Application of wastewater from paper and food seasoning industries with green manure to enhance soil organic carbon

This laboratory scale experiment was designed to study the suitability of organic wastes from paper and food seasoning industries to resolve the problem of fast carbon mineralization of organic materials after supplement of green manure, in an eye to improve the soil organic carbon for rice rotation system. To figure out the proper time point of waste water supplement, this study first investigates the variation of dissoluble organic carbon and hydrolyzable amino acid in terms of amending three kinds of green manures, namely sesbania, cratalaria, and soybean Tainan no. 4, which are commonly used in southern Taiwan, in two types of submerged soil, namely sandy alluvial and red soil under an incubating temperature of 25C. Experimental results reveal that variation of soil dissoluble organic carbon and hydrolyzable amino acid were significantly influenced by addition of green manures (P < 0.05). Acceleration of cumulative dissoluble organic carbon in both treated soils exhibits the fastest speed in the earliest seven days after incubation. In general, the highest CO2 evolution rate appears in the second to the fifth weeks and generally reaches the peak in the second week and decreases significantly, i.e. less than 0.5 ug g-1 soil hr-1, after 35 days, revealing a similar tendency with the one of the cumulative dissoluble organic carbon concentration. Thus, monitoring the CO2 evolution rate in soil helps to identify the peak of cumulative dissoluble organic carbon concentration. The maximum amount of accumulative mineral nitrogen can be observed in non-manure amended soil within the initial 4 days incubation, where manure amended soil reaches the highest density before 28 days. However, the largest amount of accumulative mineral nitrogen was found in manure amended alluvial soil after 35 days of incubation, indicating that the mineralization of nitrogen in soil was accelerated by supplement of additive green manure. The concentration of hydrolyzable amino acid was almost constant during the incubation period in manure amended soil, but it rapidly decreased in non-manure amended soil. Experiment result reveals that cumulative dissoluble organic carbon concentration reaches the peak after 14 days of incubation. Thus, supplement of waste water is set on the 15th day of soil incubation. Lignin-rich wastewater from paper industry and nitrogen-rich effluent from a food industry at suitably lower concentrations were used at two levels of green manure to enhance the soil organic carbon fraction over time. Both the groups of soils with or without Sesbania were incubated under submerged condition at 25C for 15 days. Wastewaters from paper industry (WP), food industry (WS), and a combination of WP+WS were added separately to both the treatment groups in flasks. After 103 days of incubation, from all the three treatments and control, total organic carbon and alkali soluble organic carbon fractions were analyzed. Results indicated that in all the three treatments containing green manure amended with industrial wastewaters, the organic carbon content increased significantly. The alkali-soluble organic carbon fraction was increased by 59% in the soil amended with green manure containing WS and by 31% in the treatment without green manure compared to control. The paper mill waste water namely, WP, increased the organic carbon only in the soil containing green manure by 63%. The combined treatment of WP+WS with green manure increased alkali-soluble organic carbon fraction by 90% compared to control, while in the treatment without green manure, the organic carbon increase was 71%. Overall, the combined treatment WP+WS with green manure could increase the alkali-soluble organic carbon fraction more than all other treatments. Hence, wastewater rich in organics from paper and food industries can be efficiently used to temporarily increase the soil organic carbon conten and to decrease the mineralization of buried green manure.本試驗主要目的為利用富含木質纖維素廢水及富含胺基酸的廢水，以克服綠肥掩埋入土壤後，有機質快速分解的難題，以提高土壤有機碳。為推測廢水加入的適當時機，首先探討兩種土壤（砂頁岩沖積土及紅壤）添加三種綠肥（田菁、太陽麻及綠肥大豆台南 4 號）在浸水、25°C 下，可溶性有機碳濃度及可水解胺基酸濃度的變化。實驗結果顯示，添加綠肥處理將造成土壤可溶有機碳濃度及可水解胺基酸濃度有顯著差異（P < 0.05）。添加綠肥處理土壤可溶有機碳濃度增加的速率，以孵育開始前 7 天最快，二氧化碳釋放速率的高峰期出現在孵育後第 2 週至第 5 週之間，且大多數在第 2 週達到最高，在第 35 天後快速減少，並且小於 0.5 ug g-1 hr-1。孵育期間，二氧化碳釋放速率與土壤可溶性有機碳的含量有近似的變化曲線。未加綠肥兩種土壤之最高氮釋放量於 4 天內到達，而添加綠肥的紅壤在 28 天之前可以到達最高，添加綠肥的沖積土則在 35 天才達到，且顯示添加綠肥可增加土壤的氮釋放量。由於實驗結果顯示土壤的可溶有機碳在孵育第 15 天幾乎可達最高濃度，故選擇第 15 天為加入工業廢水的時機。因為製紙廢水富含木質素，而製味素廢水富含胺基酸，本實驗繼而進行添加製紙廢水及製味素廢水來增加掩埋田菁土壤有機碳的研究，首先將紅壤分別以添加綠肥及未加綠肥處理，待浸水、25℃孵育15天後，再分別以不加廢水、添加製紙廢水、添加製味素廢水、添加製紙廢水及製味素廢水處理之。經繼續孵育103天後結果顯示，包含綠肥且添加廢水處理，有機碳濃度有明顯的增加，與對照處理相比，土壤中鹼可溶有機碳在綠肥添加製味素廢水處理增加 59%，在未加綠肥但添加製味素廢水處理增加 31%，製紙廢水只有在含有綠肥的土壤能增加鹼可溶有機碳 63%。未添加綠肥但以兩種廢水處理可增加 71%，添加綠肥且同時以兩種廢水處理，土壤鹼可溶有機碳可增加 90%，且其增加比例為全部處理最高。本實驗結果顯示利用製紙廢水或製味素廢水可以有效提高土壤的有機碳濃度，及減少綠肥之碳分解。中文摘要..i 英文摘要..ii 目錄..iv 表次..v 圖次..vi 附錄目次..vii 壹、前言..1 貳、前人研究.. 3 一、輪作綠肥對土壤有機碳之效果..3 二、腐植化指標及增進土壤腐植質之研究..3 參、材料與方法..6 一、三種綠肥在浸水土壤中的分解..6 二、添加製味素或製紙漿廢水以增加田菁掩埋土壤有機質之研究..10 肆、結果與討論..12 一、三種綠肥在浸水土壤中的分解..12 二、添加製味素或製紙漿廢水以增加田菁掩埋土壤有機質之研究..35 伍、結論..55 陸、參考文獻..57 柒、附錄..7

Wireless Networks for Long-Term Agricultural Ecology Research Site

目前農業生態系長期生態研究係由12各子計畫，但資料分離、監測資料無法及時取得，因此需要一個基植於完整的資訊管理系統及運用新尖端工具的改變與研究方法，以提升我國生態研究之科技水準。本計畫擬運用生態資訊學所建構的新方法論，在農業長期生態研究站建立無線感測器網路，作為生態系經營所需的資料蒐集平台，整合各領域研究計畫，針對氣象、通量、氮素滲漏、作物物候、動物行為、農業操作、節水控制等進行生態聲景、生態影像、數位資料自動化蒐集，並依目前國際長期生態網共同使用的生態資訊後設語言建立資料倉儲、搜尋、使用、分享、分析、整合等功能的資訊管理系統，利用科學工作流程進行農業生產力與生態系功能模式推導。 Long term agricultural ecology research at the Department of Agricultural Ecology as far as this study is concerned covers twelve different individual research programs. Discrete data acquisition and data monitoring push the demand of a brand-new information management system to gain real time agricultural research data, in an eye to enhance the technology level of ecological studies. This study aims at implementing a wireless sensing network for long-term agricultural ecology research via new approaches of ecoinformatics. An integrated automated data acquisition platform was established under this system to collect relevant visual as well as audio digital data of climate, nitrogen percplation, flow ratios, crop climate, animal behaviors, agricultural practices, water saving, etc. The acquired data were further processed by ecoinformatics programming languages widely used by international long-term ecological studies for data storage, inquiry, utilization, sharing, analysis, integration, etc. Scientific processing approaches were also utilized to carry out productivity and ecology model simulation