[[alternative]]A Study of Pre-school Children's Father Background and Paternal Involvement with Disadvantaged and not Disadvantaged Family

[[abstract]]本研究旨在了解學齡前弱勢與非弱勢家庭父親父職參與的現況，並進一步探討弱勢與非弱勢父親背景與親職參與之差異。本研究以台中市、台中縣、彰化縣與南投縣等四縣市之公私立幼托園所4-6歲幼兒父親為研究對象。以研究者改編之「父職參與問卷」為研究工具實施調查研究。本研究共計發出問卷970份，回收問卷765份，回收率為83%，取得670份有效問卷，可用率為73%。本研究主要結論：一、弱勢與非弱勢家庭父親背景呈現顯著差異。二、無論是弱勢或非弱勢學齡前幼兒之父職參與現況，依序為：「子女教養」、「情感支持」、「日常照顧」與「學習活動」。三、學齡前弱勢與非弱勢家庭父親在父親父職參與上呈現顯著之差異。[[abstract]]This research aims at understanding the status of preschooler's father's paternal involvement, and to analyze father's backgrounds as well as the difference of paternal involvement between the fathers those who have different backgrounds.The subjects of this research is the father of young children 4-6 years old who study at public or private kindergartens. The searching area contains Taichung City, Taichung County, Nantou County and Changhua County. The research uses "The evaluation chart of paternal involvement" as the study tool. This research totally sends out 970 questionnaires and retrieves 765 questionnaires, rate of retrieve 83%; 670 valid questionnaires, rate of availability 73%.The sum up the conclusion of the research as follows:1. The fathers' background with disadvantaged and not disadvantaged family presents obvious difference.2. The preschooler's fathers' paternal involvement with disadvantaged and not disadvantaged family is child parenting, emotional support, life care and learning activities in order.3. The preschooler's fathers' paternal involvement with disadvantaged and not disadvantaged family presents obvious difference

[[alternative]]A Study of Preschooler Parents' Coparenting in Taichung Area

[[abstract]]本研究主要目的在探討學齡前幼兒父母共親職之現況，探討重點乃在深入分析學齡前幼兒父母雙方對自己以及配偶在共親職的看法與二者的差異，以及父母親個人背景在共親職表現的差異。研究者參酌學者編製之問卷量表，編製「父母共親職量表」為研究工具，針對臺中地區3－6歲就讀於公私立幼稚園、托兒所的學齡前幼兒父母為研究對象。採分層隨機抽樣法抽取園所內的幼兒父母，有效樣本數為673對雙親家庭父母，共1346份。問卷調查所得資料，分別採用信度與因素分析、描述性統計、t考驗、皮爾森積差相關與變異數分析等統計方法進行分析與處理。本研究之結果顯示，臺中地區幼兒父母共親職現況屬中等以上程度，幼兒父親在教養協議、親職分工與整體共親職的參與程度皆顯著低於幼兒母親；幼兒父親自認為在教養協議、親職分工與共親職方面，自己的付出不如太太；幼兒母親也認為先生在教養協議、支持、親職分工與共親職方面的付出不如自己。幼兒父親自評顯著高於太太對他共親職參與的評量，而幼兒母親的自評，與先生對她的評量，除了在親職分工外，其餘均未達顯著之差異，此即顯示幼兒母親自認在教養上的勞務付出與先生認為的有所不同，母親自評自己在勞務親職分工的參與，顯著高於先生對她的評量。此外，父母親個人之年齡、教育程度與社經地位等方面，在其共親職表現上有部份的差異存在。[[abstract]]The purpose of this study is to examine preschooler parents' parenting and parent-child relationships. Questionnaires, "the comparing scale" is designed editing from other academic professions’ survey to target pre-school children who are three to six years old in Taichung public or private kindergartens together with their parents. Through stratified random sampling method, the effective sample was 673 pairs of parents at two-parent families in a total of 1346 copies. Data analysis and processing on these questionnaires are through descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson product-moment correlation and one-way analysis of variance.The main results are Comparing in Taichung is above the average level. The father in early childhood education agreement, parental division of labor and the overall total of parental involvement parental child care were significantly lower than the mother. The father thinks that their disbursement for child rearing the agreement, parental division of labor and common aspects of parenting are less than their wife. Fathers' self-evaluating is higher than their wives' thought in comparing and parental division of labor. And mothers' self-evaluating is higher than their husbands' thought as well in parental division of labor. There are significant age, educational level, socio-economic status differences on part comparing aspects

[[alternative]]Selecting Methods and Awaiting Growth: The Teaching Experience of Fundamental Nursing Practicum Instructors

[[abstract]]背景 基本護理學實習是護理專業的入門及基礎，多重因素影響護生臨床實習成效；其中實習教師是整體教學計劃的規劃與執行者，其所採行的教學方法、策略與教學態度極為關鍵。因此透過教師教學的反思，瞭解基本護理實習的教學特性，將有助於實習教師協助學生開發個人潛能，做為專業發展的基石。目的 從基本護理學實習教師觀點，探討基本護理臨床實習之教學特質。方法 本研究採質性研究法，研究對象為輔導技職院校科技大學四年制護理系基本護理實習之實習教師。資料收集的時間為基本護理實習期間，共進行五次焦點團體會議討論，每次時間約二至四小時。焦點團體主持人為研究主持人，針對學生學習表現，實習教學設計、教學經驗分享等議題，引導老師分享對學生學習表現的觀察與指導經驗，再以內容分析法進行資料分析。結果 實習教師所展現之基本護理臨床實習教學特質，共有三大主題，分別為需瞭解學生特質的「新手上路狀況多，慢慢行」，教師對於學生的「能力、心情與困擾需洞悉」，以及教學特質上應展現的「鼓勵支持中選擇方法」。結論／實務應用 基本護理實習教師需能了解學生學習特性，運用合宜的教學方法、策略與態度來進行輔導；而過程中，實習單位人員、環境的準備等均是使學生能有良好學習經驗不可或缺的要素。本研究結果，可提供帶領技職院校科技大學護理系基本護理學實習教師教學準備之參考。[[abstract]]Background: A constellation of factors accounts for teaching efficacy in the fundamental nursing practicum. Teachers play a critical role in terms of designing and executing an appropriate teaching plan, choosing effective methods, and holding appropriate teaching attitudes. It is thus extremely important that clinical teachers master the core characteristics of basic nursing practice.Purpose: This study aimed to illuminate the core characteristics of basic nursing practice for students for reference by clinical practicum teachers.Methods: Qualitative research was used to identify the fundamentals of nursing practice by clinical teacher. Five focus group meetings were convened during the practice period. The researchers presided over group discussions held during the normal weekly teaching schedule and lasting approximately 2-4 hours each. The content analysis was adopted to analyze the data.Results: Three major themes were proposed, including (1) student status: "novices were stymied by problems and thus improved slowly" (2) teacher awareness: "teachers need to be aware of student capabilities, mood, and discomfort" and (3) teaching style: "a good choice of methods should support and encourage students.Conclusions/Implications for Practice: To cultivate professional nursing knowledge and self-confidence for future professional commitment, clinical teachers must first understand the characteristics and motivations of learning of their students and then select the, skills, and attitudes appropriate to provide step-by-step guidance. Communication with staffs and the preparation of atmosphere prior to nursing practice are also essential for students. Results provide insights into the technical college environment with regard to basic-level clinical nursing practice

[[alternative]]The Research of Child Social Behavior Deveolpment in Southeastern Asia New Immigrant Family

[[abstract]]本研究之主要目的，乃在探討東南亞新移民家庭之背景及其子女在幼稚園中社會行為發展現况，以及與本國子女差異之情形。 本研究以台中市公私立幼稚園5歲以上幼兒為對象，採分層叢集随機方式取樣，分别抽取母親為本國籍之幼兒170人，與柬南亚新移民幼兒170人，共計340人作為本研究之對象，回收287份，回收率約八四成，排除母親為大陸籍，未满五歲以及作答不完全者，有效樣本計232名。本研究經描述性與推論性統計分析有以下研究發現： 一、台中市東南亞新移民幼兒之父母雙方年齡差異頗大，母親最小者為23歲，最大為46歲；而父親年齡最小者為22歲，最大為67歲；新移民父親平均年齡為43.26，母親為31.86，父母雙方年齡之平均差異約為12歲。 二、新移民母親的教育程度普遍低於父親，父親教育程度以國中（34.7%）與高中(35.6%）居多，大專以上者佔17.8%；而母親的教育程度，高中學歷者佔14%，大專以上者11%，一半以上的學歷在國中或國小（73%）。新移民父母親之教育程度均顯著低於本國籍父母親，二者相較頗大，其中尤以母親的差距较大。 三、根據研究顯示，與本國籍母親的幼兒相較，新移民幼兒之家庭經濟狀況較不佳，但在主要照顧者與家庭結構上，二者並無顯著之差異。 四、新移民幼兒之父母親教蓑養方式，大都屬於開明權威，約佔58%，其次為寬鬆放任，為28%，屬於專制權威者佔11%；此與本國父母親相較，本國父母親屬寬鬆放任與專制權威者顯著於新移民父母，但本國父母親之教養方式，屬開明權威者则遠较新移民多。 五、本研究顯示，新移民幼兒社會行為發展平均分數為113.74，母親本國籍幼兒则為130.03，二者遠顯著差異。 六、父親的教育程度與東南亞新移民幼兒社會行為發展有關，大專以上學歷父親幼兒之社會行為發展較國中以下學歷父親之幼兒来得好，而母親教育程度為大學者之幼兒，其社會行為之發展也較母親學歷僅國小之幼兒來得好。 七、父母親的教養方式是否與新移民幼兒社會行為發展有關，由研究得知無論是父親或母親，若其教養方式屬「開明權威」，則其幼兒之社會行為發展较教養方式為「寬鬆放任」者好。 八、在新移民幼兒之性别、主要照顧者、家庭經濟状况與家庭型態等，均與幼兒社會行為發展無顯著差異。[[abstract]]The purpose of this research is to discuss children's social behavior performance in preschool of the new immigrant family. This research adopts quantization research approach, uses social development investment to measure children's social behavior. The subjects, 170 preschool children in the new immigrant family and 170 in the Taiwan mother family selected by stratified random sampling in 41 public and private kindergartens in Taichung City. There were 232 valid assessments and questionnairs. The major findings are as follows: 1. The age discrepancy between parents of preschool children in new immigrant family is greatly, the average age differs by 12 years. 2. The education degree in children's parents from Taiwan mother is far higher than those from Southeast Asia new immigrant. 3. The score of the social behavior development is 113.74 in children of new immigrant family and 130.03 from Taiwan mother family. 4. The social behavior performance in children with Taiwan mothers get higher scores than those with Southeast Asian mothers. 5. The child social behavior performance and their parents' age, economical condition and family structure are not differeuced correlation in southeastern Asia new immigrant family. 6. The child social behavior performance in southeastern Asia new immigrant family is related to parenting style. 7. The mother's and father's education degree have correlation with the children's social behavior performance in southeastern Asia new immigrant family

Roots of competency, setbacks and hardship, and growth opportunities─Clinical Nursing Practice of New Nursing Students

[[abstract]]背景：護理系學生實際接觸臨床實務的基本護理學與實習課程是銜接各護理核心科目實習之重要基礎。 目的：為能提升教學成效，期望透過學生學習之回饋中，明瞭學生實習之經驗，以做為教學精進之參考。 方法：採質性研究焦點團體訪談法，以半結構式訪談指引進行深入訪談。研究對象以技職體系某大學護理系已完成基本護理學實習學生為對象，以隨機抽樣方式進行招募，共有40 位學生參與訪談。 結果：研究結果經分析後共歸納出三大主題，包括：一、能力的紮根，二、挫折困頓的經驗，三、成長的歷程等；其中涵蓋有十一個次主題。結論：從門外漢至新手護生的實習經驗中，真實反應學生的心境，其中包含正向與負向經驗。學生之專業能力紮根的過程中，經歷挫折、困頓，嘗試運用自我調整的模式，學習如何因應多變化的實習情境。針對學生正負向學習經驗的轉化，須仰賴實習教師們的敏感度及同理心，深入瞭解及評估學生在初次實習之壓力情境與感受，並能識別學生個別狀態，運用不同的教學策略，因材施教。 實務應用：研究結果提供學生實際臨床實習經驗、對實務的看法以及教學輔導方式的體驗，可以作為未來護理教育中臨床教學方法改進之參考

Selecting Methods and Awaiting Growth: The Teaching Experience of Fundamental Nursing Practicum Instructors

[[abstract]]背　景 基本護理學實習是護理專業的入門及基礎，多重因素影響護生臨床實習成效；其中實習教師是整體教學計劃的規劃與執行者，其所採行的教學方法、策略與教學態度極為關鍵。因此透過教師教學的反思，瞭解基本護理實習的教學特性，將有助於實習教師協助學生開發個人潛能，做為專業發展的基石。 目　的 從基本護理學實習教師觀點，探討基本護理臨床實習之教學特質。 方　法 本研究採質性研究法，研究對象為輔導技職院校科技大學四年制護理系基本護理實習之實習教師。資料收集的時間為基本護理實習期間，共進行五次焦點團體會議討論，每次時間約二至四小時。焦點團體主持人為研究主持人，針對學生學習表現，實習教學設計、教學經驗分享等議題，引導老師分享對學生學習表現的觀察與指導經驗，再以內容分析法進行資料分析。 結　果 實習教師所展現之基本護理臨床實習教學特質，共有三大主題，分別為需瞭解學生特質的「新手上路狀況多，慢慢行」，教師對於學生的「能力、心情與困擾需洞悉」，以及教學特質上應展現的「鼓勵支持中選擇方法」。 結　論／實務應用 基本護理實習教師需能了解學生學習特性，運用合宜的教學方法、策略與態度來進行輔導；而過程中，實習單位人員、環境的準備等均是使學生能有良好學習經驗不可或缺的要素。本研究結果，可提供帶領技職院校科技大學護理系基本護理學實習教師教學準備之參考。 Background: A constellation of factors accounts for teaching efficacy in the fundamental nursing practicum. Teachers play a critical role in terms of designing and executing an appropriate teaching plan, choosing effective methods, and holding appropriate teaching attitudes. It is thus extremely important that clinical teachers master the core characteristics of basic nursing practice. Purpose: This study aimed to illuminate the core characteristics of basic nursing practice for students for reference by clinical practicum teachers. Methods: Qualitative research was used to identify the fundamentals of nursing practice by clinical teacher. Five focus group meetings were convened during the practice period. The researchers presided over group discussions held during the normal weekly teaching schedule and lasting approximately 2-4 hours each. The content analysis was adopted to analyze the data. Results: Three major themes were proposed, including (1) student status: “novices were stymied by problems and thus improved slowly”; (2) teacher awareness: “teachers need to be aware of student capabilities, mood, and discomfort”; and (3) teaching style: “a good choice of methods should support and encourage students. Conclusions / Implications for Practice: To cultivate professional nursing knowledge and self-confidence for future professional commitment, clinical teachers must first understand the characteristics and motivations of learning of their students and then select the, skills, and attitudes appropriate to provide step-by-step guidance. Communication with staffs and the preparation of atmosphere prior to nursing practice are also essential for students. Results provide insights into the technical college environment with regard to basic-level clinical nursing practice