The Morphology of the Primary Dental Arch of Chinese Children in Shijiazhuang-City Part-I: Research concerning the size of the primary tooth crown, primary dental arch and the condition of primary occlusion

The purpose of this study was to investigate the size of the primary tooth crowns, primary dental arches, standard values and frequency distribution of primary occlusion in Chinese children. With the cooperation of a kindergarten in Shijiazhuang-city, China, the dental plasters from 55 children (36 boys and 19 girls, age range from 3-6 years old) with normal primary occlusion were collected. Because of different growth rates of the children, these children were divided into two groups, one comprising children less than 5 years old and the other of 5 years old or older. According to the method that the Japanese Society of Pediatric Dentistry reported, the data were statistically analyzed and compared to Japanese children. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Except lower primary lateral incisors, the values of the mesio-distal width of primary crowns of each tooth were significantly larger for boys than for girls in all tooth types. Also the Chinese children were inclined to show smaller mesio-distal tooth crown width than those of the Japanese children in all types of teeth. 2. Compared with the Japanese children, the Chinese children were inclined to show smaller primary dental arch length both in the maxilla and the mandible. But in the senior group, the Chinese girls were inclined to show smaller primary dental arch width than their Japanese female counterparts. On the contrary, the Chinese children tended to show larger dimensioned primary dental arch height than those of the Japanese children. 3. Though spaces between teeth (primate and growth spaces) were found in the Chinese children, the frequency was lower than that of the Japanese children. 4. The frequency of terminal plans in the Chinese children was 41.8% in the vertical type, 6.4% in the distal-step type and 51.8% in the mesial step type. 5. The primary canines occlusal relationship in the Chinese children was 63.1% in type I, 13.6% in type II and 23.7 in type III

To analyse the relationship between depression, glycated hemoglobin，lipid metabolism and coping style in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

  糖尿病已成为发达国家中继心血管病和肿瘤之后的第三大非传染性疾病，随着物质生活水平的提高，人均寿命的延长以及生活节奏的加快，糖尿病发病率还在以惊人的速度增长，给社会和经济带来沉重负担，是严重威胁人类健康的世界性公共卫生问题。我国糖尿病发病率居世界第2位。糖尿病是由多种原因引起的、以慢性血葡萄糖水平升高为特征的代谢性疾病。由于胰岛素分泌或/和作用缺陷（胰岛素抵抗），引起碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪等代谢异常。生物-心理-社会医学模式使临床的医护人员从原来的只关注病人的躯体疾患，也更加关注患者的的心理、社会因素对疾病造成的影响，研究表明：2型糖尿病患者抑郁高发，但引起的原因不是很清楚。因此，本课题针对2型糖尿病患者的抑郁、焦虑情绪与其糖脂代谢和应对方式进行分析，探讨引起2型糖尿病患者抑郁的原因，为临床2型糖尿病管理提供依据。本课题拟要探讨的主要问题如下：　 1.调查2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者抑郁及焦虑状况。 2.探讨T2DM患者抑郁情绪与糖化血红蛋白、血脂的关系。 3.探讨T2DM患者抑郁情绪与其应对方式的关系。 本课题选择临床已确诊2型糖尿病患者76例、非糖尿病疾病组37例和健康对照组38例，分别使用Zung氏抑郁自评量表评定，用焦虑自评量表进行验证考察。三组分别测定糖化血红蛋白（HbA1-c）、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)。同时进行医学应对问卷(MCMQ)评定。通过对数据的卡方检验、方差分析和相关分析得出如下结果： 1. T2DM组与非糖尿病疾病组抑郁、焦虑患病率较高，是健康对照组的4-5倍。2. T2DM组与非糖尿病疾病组的HbA1-c显著高于健康对照组，T2DM组的HbA1-c显著高于非糖尿病疾病组。3. T2DM组与非糖尿病疾病组的TG显著高于健康对照组；T2DM组的TC显著低于对照组；T2DM组的HDL-c显著低于非糖尿病疾病组和对照组，非糖尿病疾病组的HDL-c也显著低于对照组；非糖尿病疾病组的LDL-c显著高于健康对照组。4.三组整体的抑郁情绪与年龄、焦虑、TG、屈服呈正相关，与HDL-c呈负相关，健康对照组的抑郁情绪与年龄、焦虑、HbA1-c、TG呈正相关，与面对呈负相关；T2DM组的抑郁情绪与年龄、焦虑、屈服呈正相关，非糖尿病疾病组的抑郁情绪与焦虑、屈服呈正相关。中介和调节效应分析，高密度胆固醇负向预测个体的抑郁水平，但不同的疾病分组中介了这一结果，但控制年龄后，这一关系不显著。糖尿病组高回避应对的人焦虑程度明显高于低回避应对的人，采用高屈服应对方式会更显著影响其抑郁程度。故得出以下结论： 1.T2DM患者中焦虑、抑郁情绪与健康人群比较发病率较高，抑郁情绪在其它疾病住院病人中也广泛存在。2.在对T2DM患者加强疾病宣教、监控血糖、血脂防止并发症发生的同时，应加强对使用回避、屈服应对方式的糖尿病患者做好焦虑、抑郁情绪的筛查工作，并对患者出现的负性情绪及时开展心理疏导工作，让病人用积极乐观的方式面对疾病，提高患者的生活质量。图3个，表12个，参考文献48篇

Association of depression with glycosylated hemoglobin,lipid metabolism and coping style in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者抑郁情绪与糖化血红蛋白、血脂及其应对方式的关系。方法根据Zung抑郁自评量表(Self-Rating Depression Scale,SDS)测定结果将73例2型糖尿病患者分为抑郁情绪组(n=31)和无抑郁情绪组(n=42),采用Zung焦虑自评量表(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)进行验证考察。采用医学应对方式问卷(Medical Coping ModesQuestionnaire,MCMQ)评定两组患者对疾病的应对方式,并比较两组患者糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平的差异。结果 2型糖尿病有抑郁情绪组SAS标准分、MCMQ中屈服(resignation)方式分值高于无抑郁情绪组(P<0.01),而两组间HbA1c、血脂水平及面对(confronce)、回避(avoidance)方式分值的差异均无统计学意义。结论使用屈服应对方式的2型糖尿病患者更易合并抑郁情绪

Association of depression with glycosylated hemoglobin,lipid metabolism and coping style in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者抑郁情绪与糖化血红蛋白、血脂及其应对方式的关系。方法根据Zung抑郁自评量表（Self-Rating Depression Scale,SDS）测定结果将73例2型糖尿病患者分为抑郁情绪组（n=31）和无抑郁情绪组（n=42）,采用Zung焦虑自评量表（Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS）进行验证考察。采用医学应对方式问卷（Medical Coping ModesQuestionnaire,MCMQ）评定两组患者对疾病的应对方式,并比较两组患者糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）水平的差异。结果 2型糖尿病有抑郁情绪组SAS标准分、MCMQ中屈服（resignation）方式分值高于无抑郁情绪组（P〈0.01）,而两组间HbA1c、血脂水平及面对（confronce）、回避（avoidance）方式分值的差异均无统计学意义。结论使用屈服应对方式的2型糖尿病患者更易合并抑郁情绪

雪豹栖息地选择研究初报

2004年9月~2005年7月,对新疆天山东部、北塔山、阿勒泰山和托木尔峰自然保护区的雪豹活动痕迹进行调查,分析其栖息地选择。通过对171个痕迹标记样方和123个对照样方的分析,用卡方适合度检验和二项式检验分析雪豹栖息地选择差异;用主分量分析确定其栖息地选择的主要因素。结果表明:①雪豹对海拔、地形、植被类型、放牧状况及生境平坦度几项生境特征均有选择性,尤其对海拔、地形、植被类型和生境平坦度选择性明显;②众多生境特征中,生境平坦度和植被类型是雪豹栖息地选择的主要影响因子,地形次之;③在生境平坦度中,雪豹避开地表平坦的区域而在较崎岖的区域活动;就植被类型而言,雪豹避开荒漠、草甸、草原和森林,而在灌丛中活动;此外,雪豹还倾向于在谷底而不是山坡活动

Influence of Acidity Properties on the Hβ Catalytic Performance of the Olefin Alkylation Thiophenic Sulfur in Gasoline

Influence of Acidity Properties on the Hβ Catalytic Performance of the Olefin Alkylation Thiophenic Sulfur in Gasoline Zekai Zhang1,2, Xionglei Niu1,2, Xiangxue Zhu1, Shenglin Liu1, Longya Xu1 1. Laboratory of Natural Gas Utilization and Applied Catalysis. Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China 2. The graduate School of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100084, P. R. China E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Introduction To remove the sulfur from gasoline efficiently, many desulfurization technologies were studied in the past decades, and one of them was the olefin alkylation thiophenic sulfur (OATS) [1]. The OATS process first added one or two brunch carbochain to the sulfur compounds (mainly thiophene and its derivates) through alkylation reactions by some catalyst, and then separated the alkalized heavy sulfur compounds from gasoline by distillation. As thiophenes alkylation reaction was easy to achieve, OATS process could be handled under rather mild conditions. Besides, the alkenes oligomerization and the aromatics alkyaltion could not be omitted, as they have the same carbocation mechanism with thiophenes alkylation and are easy to happen during OATS. Considering of that, we have discussed the behavior of thiophenes alkylation, aromatics alkylation,and hexene oligomerization in a model gasoline system that was made up of thiophenes-aromatics-1-hexene -methylcyclohexane, and found that the reaction rates of thiophenes are much higher than the other two [2]. As the alkyaltion was an acid catalyzed reaction, the paper reported the influence of acidity properties on the catalytic performance of H&#61538; zeolites. Experiment The Hβ zeolites were obtained by an ion exchange method. The OATS process was carried out in a stainless steel reactor with ID 9mm × L 300mm. The thiophene: 1-hexene: xylene: methycyclohexane ratio is 1.6: 4.9: 12.8: 500(v/v) in the model system. The products were detected by FID and FPD. Results and discussion Many reactions may happen during OATS process, such as mentioned above, thiophenes alkylation, aromatics alkylation and alkenes oligomerization [2]. In our model system, they are embodied as the change of thiophene conversion, the xylene conversion and the hexene oligomerization. Besides, the C12-T, one of thiophene products, whose relative content change was introduced as another criterion. Table 1 displays the results that were catalyzed by the Hβs with different Si/Al2 mole ratios. It showed that, though thiophene alkylation, xylene alkylation and hexene oligomerization were acid catalyzed reactions, and the total acidity of Hβs was decreased with the increase of Si/Al2, but the catalytic performance of the Hβs on the three reactions was not corresponding to its acidity order. At the reaction time of 1h, when the Si/Al2 ratio of Hβ increased from 40, 60 to 120, the conversions of thiophene were all over 98%, while the C12-T relative contents changed from 51.75%, 95.20% to 81.01%; at the same time, the conversion of xylene got 13.64%, 13.71% and 6.27%; the hexene oligomerization got 9.59%, 3.84% and 10.31%, respectively. Thus, the Hβ60 got the best catalytic performance on the thiophene alkylation. The conversion of xylene got max at Si/Al2 60 too; different from the alkylation of thiophene and xylene, hexene oligomerization got its min value. The lower Si/Al2 ratio was good for xylene alkylation while the higher Si/Al2 was good for thiophene alkylation, and the hexene oligomerization was influenced by the thiophene alkylation and xylene alkylation clearly. If the conversions of thiophene and xylene both were high, hexene oligomerization would be low, and if one of the former two reactions decreased, hexene oligomerization would change to be higher. According the above results, it seems to have an appropriate Si/Al2 ratio of Hβs for the three reactions where their initial conversions got extreme. The Si/Al2 ratio of Hβ also influenced the thiophene conversion via reaction time. The higher thiophene conversion got, the slower it decreased. For example, catalyzed by Hβ60, at 8h the thiophene conversion was still kept above 80%, while it has decreased to be lower than 50% by the other two Hβs. Meanwhile, the Si/Al2 ratio did not influence the xylene conversion and hexene oligomerization via time clearly. Their conversion curves all appeared an inflexion at about 4h. Before 4h the conversions decreased very fast, after that they would decrease slower and keep stable at a rather low level. The appearance of the optimism Si/Al2 for thiophene alkylation shall come from two factors, the carbocation activation capability and hydrogen transformation capability, which are mainly caused by Br&#337;nsted acid sites of catalyst [3]. The strong Br&#337;nsted acid sites of the catalyst are preferable to activate the alkenes into carbocation form, transport it to the accepters, and finish the alkylation reaction mechanism. However, these strong Br&#337;nsted acid sites also can cause the hydrogen transformation reactions, form the coke, make the zeolites pore be blocked and decrease catalytic ability of the zeolites at last. The inflexion of the side reactions may come from that reason too. FT-IR and TPO showed that the Hβ40 had the most Br&#337;nsted acid sites and caused the most coke, while Hβ60 had less Br&#337;nsted acid sites and caused less coke, which seemed to be a support for the deduction. Table 1: The catalytic performance of H&#61538; zeolites Conversion /% Hexene oligo. /% Distribution of alkalized thiophenes /% Hβs Time /h thiophene xylene dodecene C6-T C12-T C18-T Hβ40 1.0 98.32 13.64 9.59 47.32 51.75 0.92 2.0 99.15 8.84 3.86 74.11 25.62 0.27 4.0 83.45 2.49 1.85 94.22 5.67 0.12 8.0 47.18 1.32 0.56 98.51 1.34 0.16 Hβ60 1.0 99.74 13.71 3.84 4.16 95.20 0.64 2.0 99.99 8.29 3.30 13.44 85.72 0.84 4.0 97.11 3.41 2.04 96.03 3.96 0.01 8.0 80. 65 2.11 0.93 97.09 2.90 0.00 Hβ120 1.0 99.36 6.27 10.31 18.83 81.01 0.16 2.0 99.50 2.04 8.00 59.04 40.62 0.34 4.0 87.86 1.99 3.17 93.80 6.15 0.05 8.0 48.12 0.39 1.00 98.36 1.51 0.13 Reaction conditions: T = 90oC, P = 1.5 MPa, WHSV = 9.0 h-1. Cx-T: the alkalized thiophenes, x is the carbon number of the brunch chain on the thiophene. References [1] I.V. Babich, J.A. Moulijn, Fuel, 2004, 82, 607-631. [2] Z. K. Zhang, S. L. Liu, et al, Chin. Petro. Chem. , 2006, 35, 113-117. [3] K. S. Yoo, P. G. Smirniotis. Catal. Lett., 2005,103, 249-25

ZSM-5分子筛上C4烯烃催化裂解制丙烯和乙烯

通过计算丁烯裂解反应的热力学数据可知，为提高丙烯和乙烯的收率，反应宜在高温低压下进行。由丁烯在ZSM-5分子筛上的实际产物分布可以看出，ZSM-5分子筛较强的酸性有利于氢转移反应及芳构化反应的进行，产物中生成较多的芳烃和低碳烷烃，对其进行改性，降低其酸性可以提高目的产物丙烯与乙烯的选择性和收率。选择合适的反应条件可以有效抑制氢转移等副反应的进行，从而提高丙烯和乙烯的选择性。实验结果为丁烯催化裂解制丙烯和乙烯反应催化剂的筛选及反应条件的优化提供了参考依据

ZSM-5分子筛上C4烯烃催化裂解制丙烯和乙烯

通过计算丁烯裂解反应的热力学数据可知，为提高丙烯和乙烯的收率，反应宜在高温低压下进行。由丁烯在ZSM-5分子筛上的实际产物分布可以看出，ZSM-5分子筛较强的酸性有利于氢转移反应及芳构化反应的进行，产物中生成较多的芳烃和低碳烷烃，对其进行改性，降低其酸性可以提高目的产物丙烯与乙烯的选择性和收率。选择合适的反应条件可以有效抑制氢转移等副反应的进行，从而提高丙烯和乙烯的选择性。实验结果为丁烯催化裂解制丙烯和乙烯反应催化剂的筛选及反应条件的优化提供了参考依据