低濕調溫乾燥機應用於茶葉乾燥之研究

本論文以低濕調溫乾燥方法進行茶葉之乾燥研究，首先測定低濕調溫乾燥機之性能，進而進行茶葉之乾燥試驗，並探討茶葉之乾燥特性曲線，尋求以低濕調溫方法乾燥茶葉過程中，預測含水率之最佳方法，以便提供茶農使用低濕調溫乾燥機時之參考。同時分析茶葉含水率量測之最適方法。 本研究使用之低濕調溫乾燥機橫切面間因導風板之角度會影響溫度與風速外，其他切面之乾燥系統尚稱均勻。半球型茶葉含水率之量測，經分析後建議採用AOAC 7003之修正方法及ASAE S487 之修正方法等。 低濕調溫乾燥機空車以65℃以上加熱除濕，相對濕度在很短的時間內可達2∼ 3%。茶葉在除濕加熱過程中，溫度愈高，含水率下降速度會愈快，經過70分鐘後其乾基含水率會達5％以下。 同一品種在除濕狀況下，以75℃乾燥茶葉，其乾基含水率下降速度明顯地較65℃為快；其冷凝水收集量亦比65℃時為多；但其相對濕度變化與65℃時，沒有明顯差別。 同一溫度在除濕狀況下乾燥茶葉，翠玉之冷凝水累積量明顯地比四季春為多；但乾基含水率及相對濕度之變化，兩種品種間無明顯差異。 利用收集凝結水量推估乾燥過程中含水率下降的方法，誤差較大。綜合低濕乾燥特性曲線顯示，可由相對濕度與含水率的變化關係以推估茶葉之濕基含水率。亦即可以安裝溫、濕度感測器來量測低濕調溫乾燥機箱內之相對濕度，以預測茶葉乾燥過程中之含水率變化情形。 茶葉乾燥後之品質顯示，低濕調溫乾燥法比連續式自動乾燥機乾燥法有提升品質，且可縮短乾燥時間之效果。The drying method of low humidity and adjustable temperature was used in this research for tea drying. Firstly, the performance of the new developed low humidity adjustable temperature dryer was investigated. And then, the experiments in tea drying were conducted. The drying characteristics performance of tea products and moisture content prediction methods were found in order to recommend to tea farmers for their references. The moisture content measurement methods were also studied. The guided plate in the drying chamber significantly affected the temperature and air velocity distributions. The modified AOAC 7003 and ASAE S487 methods were the methods recommended for the moisture content measurement of tea products. The relative humidity of the air in the drying chamber would reach to 2∼3% in a short time at the 65℃ drying temperature for the new developed dryer. The higher the drying temperature, the lower the moisture content of tea product. The moisture content (dry based) would reach 5% after the drying period of 70 minutes. In the same species, the decreasing rate of dried base moisture content of 75℃ was faster than that of 65℃, and the weight of condensed water collected of 75℃ was also more than that of 65℃. However, there were no significance differences for relative humidity between 75℃ and 65℃. In the same drying temperature, the condensed water collected of TTES NO.13 tea was significantly higher than that of Suchichuang. But, there were no significant differences for moisture content and relative humidity between Suchichuang and TTES NO.13 tea. The method to predict the tea moisture content by collecting the condensed water got the largest experimental errors. According to the characteristic curves of relative humidity and moisture contents, the moisture contents (wet based) of tea product in the chamber could be predicted during the tea drying process. A temperature / humidity sensor could be installed in the dryer to measure the air humidity and therefore predict the moisture content of tea products. The drying method of lower humidity, compared with the conventional drying one, could raise the tea quality and shorten the drying time.《目 錄》 授 權 書--------------------------------------------------Ⅰ 謝 誌--------------------------------------------------Ⅱ 中文摘要--------------------------------------------------Ⅲ 英文摘要--------------------------------------------------Ⅳ 目 錄--------------------------------------------------Ⅴ 圖 目 錄--------------------------------------------------Ⅶ 表 目 錄--------------------------------------------------Ⅹ 壹、 緒論-------------------------------------------------1 1.1.前言---------------------------------------------------1 1.2.研究目的----------------------------------------------------3 貳、 文獻探討---------------------------------------------------4 2.1.本省茶葉栽培概況--------------------------------------------4 2.2.茶葉之分類-----------------------------------------------------4 2.2.1.依製造發酵程度分類------------------------------------------5 2.2.2.依製造萎凋程度分類------------------------------------------6 2.2.3.依產茶季節分類---------------------------------------------7 2.2.4.依製造程序分類---------------------------------------------8 2.2.5.依焙火程度分類---------------------------------------------8 2.2.6.依茶形分類-------------------------------------------------9 2.3.茶葉之製造----------------------------------------------------9 2.4.茶葉乾燥之相關理論及研究--------------------------------------19 2.4.1.茶葉乾燥目的-----------------------------------------------20 2.4.2.乾燥基本理論-----------------------------------------------20 2.4.3.乾燥機之簡介-----------------------------------------------26 2.4.4.茶葉乾燥之相關研究-----------------------------------------37 2.5.茶葉品質鑑定--------------------------------------------------42 2.5.1.茶葉品質化學分析-------------------------------------------42 2.5.2.茶葉的保健成分與功效---------------------------------------42 2.5.3.茶葉品質感官品評-------------------------------------------47 2.6.茶葉含水率之量測----------------------------------------------50 2.6.1.烤箱乾燥法-------------------------------------------------51 2.6.2.真空烤箱乾燥法---------------------------------------------52 2.6.3.其他含水率測定法相關文獻-----------------------------------53 參、 材料與方法--------------------------------------------------55 3.1.材料與設備----------------------------------------------------55 3.1.1.材料-------------------------------------------------------55 3.1.2.設備-------------------------------------------------------55 3.2.低濕調溫乾燥機空車運轉時之性能測定----------------------------56 3.2.1.實驗設計---------------------------------------------------56 3.2.2.低濕調溫乾燥機空車試驗量測項目-----------------------------58 3.3.茶葉含水率之測定----------------------------------------------60 3.4.低濕調溫乾燥機應用於茶葉之乾燥實驗----------------------------61 3.4.1.實驗設計---------------------------------------------------61 3.4.2.茶葉乾燥特性曲線之量測項目---------------------------------61 3.4.2.1.傳統方式取樣以量測茶葉含水率之變化----------------------61 3.4.2.2.以凝結水量變化量測茶葉乾燥特性曲線----------------------61 3.4.2.3.以相對濕度變化量測茶葉乾燥特性曲線----------------------62 3.5.感官品評------------------------------------------------------62 3.5.1.實驗設計---------------------------------------------------62 3.5.2.品評步驟---------------------------------------------------62 3.5.3.品評結果分析-----------------------------------------------63 肆、 結果與討論------------------------------------------65 4.1.空車試驗------------------------------------------------------65 4.1.1.風速之測試-------------------------------------------------65 4.1.2.溫度之測試-------------------------------------------------70 4.1.3.濕度之測試-------------------------------------------------73 4.2.茶葉含水率測定方法之建立--------------------------------------77 4.3.低濕調溫乾燥機乾燥茶葉之特性曲線------------------------------80 4.3.1.以茶葉含水率變化探討乾燥特性曲線---------------------------81 4.3.2.以凝結水重量變化探討茶葉乾燥特性曲線----------------------89 4.3.3.以相對濕度變化探討茶葉乾燥特性曲線------------------------97 4.3.4.不同方法量測茶葉乾燥特性曲線之比較------------------------104 4.4.感官品評-----------------------------------------------------109 伍、結論--------------------------------------------------113 陸、對今後研究工作之建議---------------------------------115 柒、參考文獻---------------------------------------------11

Parameter Optimization of SVM Based on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm and GPU Acceleration

支持向量机(SuPPOrT VECTOr MACHInE,SVM)的参数选择对其性能有着重要的影响,使用穷举法优化参数需要大量的计算时间.为快速寻找最优参数组合,利用粒子群算法(PArTIClE SWArM OPTIMIzATIOn,PSO)收敛速度快、简单易行等特点,将SVM参数作为粒子的解决方案.并利用图形处理器(grAPHICS PrOCESSIng unIT,gPu)并行化处理能力计算每个参数的分类准确率,从而提升了在一定的搜索空间内寻找最佳参数组合的计算速度.对uCI数据进行实验,对比结果显示,该方法能快速有效地获取优化结果.The parameter selection of the support vector machine(SVM)has significant impact on its performance.Brute-force method for finding the optimal parameters is time consuming.In this paper,we are making use of particle swarm optimization(PSO)′s character of fast convergence speed and could be implemented easily,adding the SVM parameters as the solution of the particles.And exploit the computing capability of the graphics processing unit(GPU)to calculate the classification accuracy of each parameter,thus enhancing the computing speed for finding the best parameter combination in a constraint solutions space.The comparison results on UCI data show that this method can obtain the optimal results quickly and efficiently.国家自然科学基金项目(61001013;61102136); 福建省自然科学基金项目(2011J05158;2010J01351

The Development and Experiments of a Low Humidity Dryer

乾燥之目的在於降低農產品之水分含量以延長其保存期限及改變產品風味.一般農產品常用之乾燥方法為日曬及熱風乾燥法.真空乾燥及冷凍乾燥方法雖可確保農產品之品質, 但設備成本較高昂, 不符合農產品所需.本計畫之目的在於研製一套具備低濕空氣且可調整空氣溫度之乾燥機, 以縮短農產品乾燥時間, 提昇乾燥效率, 降低乾燥成本, 並確保產品品質.本計畫擬於三個年度內完成.第一年度研製「低濕調溫乾燥機」, 以測試其性能及改良機械結構.第二年度繼續機械之改良並以茶葉做乾燥試驗.第三年度進行其他農畜產品之乾燥試驗, 並綜合試驗結果作本機械之商品化設計.本計畫完成後, 預期將可推廣此「低濕調溫乾燥機」於農畜漁產品之乾燥加工上, 以降低乾燥成本, 提高乾燥效率及提昇產品品質, 增加農民收益.同時亦可推廣此乾燥機於產業界之應用.The purposes of drying are reducing products moisture contents, extending its storage periods, and keeping its flavors.The most general drying methods used for agricultural products are sun-drying and hot-air-drying.The vacuum-drying and freezing-drying methods can ensure the agricultural products quality, however, they are not widely used because of their higher costs.The purpose of this project is to develop a new dryer with low air humidity and adjustable air temperature.The drying time will be shorter, drying efficiency will be higher, drying costs will be lower, and products quality will be ensured with using this new dryer.The project is proposed to be finished within three years.The major work in the first year is to develop a new dryer with low air humidity and adjustable air temperature, then test its performance and modify the dryer.In the second year, continuing to improve the dryer and the drying experiments for tea product are conducted.Based on the results of different drying experiments, the dryer will continued be re-modified, and the commercialized design also be considered in the third year.After finishing the project, this new developed dryer could be extended to the drying for many kinds of agricultural products.The benefits of using this new dryer are: decreasing the drying cost, lifting the drying efficiency, promoting the products quality, and increasing the farmer's incomes.The new dryer could also be extended to the industry for widely use

Direct and indirect effects of climate change on agricultural insects: A brief review

過去百年來全球表面均溫大約上升0.6oC,預估至2100年的CO2濃度為540-970ppm,平均溫度將上升1.4-5.8oC.因此,氣候變遷已成為全球關注的重要環境課題.不同地理區域的氣候變化,隨著溫度增加範圍.光照度.紫外線輻射度.降雨與濕度之數量與分布型式.非生物因子干擾程庿的改變,對農業生態系統產生不同程度的影響. The global average surface temperatures have increased by approximately 0.6oC during the past 100 years and will continue to increase by 1.4-5.8 oC BY 2100 with the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration expected to rise to between 540 and 970 ppm over the same period

The management strategy based on the effects of climate change on crop pests

目前大家已能接受全球氣候變遷對生態系統會產生重要影響，這結果多數是藉由經度與緯度變化的角度切入研究。雖然如此，但過去百年以來，台灣仍缺乏農業長期變化與空間分布因子的相關研究。有鑑於此，本研究目標包括蒐集往昔科學研究報告所示之農作物有害生物資料，從中分析農業生態系統之中作物有害生物 (病原、害蟲、雜草)與作物、栽培措施及氣候因子的相互關係，建立一個可以預測氣候暖化對有害生物分布影響的管理策略。 It is now widely accepted that global climate change is affecting many ecosystems around the globe and that its impact is increasing rapidly. Many studies predict that impacts will consist largely of shifts in latitudinal and altitudinal distributions. However, the related studies on long-term changes and spatial distribution characteristics of agro-climatic conditions in the past 100 years in Taiwan are still unknown. Accordingly, the present project has following goals: i) to glean available information from the historically scientific papers associated with mainly crop pests of Taiwan; ii) to analyse the relationships among the pests (e.g. pathogens, insect pests, and weeds), crops, cultivated techniques, and climatic factors in agro-ecosystem, and then, to establish a management strategy to predict the effects of climate warming on species distribution of crop pests

Research and Development of Agricultural Machinery (II)

為因應當前農業環境之重大改變,適應世界貿易自由化、國際化之潮流,並突破當前之農業困境,擬衡酌未來土地利用型農作物之發展趨勢,研究開發本土型之農作物種苗、栽培、管理、病蟲害防治、收穫及收穫後處理等作業所需之機械,以促進農業生產全面機械化,藉以解決農村勞力不足問題,降低生產成本,確保農產品之品質.本年度本計畫將繼續水果內部品質檢測之研究,並對NIR非破壞性檢測之應用,柿子加工去皮去梗修蒂機之研製,加工用印度棗清洗、選別及劃切之一貫化及菱角剝殼機之研究進一步發展以取代人工作業模式,提高品質.研究改良桿式噴藥機、動力雙軌車,草花種苗假植機以提高作業效率.開發鳳梨園用施肥機、曳引機承載夾起式洋蔥收穫機、自走式白蘿蔔收穫機,耕耘刀表面特殊處理技術與曳引機旁載式堆肥攪拌翻堆機等機械與技術,提高生產與管理的效率,降低成本.研製蒸氣處理介質土壤病蟲害防治設備與果實蠅誘蟲器監控系統,減少病蟲害影響並減低農藥之用量.研製連續式紅外線茶葉烘培機,低濕調溫乾燥機與進行自然通風器應用於溫室環控之研究,以建立現有控制技術在農產品處理與環境上之應用系統.預期依計畫進度完成相關農產品檢測、農作物栽培、管理收穫與處理機械,以降低生產成本,提高產品品質,加速國內農業之轉型,促進農業升級.To adopt the change of agriculture environment as well as the world trade structure, it is a must to develop machines for local crops, seedlings, cultures, management, protecting system of disease and insect pest, harvesting, and post-harvesting process. Thus, mechanization in agricultural production would solve the problem of labor shortage as well as lower the cost of production, and resulted in ensuring the quality of agricultural products. There are several sub-projects proposed in this project to replace the manual operation and to improve the quality. They are listed in the followings: evaluation of internal quality of fruits, application of non-destructive NIR method, development of skin peeling machine and stem trimming for the diospyros kaki process, development of the integrated operating machine consists of cleaning, sorting and scar-cutting for Indian jujube, and study on the manufacture of peeling machine for water caltrops. In addition, there are three sub-projects proposed to improve the efficiencies of operations, such as performance improvement of boom sprayer, development of double-rail car for spraying on slope land, and design and development of a transplanter for ornamental flower seedlings. To improve the efficiencies of production and management thus results in cost reduction, five sub-projects are proposed: the study for fertilizer of pineapple yard, studies on the mounted type of onion harvester, the studies on a self-propelled radish harvester, surface hardening treatment for tillage blades, and development study of compost turner side mounted type from tractor. To reduce disease and insect pest as well as lower the usage of pesticide, there are two sub-projects proposed, such as development of the steam treatment machinery for medium and soil and design and development of a monitoring system for the oriental fruit fly trap. In addition, there are two sub-projects proposed to apply the commercially available control techniques on agricultural productprocesses and environmental system. They are the development of infrared tea roasting machine for continuous type and the study and application of the energy-free turbo ventilator used in the green house. Based on the schedule of this project, it would complete the evaluation of some agricultural products, transplanting, machines for managing, harvesting and processing, to lower the cost as well as improve the quality so that helps local agriculture upgrade and transform in a considerable speed