoughtfully planning the priority of policy for management of crop diseases, ongoing improving the problems of epidemic prevention measures and non-stop upgrade of related disease control technology, the goal will be achieved for better ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture and security of domestic agricultural production environment as well as the food safety and the consumer health