[[alternative]]A remote anemometer based on hybrid power systems

碩士[[abstract]]在高海拔地區，許多氣象監測站設置，但是它們仍須倚靠外部供電，這導致監測站建置受限。為了克服供電以及長距離回傳訊問題，我們採用光纖，由於它的電磁免疫力及傳輸損失比銅線要好得多。此外，它的生產原料是矽，蘊藏量極大，容易開採，所以價格很便宜。 設計的目標是在氣象監測站實現遠距離環境監測和綠色能源供應。即使綠色能源供應不足以支持通信，所提的方案基於複合電力系統將仍然可傳遞監測訊息返回中央控制室。因此，我們探討基於複合式電力系統之遠程風速儀，包括風力發電及光功率泵浦系統。一個微型水平軸式風力發電機產生風力電力及風速信息，其輸出電訊號可直接驅動雷射二極體。經由光纖，雷射二極體的輸出光傳播回中央控制室的後處理單元，以便測量被監測的風速。如果風力電力太低以致不能使有效的信息傳回，在中央控制室的光功率泵浦系統可替代地激活和偏壓雷射二極體。 因此，本論文展示了基於複合式電力系統之遠程風速儀，其光功率泵浦系統可以成功地作為輔助電力。[[abstract]]At high altitude, many meteorological stations have set, but they still rely on the external electrical power supply, which causes them a construction limitation. To overcome the problem of the power supply and long-range communication, we employ the optical fiber due to its electromagnetic immunity and transmission loss much better than copper wire. Additionally, its raw material is silicon, a significant amount, easily mined, so the price is very low. The design goal is to achieve remote environmental monitoring and green energy supply at a meteorological station. Even though the green energy supply is insufficient to support communication, the proposed scheme based on hybrid power systems will still communicate the monitored information back to central control office. Thus we discuss the remote anemometer based on hybrid power systems, including the wind power and optical power pumping systems. A miniature horizontal axis wind turbine, whose output electrical signal can directly drive the laser diode, generates the wind power and wind speed information. The output light of the laser diode via the optical fiber propagates back to the post-processing unit of central control office so as to measure the monitored wind speed. If the wind power is too low to enable the valid information back, the optical power pumping system at central control office can alternatively activate and bias the laser diode. Therefore, this paper has demonstrated the remote anemometer based on hybrid power systems, whose optical power pumping system can successfully act as an auxiliary power.[[tableofcontents]]目錄 第一章 緒論 1 1 1前言 1 1 2研究動機 2 1 3 論文架構 2 第二章 光激致發光原理與先前技術 3 2 1半導體雷射介紹 3 2 1 1工作原理 3 2 1 2電激發與光激發 4 2 2光激致發光原理介紹 7 2 3光激致發光系統說明 8 2 3 1 雷射遠程感測器 8 2 3 2 光激致發光系統架構 9 第三章 關鍵元件及原理介紹 11 3 1風力發電機介紹 11 3 1 1前言 11 3 1 2風力發電理論探討 13 3 1 3 風力發電歷史回顧 15 3 1 4風力發電的風扇葉 15 3 1 5三片的風扇葉普及與缺點 17 3 2 風速儀 22 3 3波長選擇耦合器 26 3 4 光纖去極化器 27 3 5 二極體 30 3 5 1 蕭特基二極體 30 3 5 2 鍺二極體 31 3 5 3 二極體比較 32 第四章 實驗設置及量測結果 33 4 1實驗介紹 33 4 1 1 分布式回饋雷射 33 4 2風力發電機 34 4 3 遠程光激致發光 37 4 3 1光激致發光 37 4 3 2 二極體效果 41 4 4 遠距光泵激DFB雷射之實驗結果 43 第五章 結論與未來研究方向 45 5 1 結論 45 5 2 未來研究方向 45 參考文獻 47 圖目錄 圖2 1 簡易的雷射模型與其構成的要件 3 圖2 2半導體雷射居量反轉示意圖 4 圖2 3(a) 發光二極體的基本結構 6圖2 3(b) 發光二極體的發光機制 6 圖2 4 光激致發光原理示意圖 7 圖2 5掃描鈦藍寶石雷射波長測量樣品吸收光譜 8 圖2 6 遠端光激致發光系統架構 10 圖3 1 阻力型_垂直桶型風扇 12 圖3 2 升力型_曲線垂直軸型風扇 12 圖3 3 單葉片的水平軸風力發電機 14 圖3 4 扇葉多寡對轉速的影響 18 圖3 5 本篇採用之四葉片式小型發電機 21 圖3 6 對照組風速儀介紹 25圖3 7 波長選擇耦合器示意圖 26 圖3 8去極化原理示意圖 29 圖3 9 蕭特基二極體符號 30 圖4 1 1550-nm DFB-LD L-I 關係曲線 33圖4 2 風力發電機產生的電壓 34圖4 3 發電機輸出電流與頻率關係圖 35 圖4 4 在每秒4公尺的風速所產生的轉速頻率 36 圖4 5 在每秒6公尺的風速所產生的轉速頻率 36 圖4 6 光激致發光的泵浦電流與輸出能量系統架構 37圖4 7 光激致發光的L-I曲線圖 38圖4 8 DFB感應產生的電壓 39圖4 9 光激致發光時遠程泵浦雷射為10 mA 40 圖4 10 光激致發光時遠程泵浦雷射為80 mA 40 圖4 11 光激致發光時有無二極體的電流比較 41 圖4 12 光激致發光時有無二極體的頻率比較 42 圖4 13 本監測系統之實驗架構圖 43 圖4 14 初步測量之頻率電流與風速關係圖 44 表目錄 表3 1扇葉多寡對轉速的影響 16 表3 2風輪轉速的因素 20 表3 3風速狀況對照表 22表3 4二極體比較 32[[note]]學號: 603440248, 學年度: 10

邂逅．敘說．蛻變--一個另類學校教師的行動研究

　　這是本第一人稱敘事的論文，研究者帶著「青少年哲學教學如何可能？如何進行？如何在行動中形構課程？」的研究意圖投身另類教育現場－北市自主學習實驗計畫－由實習教師、兼任教師、專職教師暨導師，歷時凡五年，往來於教學與研究的雙重場域。教育現場提供「微觀」取向的見解與經驗；而教育理論、哲學等理論框架的研究者背景對教學信念與舉措起著指導作用，同時因「敘說」的學習及實驗計畫提供的滋養，提昇教師專業並轉化研究歷程，自我也有所蛻變。 　　是以進入論文書寫階段便超越原先研究目的，更且涵蓋：課堂如何成為參與者的心智、情意活動的平台？學習者如何超越、跨出課堂？課堂以外的諸般條件此間如何作用？面對師生關係的覺察與種種行動體驗，如何形構由教師發聲的哲學？以上種種且於反思回觀後企圖做「可普遍化」的談論，並公開教師知識，以為意者參照。 　　研究進路為質性研究方法中的生命傳記敘說取向，文本採集使用Fritz Schütze開展的敘述訪談法，訪談就讀實驗計畫期間參與研究者開設之哲學課與寫作課的兩個案例(其中一人現就讀外轉公立高中，另一仍就讀實驗計畫)，並且同時訪談其家長(本研究皆為母親)敘說文本，作為家庭生活與學校生活的參照。資料分析以Rainer Kokemohr的參照推論分析為主軸，輔以 F.Schütze、Moustakas並借用Bruner和Lévi-Strauss的見解。同時研究者的相關研究紀錄與學生作品亦是重要資料。由學生文本、家長文本與教師紀錄、蒐集的現場資料，構成了詮釋現象和形構理論的三角。 　　研究結果發現敘說可作為課堂「橫向聯繫」的滋養與方法，有助於知識、技能的學習、更且聯繫學習社群的各個參與者；而對參與者的想像因敘說生命故事與家族治療的影響，將個體的「我」看作帶著家庭、文化充滿故事的生命體，而這生命有著「父-母-子」的三角結構。本研究發生的場域－青少年哲學人文的課堂－藉「外化」的作用，透過創作達致思辨，在Logos和Mnemosyne(=memory)兩面向上相輔相成，而敘說可作為創作的幫助，並且也是促成外化作用生發的一種方式。研究建議，青少年哲學、寫作等課堂可觀照討論內容與課題(theme)、進行方式和探究團體的形成。 　　在互為閱聽的學校課堂中，生命得而賦權，並增加「邂逅」的機會，從而得獲教育，生命因之蛻變。教師便是形構邂逅場域的人，預設邂逅可能條件的關鍵；他的權威用以增進聯結，並在倫理上應自我取消，而形構邂逅場域的重要能力之一，便是造型力。 　　邂逅場域的形成，正可作為學校存在的特徵、價值和經營方向，而另類教育、另類學校的存在，正是提供不同邂逅的可能條件。正如身為教師的研究者得而開展迥異於體制教育的青少年哲學與寫作課程，適可作為教育典範的競逐參照，另類教育承諾了不同的教育希望，而研究者對自身生命史與論文寫作時的教師角色和研究者角色的選擇與反思，亦可作為進行教師行動研究的參考

Design of One-dimensional and Two-dimensional Wavelet Filter Banks

傳統設計正交鏡像濾波器組(Quadrature Mirror Filter bank,簡稱QMF)時，不論是一維或二維濾波器組，採用的皆是線性相位有限脈衝響應(linear-phase Finite Impulse Response,簡稱LP-FIR)，這種結構雖然可以完全消除相位失真，但卻有兩大缺點：振幅失真的部分無法完全消除、很難設計陡峭的頻帶邊緣。有鑑於此，文獻上出現了使用IIR全通濾波器(Allpass Filter)作為設計QMF的架構，在論文中我們將介紹這種結構的優點。 在這種結構下，濾波器的設計問題變成了高度非線性最佳化問題，在以往提出的設計方法中，最常見的方式是個別對全通濾波器的相位做最佳化近似，然而這種設計方法卻造成了濾波器組之相位響應在轉態區上有極大的誤差，一般使用相位補償器來解決相位響應之誤差，卻增加了整個系統的延遲。 本篇論文最主要是要探討轉態區上相位響應之誤差的形成原因，提出其解決方法，並在實例設計中，將會指出新的設計方式較以往提出的方式之優點。此外，我們會提出以基於一維全通濾波器建構二維QMF之設計方式，研究成果在於能以更少的濾波器係數設計出較已有之結構更佳的設計結果。Traditionally, we use linear-phase FIR filter to design the one-dimensional or two-dimensional Quadrature Mirror filter banks(QMF). Although the phase distortion is completely eliminated; this structure has at least two disadvantages: first, it can’t eliminate the amplitude distortion completely, and second, it is hard to obtain a design with sharp band edges. To solve this problem, several papers propose to use the IIR allpass filters to construct an QMF. In this thesis, we will discuss the advantages of QMF constructed by the IIR allpass filters. Filter design problems become a highly non-linear optimization problem in such a structure with IIR filters. Recently, several methods were proposed to design an QMF, and they consider the phase approximation for each allpass filter. However, this design scheme causes larger phase response error in the transition band. As a result, phase compensation is usually used to reduce the phase error with the price of the system delay increased. In this paper, we mainly : I. investigate the cause of phase error in transition band II. solve it by proposing a new design method III. show the advantage of using the method in simulation examples. Besides, we propose a method to design two-dimensional QMF by using one-dimensional allpass filter. This method provides better results with less filter coefficients

明潭地區昆蟲多樣性分析–以科級分類群為基礎

This study were investigated from May, 2002 to April, 2003 every month and continued from July, 2003 to October, 2004 every 3 months. All the investigated materials collected by pitfall trap, yellow sticky paper and carrion trap at four sites of the Maolan Hill, the Youth Activity Center, the Songbolun Hiking Trails and the Tsi An Pagoda in Sun Moon Lake tourist area, central Taiwan. Four samples were set at each site for 10 days. The total number of insects collected was 189,608 individuals, which belonged to 239 families in 18 orders. The most dominant order was Diptera which accounted for 62.60% of individuals, and the second dominant order was Collembola which accounted for 17.53% of all individuals. At the family level, there were 59 families in Diptera and 53 families in Coleoptera. The total collected number of insects by pitfall traps was 57482 individuals, and belonged to 194 families in 16 orders. Collembola (55.77%) had highest number of individuals and the next dominant order was Coleoptera (29.32%). The total number of insects collected by yellow sticky papers was 102,726 individuals, and belonged to 192 families in 17 orders. Diptera (84.35%) had highest number of individuals and the next dominant order was Homoptera (6.75%). The total number of insects collected by carrion trap was 29,400 individuals, and belonged to 58 families in 8 orders. Diptera (97.73%) had highest number of individuals and the next dominant order was Coleoptera (2.78%). Four community indices, that is, Family richness index, Simpson's index, Shannon-Wiener's index, and Pielou's evenness index, were calculated based on each collecting methods for different sites. In general, all the four indices in pitfall traps increased in summer and autumn, decreased in winter and spring, and were lowest at the Maolan Hill among all sites. In contrast with the result of pitfall traps, those indices increased in winter and spring, decreased in summer and autumn in yellow sticky papers and carrion traps, and indices were lowest at the Youth Activity Center in yellow sticky papers but at the Maolan Hill in carrion traps. Composition similarity based on individuals in each family among sampling plots were analyzed by percentage similarity analysis. Based on pitfall traps, all the four samplers in each site were grouped together except the Songbolun Hiking Trails, and the Youth Activity Center and the Tsi An Pagoda formed a group. Based on yellow sticky papers, all the four samplers in each site were grouped together, and the Songbolun Hiking Trails and the Tsi An Pagoda formed a group. It lacked consistency between each site by carrion trap. The MDS analysis analyzed composition similarity of abundance among sampler plots: there were significant differences between 4 sites by pitfall trap and by yellow sticky paper. There was significant difference between the Youth Activity Center and the Songbolun Hiking Trails but not for the others by carrion trap. Therefore, pitfall trap is suited to long-term monitoring, and Collembola can be designed as bioindicator, meanwhile, soil conditions and vegetation growth should be considered.本研究於明潭周遭選定四個採樣站，包括貓囒山、青年活動中心、松柏崙步道以及慈恩塔，自2002年5月起至2003年4月為止，每月調查一次，而後自2003年7月起至2004年10月為止，每季調查一次，以掉落式陷阱杯、黃色黏蟲紙及腐肉陷阱於各採樣站設置4個重複採樣點，10天後收回實驗室進行鑑定，統計並分析昆蟲科數及數量。共計誘得18目239科189608隻，以雙翅目佔62.60%為最多，彈尾目佔17.53%次之，科數方面則以雙翅目59科為最多，鞘翅目53科次之。不同採樣法所誘得之昆蟲組成互有不同。掉落式陷阱共誘得16目194科57482隻，以彈尾目佔55.77%最多，鞘翅目佔29.32%次之。黃色黏蟲紙共計誘得17目192科102726隻，以雙翅目佔84.35%為最多，同翅目佔6.75%次之。腐肉陷阱共計誘得8目58科29400隻，以雙翅目佔97.73%為最多，鞘翅目佔2.78%次之。四種群聚指數分析 (Family richness index、Simpson’s index、Shannon-Wiener’s index及Pielou’s evenness index) 結果顯示，掉落式陷阱杯呈現夏、秋季指數上升，冬、春季指數下降之趨勢，且以貓囒山為最低。黃色黏蟲紙及腐肉陷阱之群聚指數分析結果皆呈現冬、春季指數上升，夏、秋季指數下降之趨勢，其中黃色黏蟲紙之群聚指數以青年活動中心為最低，腐肉陷阱則以貓囒山為最低。將四個採樣站各科昆蟲數量進行百分比相異度分析，掉落式陷阱杯之結果顯示貓囒山、青年活動中心及慈恩塔之各重複取樣點各自歸為一群，可再將青年活動中心及慈恩塔歸為一群。黃色黏蟲紙之結果顯示四站之各重複取樣點各自歸為一群，可再將松柏崙步道及慈恩塔歸為一群。腐肉陷阱之結果顯示各站各重複採樣點之歸群結果並沒有明顯的一致性。各採樣站進行多元尺度分析，掉落式陷阱杯及黃色黏蟲紙皆顯示四站彼此間有顯著差異，然而腐肉陷阱除了青年活動中心與松柏崙步道之間有顯著差異外，其餘各站彼此之間並無顯著差異。日後長期監測可以掉落式陷阱杯為採樣法，彈尾目定為指標生物，並將土壤因子及植被生長一併考慮在內。目錄 ………………………………………………………………. 1 中文摘要 …………………………………………………………… 2 Abstract …………………………………………………………… 3 前言 ………………………………………………………………. 5 前人研究 …………………………………………………………… 6 一、生物多樣性 ……………………………………………….. 6 二、環境因子對陸域昆蟲的影響 ………………………………. 9 三、採樣法之應用 ……………………………………………... 11 四、指標生物 ………………………………………………… 13 材料與方法 ……………………………………………………….. 15 一、調查時間與樣區選定 …………………………………….. 15 二、採樣方法 ………………………………………………… 16 三、樣本鑑定 ………………………………………………… 17 四、數據分析 ………………………………………………… 17 1. 昆蟲群聚組成與指數分析 ………………………………... 17 2. 各棲地群聚分析 ………………………………………… 18 3. 多元尺度分析(MDS)各棲地內及棲地間之相似程度 ………... 18 結果 ………………………………………………………………. 19 一、昆蟲資源組成 ……………………………………………. 19 二、多樣性指數分析 ………………………………………….. 24 三、棲地歸群分析 ……………………………………………. 30 討論 ………………………………………………………………. 33 一、昆蟲資源組成 ……………………………………………. 33 二、多樣性指數分析 ………………………………………….. 35 三、棲地歸群分析 ……………………………………………. 36 參考文獻 …………………………………………………………. 38 表 ………………………………………………………………… 48 圖 ………………………………………………………………… 71 附表 ………………………………………………………………. 83 附圖 ………………………………………………………………. 8

Studies on Amide Methylenation and Cyclopropanation

利用鈦－鎂金屬提供電子之特性，活化含氯之化合物形成親核或親電子性試劑。四氯化鈦與鎂粉在啟動試劑－四氫呋喃的輔助下，所形成的金屬錯合物，可與二氯甲烷及四氯化碳進行氧化加成反應，生成鈦-亞甲體（carbenoid）和鈦-二氯亞甲體試劑。 研究發現，鈦-亞甲體可與醯氨上羰基進行親核性加成反應，形成碳－碳雙鍵，進一步水解可得酮類化合物。而鈦-二氯亞甲體錯合物可與烯胺（enamine）上碳－碳雙鍵進行親電性環丙烷化反應，形成二氯三元環之結構。 進而發現，二氯三元環化合物在不同條件下進行開環反應，可生成α－氯和β－氯烯酮，此兩種有用的中間物，可應用在合成方面之研究。一、 摘要.......................................3 二、 緒論.......................................4 三、 結果與討論..............................7 四、 結論......................................20 五、 參考文獻................................21 六、 儀器......................................22 七、 藥品......................................23 八、 實驗流程與實驗數據..................2

The Study on emission of copper metal during thermal treatment of copper sludge

95年至96年10月間，國內重金屬含銅污泥產生量約為428376.41噸。 以目前處理銅污泥的主要方法為銅回收再用之方式。但經由回收處理後的銅污泥中會剩餘少部份的銅金屬，故此該剩餘的部份需要作適當的處理。而熱處理就是其中一個方式。因為高溫作用，致使會有些例如氣狀跟粒狀污染物會在此熱處理過程中被釋出。 此研究的目標是評估銅金屬在熱處理銅污泥底渣中所釋放出的逸散物。研究所用的銅污泥是類似於工廠污泥之性質。實驗參數包括溫度、旋窯轉速以及銅的含量。而熱處理的儀器是旋轉窯。熱處理後的銅污泥底渣也將進行TCLP試驗的測試。且熱處理後之銅污泥底渣的TCLP 濃度可用來分辨是否屬於有害物質的指標。 根據實驗結果，在熱處理過程中影響固/氣相之銅逸散時的主要因子為溫度。無論在氣相或固相中，銅逸散物的濃度會隨著溫度的升高而減少並被完全的包封住。而其他變數也可以影響銅逸散物的濃度。當旋窯轉速減緩時，不但能增加銅污泥燒結物的機率並可以縮小銅污泥底渣表面的孔隙，而固/氣相逸散比例則顯示出因高溫下粒子傳曳作用反應較明為顯並且使固相逸散的比例增加。因此，在固相的狀態下可輕易的收集到粒狀物並使銅逸散物的濃度增加。而在不同的銅含量方面,當銅含量增加時在固相的銅逸散物濃度亦會增加，但在氣相時銅濃度則沒有顯著不同。因此，大部分的銅仍然存在於熱處理銅污泥底渣中。另在TCLP溶出濃度部分中，熱處理後之銅污泥底渣的TCLP溶出濃度是隨著溫度的增加及旋窯轉速的減緩而減少。熱處理後之銅污泥底渣的TCLP溶出濃度並沒有超出台灣環保署的規定標準。因此，銅污泥在經過熱處理後可被視為非有害物質。The amount of domestic heavy mental copper sludge was about 428376.41 tonne in October between 2006 to 2007.The copper recovery was a major method to treat the enriched copper sludge, but the residual of treated copper sludge had a litte part of copper. The residual part needed to do proper treatment; the thermal treatment was one of proper methods. Due to high temperature, some parts of pollutant, such as gas and particle, would be emitted during thermal treatment process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the emission of copper metal during thermal treatment of copper sludge. The copper sludge in this study simulated to the manufactory sludge. The experimental parameters included temperature, the speed of rotary kiln and the copper content. The apparatus of thermal treatment was rotary kiln. The toxicity characterization leaching procedure (TCLP) of thermally treated copper sludge slag was also measured. TCLP concentration of thermally treated copper sludge slag was an index to classify it belonged to the hazardous materials or not. According the experimental results, the main factor which influence the emission concentration of copper in solid and gas phase during thermal treatment process was temperature. No matter in gas or solid phase, the emission concentration of copper was decreased and the encapsulation became completely as the temperature increased. The other parameters also could influence the concentration of copper emission. When the operational speed of rotary kiln became slow, the sintering level of copper sludge was increased and could reduce the pore size of surface in the thermally treated copper sludge slag. The ratio of solid /gas phase indicated that the entrainment reaction was significant at high temperature and made the ratio increased. Therefore, the particle in the solid phase was easily caught and the concentration of copper emission in the solid phase increased. In the different copper content section, the emission concentration of copper in the solid phase was increased when the copper content was increased. But the concentration of copper in the solid phase did not have significant difference under different copper content. However, there were a lot of parts copper still existed in the thermally treated copper sludge slag. In TCLP leaching concentration, the TCLP leaching concentration of the thermally treated copper sludge slag was decreased when the temperature increased and the rotary kiln speed decreased. The TCLP leaching concentration of the thermally treated copper sludge slag did not exceed the regulation of Taiwan EPA. Therefore, the copper sludge was regard as non-hazardous materials after thermal treatment.中文摘要……………………………………………………………Ⅰ Abstract……………………………………………………………Ⅱ 目錄…………………………………………………………………Ⅳ 圖目錄………………………………………………………………Ⅷ 表目錄………………………………………………………………Ⅹ 第一章 前言…………………………………………………………1 1-1 研究緣起………………………………………………………1 1-2 研究動機………………………………………………………2 1-3 研究流程………………………………………………………2 第二章 文獻回顧……………………………………………………6 2.1 國內重金屬銅污泥之來源與概況……………………………6 2-1-1 重金屬污泥之來源…………………………………………6 2-1-2 金屬污泥之概況……………………………………………9 2.2 銅之特性與應用及對環境之影響……………………………12 2-2-1 銅之特性與應用……………………………………………12 2-2-2 對環境之影響………………………………………………13 2.3 熱處理介紹及應用……………………………………………15 2-3-1 熱處理原理…………………………………………………15 2-3-2 熱處理優點…………………………………………………15 2-3-3 熱處理型式…………………………………………………16 2-3-4 熱處理之應用………………………………………………16 2.4 熱處理過程中對重金屬之影響………………………………21 2-4-1 熱處理過程中重金屬之特性及形成機制…………………21 2-4-2 污泥之熱處理………………………………………………25 2.5 金屬污泥資源化技術概述……………………………………25 2-5-1 置換電解回收技術…………………………………………26 2-5-2 高溫熔融/鍛燒回收金屬 …………………………………27 2-5-3 溶劑（氨、硫酸）浸漬萃取回收金屬……………………29 2-5-4 微生物回收金屬……………………………………………30 2-5-5 鐵氧磁體技術回收金屬……………………………………31 2-5-6 固化再生材料技術…………………………………………31 2-5-7 污泥礦化技術………………………………………………32 2-5-8 微波處理……………………………………………………33 2-5-9 電化學回收…………………………………………………33 2.6 國內含銅污泥資源化技術……………………………………36 2-6-1 含銅污泥資源化技術-酸溶置換法 ………………………36 2-6-2 含銅污泥資源化技術-酸溶結晶技術 ……………………37 2-6-3 含銅污泥資源化技術-酸提氧化還原法 …………………38 2-6-4 含銅污泥資源化技術-溶煉法 ……………………………38 2.7 文獻總結………………………………………………………39 第三章 實驗設備、材料與方法……………………………………43 3.1 實驗設備………………………………………………………43 3-1-1 實驗室規模旋轉窯焚化爐…………………………………43 3-1-2 實驗室規模煙道重金屬採樣設備…………………………44 3.2 實驗材料與藥品………………………………………………45 3-2-1 供試污泥來源………………………………………………45 3-2-2 供試污泥製備………………………………………………45 3-2-3 供試污泥熱處理……………………………………………46 3-2-4 重金屬之採樣分析…………………………………………47 3-2-5 實驗後鍛燒體之收集………………………………………48 3-2-6 實驗藥品……………………………………………………48 3.3 實驗規劃及操作條件…………………………………………49 3-3-1 實驗流程……………………………………………………50 3.4 分析儀器………………………………………………………51 3.5 泥底渣之特性鑑定……………………………………………51 3-5-1 含銅污泥之表面特性鑑定(SEM) …………………………51 3-5-2 含銅污泥之重金屬總量分析(微波消化)…………………53 3-5-3 感應耦合電漿原子發射光譜法(ICP) ……………………56 3-5-4 事業廢棄物毒性特性溶出程序(TCLP)……………………58 第四章 結果與討論…………………………………………………61 4.1 熱處理溫度/轉速對於含銅污泥之重金屬逸散之影響……61 4-1-1 固相逸散……………………………………………………61 4-1-2 氣相逸散……………………………………………………63 4-1-3 1％含銅污泥中固/氣相逸散總量比例……………………64 4.2 含銅量對於含銅污泥之重金屬逸散之影響…………………66 4-2-1 固相逸散……………………………………………………66 4-2-2 氣相逸散……………………………………………………67 4-2-3 不同含量之銅污泥中固/氣相逸散總量比例 ……………67 4.3 不同操作條件下污泥底渣表面結構分析(SEM) ……………68 4-3-1 未含浸銅之污泥經不同溫度熱處理之表面結構探討……68 4-3-2 含銅污泥未經熱處理之表面結構探討……………………69 4-3-3 不同旋窯轉速處理含銅污泥之表面結構探討……………70 4-3-4 不同溫度處理含銅污泥之表面結構探討…………………71 4-3-5 不同含量之銅污泥之表面結構探討………………………73 4.4 含銅污泥於熱處理後之TCLP探討……………………………74 第五章 結論與建議…………………………………………………76 5.1結論………………………………………………………………76 5.2建議………………………………………………………………78 參考文獻 ……………………………………………………………79 附錄 …………………………………………………………………88 附錄一 各試程中之重金屬固相逸散濃度(µg/Nm3)……………88 附錄二 各試程中之重金屬氣相逸散濃度(µg/Nm3)……………89 附錄三 1%含銅污泥中之固/氣相逸散總量比例分析值(％)…90 附錄四 不同含銅量污泥經600℃/2.0 rpm熱處理過後之重金屬銅逸散量分析(µg/Nm3)…………………91 附錄五 不同含量之銅污泥中固/氣相逸散總量比例分析值(％)………………………………92 附錄六 重金屬溶出標準（TCLP）……………9

Picture of chinese language curriculum inspired by anthroposophy : a narrative inquiry with reflection on practice of I-Lan Ci-Xin Waldorf School

　　臺灣華德福教育乃四一○教育改革浪潮之一環，宜蘭慈心華德福首先發展為K-12之完全學校，具指標意義。本研究為具自傳性、反思取徑之課程行動研究，帶有民族誌色彩。研究目的在以華語文課程為範疇，敘說慈心華德福中小學課程實踐暨轉化歷程，呈現華德福學校語文課程與教學，構思課程系統圖像，探究教師圖像與學校圖像。 　　本研究採參與觀察法、訪談法、文獻分析與自我研究法，由學校工作小組既有資料與研究我的反思書寫，採擷同仁觀點，形成「公開知識」、「我觀點」與「他者觀點」之理解視角。藉由實踐者即研究者的立場，研究者透過「敘說」交織兩條軸線，其一，基於行動研究之經驗基礎，本研究為「教學我」之教學敘說反思與華德福教育之「課程理解」與「課程轉化」；其二，本研究為個案研究，場域為「研究我」服務之慈心華德福學校，聚焦「人智學」（Anthroposophy）啟迪下之華語文課程發展與實踐，及其中浮現之課程系統圖像。 　　研究發現﹕華德福語文課程於小學主要表現為口述故事、肢體與韻律活動、藝術活動等，以之進行教與學；中學著重語文的功能、現實性與規則，亦注重傳記、歷史故事與青少年發展之關係；高中階段與各門知識形成綜合文化學習與自我探究。就主課程而言，人智學啟迪之華語文課程系統圖像：「夢境」（一至五年級：童話、神話）、「真實」（六至八年級：文法：形式之現實；歷史：內容之現實）、「詩與思」（九至十二年級：詩的歷史理解、詩與哲學）。就學習者，透過主體與世界之互動，可開採出「旅程」隱喻：在世界中尋求自我；由自我走向世界。十二年一貫統整課程實為學習者的「永恆樂園」，各個主課程都是一面世界之窗，個體之小宇宙與意識進化史之大宇宙呼應，可理解為「天人合一」，整體課程由小學至高中呈U型對映浮現學習者「聖盃」圖像；研究者推導華德福之語文觀，「人」不同於其他物種，「個人自成一類」，導出人必發展屬己的獨一無二之語言。教師由個人學習旅程之「英雄」，變衍為課堂中捨身之「基督」或「佛陀」；語文教師探索外在與內面世界，為透過創作分享眾生的「吟遊詩人」。慈心學校課程演化之經驗可以「西遊記」為隱喻。慈心學校發展由美感團體朝向求真團體。 研究結果有助於理解人智學如何形塑華德福課程與教學踐行。研究顯示，統整課程之理解為教學統整重要基礎，教育實踐的究竟思考引領教師成長並為課程理解基礎。社群互動與共好的文化氛圍為課程發展基礎。華德福華語文課程在地轉化應持續關注教育本質、自我認同與對華語文之理解的內在辯證。　　Waldorf education in Taiwan is one of the influence and result of the 410 Education Reform (四一０教改). Ci-Xin Waldorf School in Yilan is the first to develop into a K-12 complete school system, which is a significant achievement. This study is an ethnography-like action research combining also autobiographical and reflective approach. The purpose of this study is to narrate the process and practice of curriculum delivery and transformation in Ci-Xin, to demonstrate the reality of language lessons and teaching in Waldorf School, to construct a systematic structure of language curriculum, and finally to study the ideal picture of being a teacher and of a school. 　　The methods that are applied in this study include participative observation, interview, documentation analysis, and reflection on personal experiences. With data from working groups in Ci-Xin School, my own reflective writings, and the opinions contributed by my colleagues, there are three points of views formed, which are "public knowledge", "my viewpoints" and "others' viewpoints". As the researcher is also a practitioner, two themes are formed through "narration". Firstly, based on action research, the study consists of the researcher’s narrative reflection of his own teaching and of the understanding and internalization of Waldorf curriculum. Secondly, as the thesis is essentially a case study of CiXin Waldorf School where the researcher works at, it concentrates on the Chinese language curriculum development and practice under Anthroposophy ideas and the emerging picture of curriculum system. 　　The conclusions are as following. Under Waldorf pedagogical ideas, language teaching and learning in primary school focus on oral stories, movements, rhythmic activities, and artistic exercises. In middle school, the emphasis is on the functionality, actuality, and rules of language. The relationship between biographies, historical stories and adolescence development is another importance. In high school, Chinese language courses together with other subjects and knowledges are integrated and synthesized into wide-ranged cultural learning and self-exploration experience. In terms of main lesson in Chinese language area, "Dream" is the main them for grades 1 to 5 to allow the children to immerse themselves in abundant fairy tales and myths. "Reality" is the focus for grades 6 to 8. Pupils at this stage learn a lot of grammar which represents the forms of the reality, and history which is the content of the reality. For grades 9 to 12, “Poetry and Thought” is the major learning in which the young people have a glance at the history of poems and of poetry and philosophy. As to learners’ experience, through the interaction between the subject and the world, they may grasp the metaphor of "journey", that is, to seek their own egos in the world and to explore the world through stepping out of themselves. The 12-year curriculum is the ''eternal paradise'' for learners. Each main lesson is ''a window to the world''. The inner world (microcosms) of each individuals and the universe of consciousness evolution are interweaving, which can be understood as "the unity of man and nature". The whole curriculum from primary to high school forms a picture of U-shape which reflects the "holy grail" experience of the learners. The concept of language teaching in Waldorf education as deduced from the research is that "Humans" are different from other species; "Each individual is a separate category" and therefore will develop his or her own unique language. A teacher originally is the "hero" in his or her own journey of learning and then transforms him/herself into "Christ" or "Buddha" who gives out him/herself in the class. A language teacher explores the outer and inner worlds and becomes a "bard" through sharing his or her creation on the way. The story of “Monkey King” can be a metaphor to demonstrate the evolution of language curriculum in Ci-Xin Waldorf school. This school is developed from an aesthetic community towards a community of truth seeking. 　　The result of this research helps to clarify how Anthroposophy shapes the curriculum and teaching practice in Waldorf education. It shows that the overall understanding of Waldorf curriculum forms the grounded foundation of teaching integration. And the philosophical thinking towards the nature of education guides the teachers’ self-development and understanding of the curriculum. Healthy community interaction and cultural atmosphere towards ''common good'' are the pillars of curriculum development. To support the contextualization of Chinese language courses in Waldorf education, we shall relentlessly pay attention to the intrinsic dialectic in the thinking about the nature of education, the formation of self-identity, and the understanding of chinese language

韓劇對消費行為的影響

[[abstract]]韓劇在台灣瘋迷時，以冬季戀歌為開始，透過了電視劇的播放和音樂的描繪，塑造出韓國家庭關係密切的正面形象，在加上韓國人愛恨分明的情感，和亞洲人的生活習性接近，讓韓國文化使人容易接受並影響。 而接下來的大長今更是瘋迷全球，它在主角身上保留了缺點，用缺點來加強人物實感，就像鄰家女孩一樣讓人們接受，例如在劇中長今走路幾乎都是蹦蹦跳跳的，在這裡表現了她樂天向上的性格，為她之後堅強的意志力做了註腳，又在另一方面讓他表現出行為天真隨意，為之後常招治禍患留了伏筆。 對於「觀看韓劇」而言，研究韓劇的內容針對13歲到46歲以上、社會地位中找出他們認同和學習的程度上有著某種程度的差異性，本專題以台灣中部的年輕人納入研究範圍為考量，期盼能以不同年齡層之間為考量。 對於「代言商品」而言，想探討那些喜愛韓劇的觀眾是否會因為韓國藝人所代言的商品再以電視新聞、雜誌、DM等不同的傳播手法吸引更多消費者購買的慾望。 對於「哈韓族」而言，想探討說為什麼會被稱為哈韓族，而在瘋迷的背後造成了那些效應，對消費上有哪些影響