Preliminary studies on the scale insect pest of Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli in mangrove

首次发现陆生考氏白盾蚧严重为害潮间带红树植物秋茄。通过野外定位调查和室内饲养观察,研究其危害特征、种群分布、生殖力和自然死亡率。结果表明,考氏白盾蚧主要分布在秋茄叶片主脉两侧,叶背虫口数显著多于叶面(P<0.01),单叶虫口数多为1-50头,平均25.65头,最高418头;秋茄植株不同垂直空间层次的虫口密度无显著差异,但聚集度随垂直空间下降而增大;种群平均产卵量每雌52.22粒,自然死亡率69.35%,寄生蜂寄生是最主要的死亡因子,寄生率达34.23%;与几种陆生寄主植物相比,红树林考氏白盾蚧的种群密度、生殖力、叶最高虫口数均较高,该虫对潮间带生境及寄主秋茄具有适应性。The scale insect,Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli is an important pest for many kinds of plants for a long time in the land.In 2006,it was found firstly attacking the mangrove plant of Kandelia obovata in the tideland in Xiamen City,and had led to badly damages.Based on the field surveys and lab feeding,this paper dealed with its damage characteristic,population distribution,fecundity and natural mortality etc.The results showed that the scale insect mainly distributed on both sides of the midvien of K.obovata leaves,but the individual on the abaxial surface was significantly more than those on the adaxial surface(P<0.01).The individual number of one leaf mostly fluctuated from 1 to 50,and the average and tiptop numbers were 25.65 and 418,respectively.The pest population density had no remarkable discrepancies among different vertical spatial layer of K.obovata,however,its aggregating degree increased with falling of the layer.The population had an avarage fecundity of 52.22 each female and a high natural mortality of 69.53%.The main natural death factor were two species of parasites(Hymenoptera: Chalcididae),and their total parasitical ratio reached 34.23%.In the mass,the pest population density,fecundity and tiptop individual number of a leaf in the mongrove were all more than those in serval other host plants on land,which implied that this scale insect had a high adaptability to the habitat of tideland and the plant of K.obovata

中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

Disaster-Related Psychiatric Disorders among Survivors after Flooding in Ladakh

2010年8月にインド北部のラダークを襲った集中豪雨は, 各地で洪水や土砂崩れを引き起こし, 甚大な被害をもたらした. 死者は約200人に達し, 約1万人が被災したとされている. 私たちは被災後1か月後に最も被害の大きかったチョグラムサル地域で, 318人(男性128人, 女性190人, 平均年齢58.6 歳)を対象に調査を行った. 参加者全員に対し, 身体診察と同時にthe two-item Patient Health Questionnaire(PHQ-2)を用いたうつ病のスクリーニングを行い, 家屋と家族の被災状況に留意しながら, 不安, 恐怖, 抑うつ, 不眠など具体的な症状の有無を確かめ, 症状が強い住民に対して, 専門医が精神疾患の有無を診断した. DSM-IV診断基準に適合したPTSDは2例, 大うつ病は5例であり, 災害後の地域住民の有病率を検討した他国の先行研究よりも少数で, その理由をチベット文化も背景に入れながら考察した. チベット文化圏では社会・文化規定性や民族的気質がPTSDや大うつ病の発症に抑制的に働いている可能性がある.Heavy rainfall in northern India in August of 2010 caused flash flooding, seriously damaging homes and infrastructure. To examine the impact of this disaster in Ladakh, we visited Choglamsar, near the town of Leh where the flood had the most severe impact. In total, 318 survivors (mean age, 58.6 years; female-male ratio, 59.7%; Tibetan refugees, 86.2%) participated in the survey. We applied the two-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) with questions covering background characteristics and disaster exposure. A psychiatrist interviewed the survivors with a single or double positive score in the PHQ-2 or with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. There were only 2 PTSD cases and 5 with major depressive disorders. PTSD and depression were less common in the Tibetan cultural areas than in other areas. The social background and temperamental characteristics of the Tibetan culture may play a suppressive role in psychiatric disorders

Food Diversity and its Relation to Health of Highlanders : Comparison of Urban and Rural Settings in Qinghai and Ladakh

Objective: Food diversity has been studied as one of the important health-related factors. However, the effect of environmental differences on the relation between food diversity and health status remains unclear. Aim of this study is to reveal the relations between food diversity and health status of elderly highlanders, both in urban and rural settings in Qinghai plateau in China, and Ladakh in India. Methods: The study population consisted of; Qinghai YuShu (urban):191, Qinghai Haiyuan(rural): 64, Ladakh Leh (urban): 127, Ladakh Domkhar (rural): 115 elderly subjects aged 60 years or more who joined the medical survey. Food diversity was determined using an 11-item Food Diversity Score Kyoto (FDSK-11). Health status including Activities of daily living (ADL), screening-based depression and quality of life (QOL) were interviewed. Results: FDSK-11 score were; YuShu:7.9, Haiyuan:7.4, Leh:6.7, Domkhar:6.4. Both in Qinghai and Ladakh, ADL were significantly lower in the elderly with lower food diversity than those with higher diversity, both in urban and rural settings. However, the significant relations between lower QOL and lower food diversity were seen only in urban settings, and not in rural ones both in Qinghai and Ladakh. Lower food diversity was significantly related to depressive mood in urban area, but not in rural ones both in Qinghai and Ladakh. Conclusion: We found the urban-rural differences on food diversity and its relations to health status, and which were the same phenomenon in two different highland settings