除草剤の林業的応用(第 1 報) : 除草剤の林木及び雑草種子の発芽に及ぼす影響について

The present paper deals with observations on the influence of Nitto Herbicide, which exerts for germination of trees and weeds. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Germination was tested on the soil in flower-pots, which were set in the thermostat of 25℃. 2. The principal components of this herbicide consist of NH_2・SO_2ONH_4 and NH・(SO_2・ONH_4)_2. Concentration of herbicide were tested in three classes : 30,60 and 120gr. per 3.306m^2; and in each concentration\u27s section, were established four sections, by means of periods from herbicide treatment to seeding : 3,2 and a week, with the same day. 3. Plant seeds of the materials are as follows : (1) Pinus Thunber gii PARL. (2) Amorpha fruticosa LINN. (3) Rumex longifolius DC. (4) Erigeron bonariensis LINN. 4. The effects of herbicide concenatrations are shown in Fig. 2-A and Fig. 2-B. 5. The effects exerted for germination of period, from herbicide treatment to seeding are known in Fig. 2-C

外銷菊花採收後處理新技術

本省菊花輸出年達三千萬支，價值近新臺幣一億元。現行外銷處理概有下列四項缺點，應速謀改進以利外銷。(一)因運送期長，菊花需提早在花開3~4蕾期採收，其營養貯存不足，瓶插後花朵開放不大。(二)本省菊花以露地栽培，切花帶有蟲體無汰通過檢疫，雖經以藥劑浸漬可以殺蟲，但菊花浸濕後無法立即晾乾，常易生水傷而腐爛。(三)菊花以成把集貨，內部常摻雜等外品，無法控制品質至表裡一致。(四)空運運費昂貴，菊花比工業或漁牧產品之體積大且價值不高，常因空運量有限無法優先承運，導致無去按期出貨，坐失販賣良機。 為解決上述困難，農業試驗所參照國內外進步的處理技術，自行研製選別、除葉、捆紮等處理機械，探究燻蒸方法，並將菊花進行預措保鮮及預冷等處理，並實際以冷藏貨櫃海運試銷日本成功，使省產菊花能進行品質控制且能以海運運輸，並使菊花到貨品質大為提高，瓶揮花朵開放度大，新技術之處理流程如下：午後切花→直接集貨→機械選別、切莖、計數、計把、成把→機械除葉→機械捆紮→營養預冷→藥劑保鮮→裝箱→強風預冷→燻蒸殺蟲→裝冷藏貨櫃→5℃海運外銷。 本文銨述新法與現行方法之優劣點，並就成本加以分析

(23(1):38-47)STUDIES ON KEEPING QUALITY OF VEGETABLE AND FRUIT BY CONTROLLING ATMOSPHERE IN A PERMEABLE FILM PACKAGE

利用可透氣性膜包裝蔬菜、水果，已被廣泛應用。然對於包裝袋內大氣成分之控制，尚鮮有作基礎研究者。本實驗利用奧氏氣體分析器，依卡爾等氏之濃度進增法測定透氣膜之透氣率，再以袋內果實重量，袋之厚度及面積等介值與蔬果在不同濃度下之呼吸率圖解來預估包裝袋內大氣成分濃度變化。並實際以香蕉、蕃茄包裝行短期之貯藏試驗，測定袋內外氣體交換情形，與預估值做比較。結果顯示，利用此法作為包裝需求之基礎，似有助於蔬果之包裝貯藏。 Green mature banana and tomato were used to study their respiration rate as a function of oxygen concentration. Some permeable films were investigated their permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide by Karel et. al. method. The oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the packaging sealed bag could be predicated by graphical solution in terms of fruit weight, respiration rate, and film parameters such as voluine, thickness and permeability to oxygen and carbon dioxide. Some short-time storage experiments were also held to prove the predicated relations between time of storage and gas exchange under given packaging conditions. The results showed that it is useful in evaluation package requirements for fresh fruits and vegetables

Cold Storage Studies of Ponkan Oranges (Citrus reticulata, Blanco)

碰柑為臺灣重要外銷棺桔之一，口日本開放進口以後，地位更顯重要。惟因不耐肘運，外銷腐損率甚高，致使外商均步，不敢大量進口。1並棺在國內及海外華僑社會春節期間消費甚多，然讀於冬至前探收，以避免霜害。本實驗旨在研究冷藏對控制碰相腐敗及延長市場供應期之效果。供試果實於課蚊前一星期全檢噴布T B Z 或B e nl a te藥劑1000p pm。踩收後逐果套以無孔塑膠袋，置於相對濤、度為8 5- 90錯，溫度為0， 5, 10, 15 及20°C 之冷藏庫中12星期。每隔2 -4星期檢查果實之腐爛率、失重率、傷風和著色率。茲將結果摘要如下: (1)果實腐爛率與自于藏溫度成正比。果寶貝于藏期為一個月時， 20°C 即有良好的防腐效果; 肘藏二個月者溫度不可高於1 5 ° C ;但~T竄達三個月之久者，以10 ° C為最好。B enl a te及TBZ 藥劑在採收前施府對控制揉收後腐敗有良好的放果， 尤以Benlate 效果顯著， 但其藥效不及T BZ持續。 (2)果實套袋與否， 對失重率影響甚大， 未套袋果失重約8-10 倍於套袋果。置於溫度10°C以上之果實，失重更為顯著。 (3)果實於5 及o o e 肘藏達六星期時， 即有傷風現象發生， 而套裝果實較無套裝者嚴重， 果貴經三個月肘藏後，幾全罹7](腐病( Wat e r y Breakdown) 之傷風。溫度在10°C 以上則無傷風之現象。 (4) 果實著色率與溫度成正比， ~1' 藏在10 " e 以上之果實皆能正常看色。果實置於5 ° C 及o ~ e者看色緩慢，並於六星期肘藏後，茗，包駱一能因遭傷風破壞而無法呈現橙色。 概言之，相桔於接收前噴佈T B Z及B enl a te等藥劑，對甘于藏鼓果有良好影響，因其操作簡便，似值得推薦使用。棺桔行短期肘藏時，如不超過一個月，可肘藏在20 °C，如肘藏期長達二個月，溫度領低於1 5 ° C ;如長達三個月則以10 °C為佳，但不可低於10 ° C。 The effects of various temperatures, poly-wrappers and two fungicides on the storgae life of Ponkan oranges were studied. Test fruits were sprayed with 1000 ppm of Benlate or TBZ one week before harvest by hand-clipping and were then individually placed in non-perforated unsealed polyethylene bags in the storage maintained at 85-90% R. H. and 32, 41, 50, 59 and 68°F. The rates of decay, chilling injury, weight loss and coloring were investigated at intervals of 1, 2, and 3 months. The rate of total decay was low in the lots stored below 68°F. during the first month of storage and, at the end of three months in storage, was low only in the lots stored below 50°F. Chilling injury as visualized by pitting, scald, and watery breakdown began to show up after 6 weeks in storage at both 32 and 41°F. Fruits wrapped with polyethylene film had less pitting but more watery breakdown than the unwrapped. The rate of weight loss and degreening was in proportional to the storage temperature. The fruit wrapped with polyethylene film had a superior control on water loss than the unwrapped fruit. The rate of degreening was very slow at 32 and 41°F., and was rapid at temperatures above 50°F. Thus, we would r ecommand to treat Ponkan oranges with either Benlate or TBZ one week before picking and then hold the fruit at a temperature not higher than 68°F. for short term storage up to one month; 59°F. up to two months; and not lower than 50°F. for long term storage up to three months

The Effect of Several Chemicals and Fungicidal Waxes on Decay Control in Loose-Skinned Oranges

椪柑與桶柑爲臺灣最重要的外銷柑桔，惟因不耐貯連，外銷腐損有高達三分之二者。本實驗旨在研究採收後藥劑及塗臘處理。對於控制椪柑及桶柑腐敗之效果與價值。供試柑桔於果旁作一深0.8~1.1mm，長1.5~2.0cm之十字刻傷。以毛筆用綠微及青微混合孢子之水懸液（每c.c約有孢子一百至一百五十萬個）接種。而後以Dowicide A, Borax-boric acid, Thiabendazole (TBZ), Benlate (D-1991)等藥劑之水溶液及乳臘消毒。另於接種後0，12，18，24，36和48小時消毒。果實處理後置於68°F及85~90%r.h.之恒溫室內。隔3，7，14，及21天檢查果實之腐爛率。茲將結果摘要如下： (1)晚期採收之椪柑，腐損率甚高。此因果實過熟而使其活力降低之故。桶柑帶葉及果柄採收者，開簍後四天約有百分之三十因機械損傷而腐爛。 (2)單以水臘(Fresher 1:10)塗於果面，未能防止微菌之生長。故不應視其有防腐之作用。 (3)Dowicide A, Borax-boric acid TBZ, 及Benlate不論是水溶液或加入水臘中均有防腐效果。TBZ及Benlate之水溶液濃度低至250ppm仍有防腐效果。其效果似依濃度之增加而增大。且濃度雖高達2000ppm仍無損及果皮之現象發生。 (4)TBZ及Benlate在椪柑接種後置於68°F 24小時內處理，仍有防腐之效果。對於桶柑方面，於接種後置於68°F 24小時內以TBZ處理亦有防腐之效果。但Benlate僅在接種後18小時內處理者有防腐效果。 (5)桶柑接種後腐敗速度較晚期椪柑爲快，此可能是桶柑於濕季採收，果內水分及膨壓較高之故。及刻傷之深度與腐敗率有關。 TBZ及Benlate爲最近發現之柑桔果實防腐藥劑。TBZ已得美國食物藥品管理局允許使用，而Benlate則正進行試驗中。故對於臺灣外銷之柑桔，TBZ似乎值得推薦使用。 Several chemicals, namely, borax and boric acid Dowicide A, Thiabendazele (TBZ). and Benlate (D-199l) were tested separately in water solution and wax emulsion for control of penicillium mold decay in loose-skinned oranges. The oranges were scratc-inoculated with mold spores and incubated at 68°F for 0, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hours before fungicidal treatment The inuculation process was carried out by means of a smear with a Chinese writing brush dipped in a concentrate spate suspension (approximately 1-1.5 mil-lion per c. c.) The teat oranges were held at 68°F and 85-90% r. h. for 3 weeks and inspected for decay at intervals of 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment The late-season Ponkan oranges have a higher rate of decay than the mid-season oranges due to a lower vitality. Bath TBZ and Benlate showed a long or antifungal function on mold control than borax-boric acid and Dowicide A and seemed to have a higher fugistat effect on germination of mold spares having effective decay control at the concentration of 250ppm and no peel injury at 2000ppm. TBZ and Benlate in water solution and in wax emulsion were equally effective. However, Fresher water-wax (a commercial wax) alone was not effective to control citron decay. TBZ and Benlate of l000ppm controlled decay in the Ponkan oranges incubated or 24 hrs. With Tankan oranges, TBZ controlled decay in the fruit incubated for 24 hrs while Benlate was only effective in the fruit incubated for 18 hrs. Thus, we would recommend to treat Ponkaw with TBZ or Benlate within 24 hrs after the possible infection has occurred, and Tankan within 18 hrs

The Long-Term Storage of Citrus Fruits with Stretching-Film Packaging (II)

民國72年本所研究將柑橘裝籃後以伸縮膜繞封包裝再貯藏之方故，得知該方法可較傳統之逐果套袋包裝者省工及維持同樣良好之果實品質，但會造成5~7倍之高腐爛率。為改善此缺點，本研究試驗改善包裝方式以降低果實貯藏環境過高之濕度。並試用霉敵(TBZ)煙燻劑於貯藏期間定期煙燻，結果在嘉義地區，柳橙以改良式伸縮膜包裝貯藏5.5個月後，腐爛率與逐果包裝者相似，各為14.7%及11.9%，綠蒂率則較高，各為50.7%及37.2%，果實失重率、密度、糖、酸含量等則無差異。在東勢地區，以椪柑貯藏3個半月後，腐爛率各為0.7%及2.7%，綠蒂率各為64.2%及55.3%，果實失重率、密度、糖、酸含量等亦無差異。顯示改良式伸縮膜包裝方式不僅改善了舊式之缺點，並較傳統之逐果套袋方式有更好的效果。 Fruits of ‘Ponkan’ (Citrus reticulata) and ‘Liucheng’ (Citrus sengensis) were tested for shrouded packaging with polyethylene (PE) stretching film for long term storage. High decay ratio due to high humidity inside the package was lowed by laying newspapers on the top of fruits. The decay ratio of ‘Liucheng’ fruit after 5.5 months of storage was 14.7% in film shrouded packaging which was similar to 11.9% in individual fruit PE bagged packaging. No significant difference between two kinds of packaging was observed in fruit qualities including weight loss, total soluble solids content and titratable acidity. Fruits with green calyx button in film shrouded packaging was 50.7% which is higher than 37.2% in bagged packaging. For ‘Ponkan’ fruit, the decay ratio after 5 months storage were 0.7% and 2.7% in shrouded packaging and bagged packaging respectively. The ratio of fruits with green calyx button were 64.2% and 55.5% in shrouded and bagged packaging respectively. The fruit qualities were similar in both two packagings after storage