Build Chinese Environmental Taxation System with Denmark Experience

近年来，伴随着全球经济的飞速发展，人类各种经济社会活动对环境的影响也日益加剧，无论是哥本哈根会议上超过100位国家、地区和国际组织领导人的共同关注，还是世界各国人民环保意识不断增强，共同关注解决全球变暖、环境恶化等问题，这一切都将环境保护这一国际议题提上日程。我国也做出对环境保护的承诺，到2020年中国单位GDP二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%至45%成为我国的减排目标。在新的形势下，加快经济发展转型，促进人与自然和谐发展成为全人类共同要面对的问题。环境税作为保护环境、增加财政收入的重要工具之一，早在19世纪90年代左右就已经在丹麦得到实施，无论是环保意识还是环保制度上都积累了大量的经验。而...Recently, as the rapid development of global economy, the impact of human’ economic and social activities on the environment are growing. More than 100 leaders of national, regional and international organization took part in Copenhagen meeting to address global warming, or the people all of the world with growing awareness of global environment, all this put the issues of environmental protection...学位：经济学硕士院系专业：经济学院财政系_财政学(含税收学)学号：1552007115009

Response of cave system to climate and eco-environment

从大气降水、土壤水和洞穴滴水的继承关系的角度,在对洞穴化学沉积物形成的必备因素-洞穴滴水的地球化学形成过程作逐步分析的基础上,综合讨论了洞穴体系对外界气候与生态环境的响应关系。提出对洞穴综合体系开展详尽的长期观测与研究,更加深入地揭示现在正在进行的洞穴碳酸盐沉积过程,即观测现在环境下洞穴化学沉积物的沉积过程及其对环境的响应,是洞穴化学沉积物应用于全球变化研究领域需要更加引起重视的方向。Based on the sequence relation of rain water,soil water and drip water,as well as the gradual analysis on the geochemical characters of drip water,this paper discussed the necessary factors in speleothem formation,and the response of cave system to climate and eco-environment.It was suggested that cave system should be investigated in a large temporal scale to uncover the aggradation process of carbonate in caves,and more attention should be paid to the response of this process to climate and eco-environment,which could be applied in the researches of global change.国家自然科学基金项目(90202003);; 中国科学院知识创新工程资助项目(KZCX2-105)

Resonant Cavity-enhanced Si Photodetectors with Distributed Bragg Reflector

采用电子束蒸发和键合技术,制作了具有高反射率的、表面为薄层单晶Si的分布Bragg反射器。用标准光刻工艺在单晶Si薄层上制作出窄带谐振腔增强型(RCE)金属-半导体-金属(MSM)光电探测器,响应峰值波长分别在836、900、965和1 030 nm处,其中在900 nm处峰值半高宽为18 nm。该器件具有波长选择特性,可有效抑制相邻频道间的串扰,而且容易制成集成面阵。Si distributed Bragg reflector with crystal Si thin film on the reflector was fabricated by electron beam evaporation and bonding techniques.Narrow band Si resonant-cavity-enhanced(RCE) metal-semiconductor-metal(MSM) photodetectors were fabricated by standard photolithography with responsivity peaks at 836 nm,900 nm,965 nm and 1 030 nm respectively.The full-width-at-half-maximum was about 18 nm at 900 nm.The wavelength selectivity of the device could eliminate crosstalk between channels,and the integrated array could be easily realized.福建省青年科技人才创新资助项目(2004J021

Growth of High-reflectivity AlN/GaN Distributed Bragg Reflectors in Blue Region

采用金属有机物化学气相沉积方法制备了蓝光波段高反射率Aln/gAn分布布拉格(dbr)反射镜。利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜以及分光光度计等测量手段对样品的物理特性进行了分析表征。结果显示样品的表面有少量圆形台面结构和裂纹出现,但在其他区域,样品具有较为平整的表面。该样品在462.5 nM附近获得最大反射率99.4%,表面均方根粗糙度小至2.5 nM。分析表明,所得dbr达到了制备gAn基垂直腔面发射激光器的要求。One high-reflectivity AlN/GaN distributed Bragg reflector(DBR) in blue region was grown with the method of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD).perties of the sample were analyzed by using,scanning electron microscope(SEM),atomic force microscopy(AFM) and spectrophotometer.Except for the circular mesa structure and a few cracks observed on the surface,the sample showed a rather smooth surface.A peak reflectivity of 99.4% was observed around 462.5 nm and the surface roughness was as small as 2.5nm.The properties of the DBR meet the requirements of GaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers(VCSEL).国家“863”计划资助项目(2006AA03Z409

70年来中国化学海洋学研究的主要进展

我国的海洋化学工作者通过70年来,特别是近30年来的化学海洋学研究,实现了我国与世界先进水平进入同步发展的快车道,其显著的特点是:(1)化学海洋学研究从元素地球化学分布系统转向了以揭示深层次海洋生物地球化学过程为核心的研究;(2)化学海洋学研究实现了多领域、多视点的综合交叉研究;(3)更加关注了人为影响与自然变化共同作用下的海洋生态环境变化研究,对近海和海岸带而言,更加注重从海陆统筹一体化角度探析化学物质的分布迁移特征。本文从生源要素的海洋生物地球化学过程、微/痕量元素与同位素的海洋化学研究、生物过程作用下的化学海洋学过程等角度,重点总结归纳和分析了30年来我国海洋化学研究的重要进展和发展状况,以期对化学海洋学的进一步研究提供借鉴和启迪。中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA23050501)国家基金委–山东省联合基金项目(U1606404

EFFECT OF UNIT CELL VOLUME OF RE(Ni, Co, Mn, Ti)_5 ALLOY (RE=La, Ce, Pr, Nd) ON ITS ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

制备了Ｌａ（Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ，Ｍｎ，Ｔｉ）５，Ｃｅ（Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ，Ｍｎ，Ｔｉ）５，Ｐｒ（Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ，Ｍｎ，Ｔｉ）５和Ｎｄ（Ｎｉ，Ｃｏ，Ｍｎ，Ｔｉ）５四种单一稀土贮氢电极合金，分别测定了它们的单胞体积、氢化物生成焓和几个主要的电化学性能指标（包括活化循环次数、最大放电容量、高倍率放电率和容量衰退速率），以分析不同稀土元素对合金电化学性能的影响.结果表明，在四种合金中，单胞体积对合金的热力学性质和电化学性能起了决定性作用，它与合金的氢化物生成焓呈简单的线性关系，对电化学性能有双重影响，使四个主要指标随单胞体积的变化均出现极大或极小值.单胞体积本身的变化与稀土元素的周期性有关．Four rare earth based AB_5 typed alloys, La(Ni, Co, Mn, Ti)5, Ce(Ni, Co, Mn, Ti)5, Pr(Ni, Co, Mn, Ti)5 and Nd(Ni, Co, Mn, Ti)5, were prepared and then their unit cell volumes (Vcell), standard enthalpies of metal hydride formation at 298 K (△H298 K), and main electrochemical characteristics, such as activation cycle number (na), maximum discharge capacity at 50 mA/g charge/discharge rate (C50,max), high-rate-dischargeability K (includes K1 and K2 ), rate of decay (-dC / dn) were measured and analyzed to reveal the effects of the rare earth elements on the electrochemical properties. The results show that the unit cell volume is the key factor in determination of the alloys' thermodynamics and electrochemical properties. The standard enthalpies of metal hydride formation at 298 K (△H298 K) are proven to vary linearly with the unit cell volume, and the four electrochemical parameters, na, C50,max, -dC/dn and K,are dualistically affected by it. The change of unit cell volume is in accord with the periodic law of the rare earth element.国家自然科学基金!59801008;; 国家863高新技术计划资助!715－004－006

高寒草甸地区牧草生长量模拟模式研究

本文讨论了土壤含水量和蒸散量对牧草生长量的影响过程，提出牧草干物质增长模式，并根据青海海北高寒草甸地区的气象条件，对牧草生长量模式进行数值模拟，同时，与实测值进行比较，模拟结果与实测值趋向一致，可为牧草产草量预报提供一定实用价值和科学依据

Luminescence of Strain Compensated Si/Si_(0.62)Ge_(0.38) Quantum Well Grown on Si_(0.75)Ge_(0.25) Virtual Substrate

由于SI/SIgE异质结构的带阶差主要发生在价带,为实现高效率的发光,本文从理论上设计了在硅基SI1-XgEX虚衬底上外延应变补偿的SI/S1-ygEy(y>X)量子阱的能带结构,将量子阱对电子的限制势垒提高到100MEV以上。在实验上,采用300℃生长的gE量子点插入层,制备出薄的SIgE驰豫缓冲层(虚衬底),表面gE组份达到0.25,表面粗糙度小于2nM,驰豫度接近100%。在我们制备的SIgE缓冲层上外延了应变补偿SIgE/SI多量子阱结构,并初步研究了其发光特性。In this paper,band structures of strain compensated Si/S_(1-y)Ge_y(y>x) quantum well grown on Si_(1-x)Ge_x virtual substrate was design to enlarge the conduction band offset up to 100meV for improving luminescence.The fully strain-relaxed Si_(0.75)Ge_(0.25) virtual substrate was prepared by inserting a low-temperature Ge islands layer in ultra-high vacuum chemical deposition.The root-mean-square surface roughness of the virtual substrate is less than 2nm.The luminescence of the strain compensated Si/SiGe quantum well on the virtual substrate was investigated.国家重点基础研究发展计划资助项目2007CB613400;国家自然科学基金资助项目(60676027;50672079

MOCVD growth of high-reflectivity AlN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors

利用金属有机物化学气相沉积(MOCVD)方法在蓝宝石c面衬底上制备出高反射率AlN/GaN分布布拉格反射镜(DBR)。利用分光光度计测量,在418 nm附近最大反射率达到99%。样品表面显微照片显示,有圆弧形缺陷和少量裂纹出现;在缺陷和裂纹以外的区域,DBR具有较为平坦的表面,其粗糙度在10μm×10μm面积上为3.3 nm左右。样品的截面扫描电镜(SEM)照片显示,DBR具有良好的周期性。对反射率和表面分析的结果表明,该样品达到了制备GaN基垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)的要求。A high reflectivity AlN/GaN distributed Bragg reflector(DBR) is grown on c-plane sapphire substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD).A peak reflectivity of 99% is observed around 418 nm by spectrophotometer.Compass-shape defects and a few cracks are observed on the surface.The surface root mean square(RMS) of roughness in the flat area is around 3.3 nm over a 10 μm×10 μm area.The cross-sectional scanning electron microscope(SEM) image reveals the good periodicity of DBR.Considering the peak reflectivity and surface morphology,the DBR can be used to fabricate GaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting laser(VCSEL).国家高技术研究“863”计划资助项目(2006AA03Z409