Marine Ecosystem Health Assessment and Management:a Case Study on the Mindong Nearshore Monitor Area

海洋管理的发展趋势是以社会－经济－自然复合生态系统作为管理对象，以可持续发展为目的，进行生态系统管理，建立海洋保护地是实施生态系统管理的有效措施。本文以闽东沿岸海洋生态监控区为例，以生态系统健康评价（EHA）为工具，对海洋生态监控区的健康状况及变化趋势进行研究，并提出管理对策建议。论文分理论研究与案例研究两部分。理论研究首先介绍了生态系统健康概念的提出和内涵，概述了生态系统健康评价的研究进展。接着探讨了生态系统健康评价的方法和一般步骤，包括指标体系的建立以及如果运用层次分析法（AHP）整合指标体系，分析各指标间的隶属关系及给各指标赋权重。最后从海洋自身的结构特点出发，构建了海洋生态系统健康评价...This thesis does a study on the assessment of marine ecosystem health, by taking the nearshore of MinDong ecological monitor area as case study, by using the ecosystem health assessment(EHA) as the method，with the notion that the new direction of Ocean Management should be ecosystem management and establishing preservation area is one of the effective measures to introduce ecosystem management。The...学位：理学硕士院系专业：海洋与环境学院海洋学系_海洋生物学学号：20032702

试论区域海洋生态系统管理是海洋综合管理的新发展

区域海洋管理是对一定海洋地理空间范围内具有重要意义的区域系统进行的自觉干预和内外协调的活动。文章讨论海洋区域、区域海洋管理的概念、管理区域划分、区域海洋基本思想和管理方式等,试论区域海洋生态系统管理是海洋综合管理的新发展,认为区域海洋管理必须以生态系统管理为核心,以社会-经济-自然复合生态系统为管理对象,才能使区域海洋社会经济能够在可持续的生态系统支持下发展

反常现象：金融市场中的一价定律

经济学得以与其他社会科学区别开来，是基于这样的观点：假定参与市场的主体具有明确的、稳定的偏好，那么大多数或者所有的行为最终都能被解释清楚。如果某个实证结果很难自圆其说，或者在解释这个范例时必须用到一些似乎不合情理的假设时，那它就被描述为异常现象。译者单位：武汉华中农业大学经济贸易学院（430070

Major causes of death in children less than 5 years of age in Fujian,China,2007-2010

目的分析福建省2007-2010年5岁以下儿童主要死亡原因情况及特征,为制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法 分析死因登记信息网络报告系统上报的福建省2007-2010年5岁以下儿童死因及特征。结果 2007-2010年福建省共报告6 166例5岁以下儿童死亡病例,年平均死亡率为6.28/万,各年龄组即0--岁、1--岁、2--岁、3--岁、4--5岁的死亡率分别为44.89/万、5.48/万、3.28/万、2.38/万、1.76/万。1岁以下占78.74%,1岁以下死亡儿童出生28d内死亡的占64.33%;病例的死亡时间均匀的分布在12个月份,没有明显的高峰时间;死亡地点主要在住院死亡(63.87%),最高诊断依据主要是单纯临床诊断(53.50%),最高级别诊断单位主要是地市级医院(42.96%);前5位的死因分别为围产期疾病、先天异常、伤害、流行性感冒和肺炎、传染病和寄生虫病,合计构成比为69.45%。结论 福建省2007-2010年5岁以下儿童死亡中,以婴儿死亡居多,婴儿死亡中又以新生儿死亡居多。围产期疾病、先天异常、伤害是5岁以下儿童死亡的三大死因。5岁以下儿童死因中先天性异常的比例在逐年上升,循环系统疾病比例在逐年下降。Objective To analyze major causes of death in children under 5 years of age in Fujian,China,and to provide scientific evidence for the protection of infants and young children.Methods The data of 2007-2010 death cases were collected from China Disease Report Information System for children under 5 years of age in Fujian.Microsoft Excel and SPSS 15.0 packages were respectively used to establish the database and to analyze the data.Results A total of 6 166 death cases were reported from 2007 to 2010 for children less than 5 years of age.Death rate was 62.8 /lakh on average.The death rates of children under 1,2,3,4 and 5 years of age were 448.9,54.8,32.8,23.8 and 17.6/lakh,respectively.The number of infant death accounted for 78.74% of cases.64.33% of infant death occurred in newborn babies.There was no seasonal difference for the cases of death.Most cases of death(63.87%) occurred in hospital.The top five causes of death were periparturient diseases,congenital malformations,injuries,influenza and following pneumonia,infectious and parasitic diseases,respectively,together of which accounted for 69.45% of death cases.Conclusion Newborn babies and infants were high risk groups for the death of children under 5 years of age in Fujian.The increasing trend of congenital malformation related death suggests the importance of prenatal screening testing

Effects of water conditions on the diversity of soil microbial communities in the coastal reed wetlands

River-sea water interactions in coastal wetlands dramatically affect soil redox potential and cause variations in nutrient elements. In this study, we analyzed the changes in physicochemical properties of soil, diversity in the microbial community, and the Fe(III) reduction activity of microorganisms in reed wetlands of the Yellow River Delta under different water conditions. The results showed that the salinity, pH value, and concentrations of organic carbon, total nitrogen, and Fe(II) in the soil were higher in the flooded reed wetlands as compared with the ammonium concentration. The genera Alishewanella, Cellulomonas, Sphingomonas and Pseudomonas were the dominated bacteria in flooded reed wetlands, whereas Methanosarcina and Methanobacterium were the dominant archaea. Further, the dominated bacteria and archaea in the non-flooded reed wetlands were Cellulomonas, Acidovorax, Geobacter, Thiobacillus, and Methanosarcina, respectively. A shift in the iron-reducing bacterial community structure was also observed in the enrichment samples from flooded and non-flooded reed wetlands. Paracoccus, Geobacter, Alishewanella, and Thiomonas were the dominant iron-reducing bacteria in the flooded reed wetlands, and the dominant genera of iron-reducing bacteria in the non-flooded reed wetlands were Geobacter and Azospira. The diversity of soil bacteria, archaea, and iron-reducing bacteria was higher in the flooded reed wetlands. The Fe(III) reduction activity of iron-reducing bacteria in the reed wetlands was lessened to a certain extent by perennial flooded conditions

Diversity of archaea in the sediments from different areas of the Bohai Sea

Methanogens play an important role in the carbon cycle of coastal sediments. In this study, sea water enrichment cultures with acetate as the substrate were employed to enrich methanogens using sediments of the Bohai Sea. The methane production was used to estimate potential methane productivity and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to analyze the diversity of microbial communities simultaneously. Our results revealed that changes in the bacterial and the methanogens community structures in sediments from different areas of the Bohai Sea were found. The dominant methanogens were Methanobacterium and Methanolobus in sediments of the Bohai Sea, and Desulfovibrio and Thiobacillus were the dominant bacteria. Different areas of the Bohai Sea obviously varied on methane production, which shows that the methane emission is higher in the coastal area. Bohai Sea has great potential for methane productivity and acetic acid conversion rate(46.46%), and the estimation of potential methane production is 1.74 Gt per year

黄土高原黄土地层古人类遗迹年代研究新进展

自1920年以来,在中国黄土高原及邻近地区的黄土及河湖相地层分布区发现了大量的古人类活动遗迹地点,其中包括著名的泥河湾、水洞沟、萨拉乌苏、丁村、大荔、匼河-西侯度、庄浪、庆阳、三门峡、东秦岭地区以及蓝田地区等.在陕西蓝田的最新研究进展是运用第四纪地质学与古人类学和旧石器考古学交叉学科的综合研究方法,以黄土-古土壤序列和高分辨率磁性地层年代框架为依据,发现了公王岭遗址黄土地层的强烈侵蚀和多组地层缺失,确定了直立人头盖骨与伴生的古动物化石所埋藏的地层不是前人原确定的粉砂质黄土L15中部(年代为1.15 Ma),而是位于一个大侵蚀面之下的S22~S23古土壤混合层(年代为1.63 Ma).同时,在蓝田上陈一带发现了新的出露良好的连续黄土-古土壤剖面(L5~L28),并在早更新世S15~L28层段的17层黄土或古土壤层位中发现了原地埋藏的数量不等的旧石器,其年代为1.26~2.12 Ma.研究结果使蓝田地区成为迄今所知非洲以外最古老的人类活动地区之一,这不仅在人类起源和演化方面提出了新的科学思考,并拓展了“黄土石器工业”和“黄土地质考古带”的研究方向,提出了中国黄土高原高分辨率黄土-古土壤序列与多时期古人类活动序列关联研究的新设想

Influence of the surface charge on the homogeneity of colloidal crystals

Five groups of suspensions composed of polystyrene particles, having similar size but different effective surface charge, were adopted to investigate the effects of surface charge and volume fraction on the homogeneity of colloidal crystals through checking the difference between D-exp and D-uni by reflection spectroscopy method (D-exp, D-uni are the experimental and the expected value of the average nearest neighbor interparticle distance by assuming a uniform structure, respectively). We found volume fractions (ranging from 0.006 to 0.02) and structure types basically have no influence on the values of D-exp/D-uni. Moreover, for crystals formed by lowly charged particles, D-exp/D-uni is approximately equal to 1, implying the crystals are homogeneous. With the increase of effective surface charge, D-exp gradually deviates from D-uni and the formed crystals become inhomogeneous. Our experimental observations are in accordance with the previous simulation results. Additionally, we also found D-exp/D-uni initially drops quickly with increasing effective surface charge and then it tends to an asymptotic value (similar to 0.85), it is supposedly due to the saturation of effective charge. Our relevant computer simulations confirmed that the study scheme that using D-exp/D-uni as an indicator to assess the homogeneity of crystal structure is tenable and the simulation results are consistent with experiments