Preliminary study on controlled release method for herbicides in rhizosphere to guard against Spartina alterniflora

互花米草（Spartinaalterniflora）是世界多个国家的重要入侵植物。本文在前人防控研究的基础上，提出了根际缓释防除互花米草的新思路，论文围绕这一思路主要开展了以下四方面的工作：寻找缓释材料和根际缓释的方法；了解互花米草影响化学防除效果的生理特点；筛选化学除草剂，并了解其降解特性；筛选植物源化感物质替代除草剂防除互花米草的可行性研究，以降低化学除草剂对环境的影响，为野外实施缓释除草剂提供技术参数。 对不同缓释材料缓释性能的比较研究结果表明：以草甘膦为供试除草剂，采用扩散法研究了蛭石、PE膜和合成壳聚糖膜等3种缓释材料的根际缓释除草剂的性能。结果表明，蛭石对草甘膦控释能力较弱，适合...Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora Loisel. has been considered as a global invasive plant. On the basis of previous studies, a new idea is proposed in this study to guard effectively against the ecological invasion of the smooth cordgrass, which apply herbicides in rhizosphere soil with controlled releasing techniques.The following four areas had been carried out around this idea: Compar...学位：理学硕士院系专业：海洋与环境学院环境科学与工程系_环境科学学号：2262008115152

Controlled release method for herbicides in rhizosphere to prevent aggression of Spartina alterniflora in intertidal zone

为防除滨海滩涂互花米草入侵,探讨根际土壤缓释除草剂的新方法。该研究采用扩散法研究了蛭石、PE膜和合成壳聚糖膜3种缓释材料的根际缓释除草剂的性能,同时,采用根部浸泡试验验证根际施药防除互花米草的效果。结果表明,3种缓释材料的缓释性能差异显著,蛭石对草甘膦控释能力较弱,初始释放农药量最大,释放迅速,适合淤泥质潮滩;PE膜则表现出较强的控释能力,释放量较小,但整个过程释放量较稳定,适合沙质和近根际水体;壳聚糖膜介于两者之间。根部浸泡试验表明,0.25~1.00g/l草甘膦、0.09~0.23g/l百草枯、0.28~2.30g/l草铵膦根部浸泡2~6d即可显现毒杀互花米草效果,通过饱和土壤一维溶质渗滤模型计算,在点源释放模式下,除草际根部释放点间有效除草间距为50~60CM。研究证明了根际缓释除草剂防除互花米草具有可行性。To guard effectively against the ecological aggression of the smooth cord-grass Spartina alterniflora growing in intertidal zone,a new method was considered to apply herbicides in rhizosphere soil with controlled release techniques.Three types of controlled release materials,vermiculite particles,polyethylene(PE) and chitin membrane,were tested on their herbicide-releasing characteristics,meanwhile,three herbicides,including glyphosate,parauat and basta,were evaluated on the effects of killing the smooth cord-grass.The results show that the controlled herbicide-releasing ability of vermiculite particles is weaker than the other two materials,and its initial releasing quantity is bigger,so it can be used for the muddy beach.On the contrary,that of PE was stronger,and therefore it is suitable for a sandy beach.Furthermore,that of chitin membrane is between the vermiculite particles and PE membrane.The three herbicides,glyphosate,paraquat and basta,can kill the grass effectively after 2-6 days of cultivation in 0.25-1.00 0.09-0.23 and 0.28-2.30 g/L solutions,respectively.One dimensional model for solute infiltration in saturated soil was used to modulate the herbicide migration,and the modulation result suggested that the distant between any two herbicide-releasing points should be set at less than 50-60 cm in field weeding practice.The experiment proved it is feasible in practice to guard against the ecological aggression of smooth cord-grass by controlled release of herbicides in rhizosphere.国家海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目(200905009)资

Current status of mangrove germplasm resources and key techniques for mangrove seedling propagation in China

红树植物种质与种苗生产是所有红树林生态恢复工程的基础.本文根据工程实践并结合已有研究资料,采用聚类分析等方法,对中国红树植物资源现状与苗木繁育关键技术进行初步分析.结果表明:中国红树群落可分为低温广布型、广布型、嗜热广布型和热带分布型4种类型;资源分布可划分为琼东沿海、北部湾沿海、珠江口至粤东沿海、闽南和台湾沿海、闽东至浙南沿海5个区域.其中,北部湾沿海红树林种质资源占全国的75.3%.目前中国红树植物苗木种类开发利用率为52.6%,以胎生红树植物为主.红树林苗木生产应注意繁育方法、种实采集与储存、育苗方式、水分和盐度选择、病虫害防治及越冬防寒措施6个技术环节.结合调查和生产实践,归纳分析了中国现有5种红树林苗圃类型(旱地设施苗圃、红树林滩涂苗圃、光滩苗圃、基围塘苗圃和米草滩涂苗圃)的结构和用途特点,为红树林生态恢复工程的系统集成管理提供参考.Mangrove germplasm and nursery operation are the foundations of all mangrove ecological restoration projects.Based on the existing literatures and our own experiences,and by using cluster analysis and other methods,this paper assessed the current status of the mangrove germplasm resources and the key techniques for mangrove seedlings propagation in China.In China,the mangrove communities could be divided into 4 types,including low temperature tolerant widespread type,widespread type,thermophilic widespread type,and tropical type,and the mangrove distribution sites could be divided into 5 regions,i.e.,eastern Hainan coast,Beibuwan Gulf coast,Pearl River estuary and eastern Guangdong coast,southern Fujian and Taiwan coast,and eastern Fujian and southern Zhejiang coast.The mangroves in Beibuwan Gulf coast region took up 75.3% of the total mangrove germplasm resources in the country.At present,the percentage of the mangrove species applied for seedling propagation in China was estimated at 52.6%,most of which were of viviparous species.The six key steps in mangrove nursery operation included the selection of proper seedling propagation methods,the collection and storage of seeds or propagules,the ways of raising seedlings,the management of water and salinity,the control of diseases and pests,and the prevention of cold damage during winter.The structure,functions,and applications of the present five types of mangrove nurseries,including dry land nursery,mangrove tidal nursery,mudflat nursery,Jiwei pond nursery,and Spartina mudflat nursery,were also analyzed,which could provide guidance for the integrated management of mangrove ecological restoration engineering.林业科技支撑计划项目(2009BAD2B0605);国家海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目(200905009)资

Key Ecological Process and Risk-Control Strategies of the Resource Recycle Pattern through Route of Wastewater-Soil-Plant

综合分析了污水—土壤—植物系统资源再生的关键生态过程、工程风险来源,总结了进行系统结构优化、工艺参数核算、强化布水与集排水以及加强监测等风险控制对策。指出该系统实质是基于生态系统物质循环,以水资源和植物资源再生为主要特征的循环经济模式,是污水生态处理与回用技术和植物资源开发利用技术的有机结合体,兼具低成本、高经济效益和生态效益,可因地制宜,形式多样地促进水污染治理、节约水资源,适合中国国情。This paper mainly focused on analyzing the key ecological process and engineering risks of the resource recycle pattern through route of wastewater-soil plant,moreover,some strategies on how to control its engineering risks were also summarized such as how to optimize the structure of the pattern,budget the engineering parameters,strength the wastewater dosing/discharge and strengthen monitoring,etc.In fact,wastewater-soil-plant system was a typical pattern of circular economy which aimed to recycle the sources of water and plant products based on a natural ecological system recycle,so whose engineering techniques combined wastewater ecological treatment and plant resource exploitation ones,it owned both low-cost,high economic and ecological efficiency,various forms of water pollution management,and conservation of water resources for China's national conditions might be promoted with local conditions.厦门市市政府资