一种基于物理的风机布置优化方法

风电场利用风力发电机将风动能转化为电能,其电力生产受诸多因素影响,如风资源状况、风机设计、和风机尾迹等。已有风电场的观测结果显示风机尾迹对风电场电量产出有显著影响,并且风机尾迹湍流会增加下游风机所受疲劳载荷。因此优化风机布置,进而降低风机尾迹影响,对提高风电场性能至关重要,也是风电场设计的关键。在诸多优化工作中,通常由风电场的离散笛卡尔网格得到可能的风机位置。实验观测和模拟结果显示交错风机布置相比于对齐风机布置能更有效地从风资源中提取能量。在本文中,我们将风机交错布置的概念应用于可能风机位置的设计。具体来说,我们采用了交错网格、非结构网格和向日葵网格这三种方法用于可能风机位置的设计,结合Jensen尾迹模型和遗传算法用于风机布置优化。我们通过两种风况检验这三种可能风机位置的设计方法,即(1)固定风向的均匀风;(2)变风向的均匀风。在风况(1)中,交错网格得到的风机布置具有最好的性能;在风况(2)中,不同网格方案的优化结果大同小异。对于风况(1),我们同时检验了非设计工况下不同风机布置的表现。考虑所有算例结果,基于向日葵网格优化的综合表现最好

Large-eddy simulation of flows past a flapping airfoil using immersed boundary method

The numerical simulation of flows past flapping foils at moderate Reynolds numbers presents two challenges to computational fluid dynamics: turbulent flows and moving boundaries. The direct forcing immersed boundary (IB) method has been developed to simulate laminar flows. However, its performance in simulating turbulent flows and transitional flows with moving boundaries has not been fully evaluated. In the present work, we use the IB method to simulate fully developed turbulent channel flows and transitional flows past a stationary/plunging SD7003 airfoil. To suppress the non-physical force oscillations in the plunging case, we use the smoothed discrete delta function for interpolation in the IB method. The results of the present work demonstrate that the IB method can be used to simulate turbulent flows and transitional flows with moving boundaries

不同经济发展水平区域物流与经济增长的协整关系研究

根据协整检验和因果关系检验等计量方法,利用中国各省1991～2007年物流发展水平和国内生产总值的年度数据,将31个省(市、自治区)按经济密集度不同分成三大类地区,并对其物流和经济增长的关系分析进行了实证分析。实证结果表明:三个区域的物流与经济增长均存在协整关系,发达的一类地区两个变量存在双向Granger因果关系,而后两类地区两个变量仅存在单向的Granger原因。国家自然科学重点资助项目“中国城市化进程的资源环境基础研究”(40535026

一种风力发电机的尾迹识别方法

本发明提供一种风力发电机的尾迹识别方法,先采集试验风力发电机的所有流场数据,然后对流场数据通过差分方法进行求导计算,得到速度梯度张量,然后再计算出流场每个点上的流动不变量数据；对已知的数据进行分析,并按预定标准将收集的数据分为强湍流和弱湍流；以流动不变量数据作为输入量,以强湍流和弱湍流数据作为学习对象,通过机器学习算法软件生成一个识别器；将需要识别流场的不变量数据输入识别器,然后根据预定标准将符合强湍流的数据区域绘出,即得到产生当前需要识别流场的风力发电机的尾迹区域。本发明使用了现代计算机科学中的大数据分析方法,只需要提供充分的数据,而不需要加入其他人为干涉,可以保证计算结果的客观性

A Review on Heterogeneous Nanostructures: A Strategy for Superior Mechanical Properties in Metals

Generally, strength and ductility are mutually exclusive in homogeneous metals. Nanostructured metals can have much higher strength when compared to their coarse-grained counterparts, while simple microstructure refinement to nanoscale generally results in poor strain hardening and limited ductility. In recent years, heterogeneous nanostructures in metals have been proven to be a new strategy to achieve unprecedented mechanical properties that are not accessible to their homogeneous counterparts. Here, we review recent advances in overcoming this strength-ductility trade-off by the designs of several heterogeneous nanostructures in metals: heterogeneous grain/lamellar/phase structures, gradient structure, nanotwinned structure and structure with nanoprecipitates. These structural heterogeneities can induce stress/strain partitioning between domains with dramatically different strengths, strain gradients and geometrically necessary dislocations near domain interfaces, and back-stress strengthening/hardening for high strength and large ductility. This review also provides the guideline for optimizing the mechanical properties in heterogeneous nanostructures by highlighting future challenges and opportunities

数字微流控技术及其在生物分析中的应用

数字微流控技术是一种基于微电极阵列来实现离散液滴精确控制的新型液滴操纵技术。这种基于介电润湿现象实现的液滴电操纵体系,相比于传统微流控芯片具有自动化、可寻址、可动态配置、易集成等特点。该文介绍了数字微流控技术液滴驱动原理,总结了芯片的结构和常用的制作方法,举例阐述了现阶段该技术在生物分析化学领域的应用,并对其应用前景做了展望。国家自然科学基金资助项目(21735004,21435004,21775128,21705024,21521004);;长江学者和创新研究团队项目(IRT13036

MnO/Nitrogen-doped graphene composite cathode for high performance lithium oxygen batteries

本文采用水热法制备了MnO/氮掺杂石墨烯复合材料. 作为非水锂空气电池的正极催化剂, 该复合材料表现出了优异的电化学性能以及循环稳定性.; 在充放电电流密度为0.05 mA cm~(-2)时, 其能量效率高达84.6%, 远高于目前文献所报道的非贵金属催化剂的能量效率,; 也超过了基于贵金属的催化剂. 其氧还原反应(ORR)和氧析出反应(OER)的过电势分别仅为0.11和0.41 V.; 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果表明, 所制备的MnO纳米颗粒能够均匀地分散在氮掺杂石墨烯的表面.; 密度泛函理论(DFT)计算揭示, MnO(100)面是主要的催化活性面, 其理论ORR和OER的过电势分别仅为0.21与0.24 V,; 充放电电势差为0.45 V, 与实验结果0.52 V相当.MnO/nitrogen-doped graphene (MnO/NG) composite cathode was fabricated by; a facile one-pot method as cathode catalyst for non-aqueous lithium; oxygen batteries. It exhibited superior electrochemical performance with; higher round-trip efficiency and better cyclic stability. It showed a; high round-trip efficiency of 84.6% at the current density of 0.05 mA; cm~(-2) with the discharge and charge overpotentials of 0.11 and 0.41 V,; respectively. Through scanning electron microscopy, transmission; electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was; confirmed that MnO nanoparticles were homogeneously dispersed on NG; surface. The density functional theory calculations demonstrated that; the superior electrochemical performance of MnO/NG might be attribute to; the exposure of stoichiometric MnO (100) surface, with the ORR and OER; overpotential only to be 0.21 and 0.24 V, respectively. The; discharging-charging voltage gap is 0.45 V, in good agreement with the; experimental value of 0.52 V.国家重点基础研究发展计划; 国家自然科学基金; 国家基础科学人才培养基

Developments and Applications of Paper-based Microfluidics

纸芯片微流控技术是一种新型微流控技术。相比于以玻璃、石英、高聚物等为基底的传统微流控芯片,纸芯片具有成本低、易操作、可携带、耗样量小等优点。该文介绍了纸芯片的发展及常用的制作方法,并举例说明了光度法、荧光法、化学发光及电化学发光法和电化学法在纸芯片检测中的应用;归纳了纸芯片技术在临床诊断、环境监控以及食品安全分析等方面的应用;最后对纸芯片微流控的应用前景进行了展望。Paper-based microfluidics stand out as a new class of microfluidic technology,and present distinguishing features such as low cost,ease of use,portability,and low reagent consumption compared with the conventional microfluidic devices.In this paper,the development of μPADs was first introduced,and the common fabrication techniques were presented.Then the methods for quantitative analysis on μPADs were summarized including colorimetry,fluorescence,chemiluminescence,electrochemiluminescence and electrochemistry with their applications in clinical diagnostics,environmental monitoring as well as food quality control.Finally,the potential and future outlooks ofμPADs were discussed.国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(2010CB732402;2013CB933703); 国家自然科学基金项目(91313302;21205100;21275122); 国家杰出青年科学基金项目(21325522

Back stress strengthening and strain hardening in gradient structure

We report significant back stress strengthening and strain hardening in gradient structured (GS) interstitial-free (IF) steel. Back stress is long-range stress caused by the pileup of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs). A simple equation and a procedure are developed to calculate back stress basing on its formation physics from the tensile unloading-reloading hysteresis loop. The gradient structure has mechanical incompatibility due to its grain size gradient. This induces strain gradient, which needs to be accommodated by GNDs. Back stress not only raises the yield strength but also significantly enhances strain hardening to increase the ductility. [GRAPHICS]