Examination and training model of Doctor of Nursing in Yale university

文章通过对耶鲁大学护理博士研究生考核培养模式的现状和特点进行分析研究,包括其护理博士学位的特点、招生要求、培养方式和考核方式。并在此基础上提出了对我国的启示,以此形成适合我国国情的护理博士培养模式。The article introduced the current status and characteristics of examination and training model of Doctor of Nursing in Yale university,including the characteristics of doctor degree of nursing,enrollment requirement,teaching and examination mode.On the basis,enlightenment on training model of Doctor of Nursing in China was put forward

Effect of the trans - theoretical model of behavior based WeChat health education on self - management among patients with maintenance hemodialysis

目的 探讨基于行为转变的微信干预模式对维持性血液透析患者自我管理的研究效果.方法 选取60例维持性血液透析患者实施微信健康教育,健康教育方案是基于行为转变理论制订,包括血液透析专业知识、自我管理、科学饮食等方面内容.实施干预12周后,对患者的生化指标、自我管理水平及自我效能感得分进行干预前后比较.结果 干预后患者自我管理得分较干预前有显著提升,表现在情绪处理和自我护理方面,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.干预后患者的生化指标白蛋白、血钾、肌酐、尿素氮的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.患者的自我效能感提升.结论 基于行为转变理论的微信健康教育可以改善维持性血液透析患者的生化指标,提高自我管理水平,帮助患者了解血液透析知识以及提升自信心,为今后改善血液透析患者自我管理提供一种新的干预模式.Objective To explore the effect of WeChat intervention model based on the trans-theoretical model of behavior（TTMB） on self-management of maintenance hemodialysis patients.Methods Sixty cases of maintenance hemodialysis patients were given WeChat health education,and the health education program was based on TTMB,ineluding hemodialysis expertise,self-management,scientific diet and so on.After 12 weeks＇intervention,the biochemical index,the self-management level and the self-efficacy score of patients were compared before and after intervention.Results The scores of self-management of patients after intervention were significantly higher than those before intervention,which were expressed in terms of emotional management and self-care,and the difference was statistically significant （P 〈 0.01）.After the intervention,the biochemical indexes diffences of albumin,serum potassium,creatinine and urea nitrogen of patients were statistically significant （P 〈 0.01）.The self-efficacy of patients were elevated.Conclusion The TTMB WeChat health education can improve the biochemical indexes and the level of self-management of maintenance hemodialysis patients,and it helps patients to understand hemodialysis knowledge as well as improve self-confident,to provide a new intervention model for improving self-management of hemodialysis patients in the future.国家自然科学基金（71403232

Difference and inherent linkage of root characteristics in different root classification of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings

植物根序和径级不仅反映细根的形态结构,而且能反映根系的一些生理特征,如细根寿命和周转等。该文以二年生油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)幼苗根系为研究对象,系统比较了根序分类方法和径级分类方法在描述根系特征上的优缺点,探索了两者之间的内在联系。结果表明:二年生油松幼苗最多可包括6级根序,直径的变化范围为0.169–3.877mm。按根序划分,I–VI级根序的总根长和总根表面积主要集中在前3级根序,这3级根序的根占总根长的78.77%和总根表面积的62.72%。前3级根序的比根长是后3级根序比根长的1.3–3.0倍,比根面积是后3级比根面积的1.0–1.5倍。按常用的径级(以0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0mm为阈值)划分方法,油松幼苗大部分根系直径≤1.5mm,此区间细根的根长和根表面积占总根长的93.76%和总根表面积的84.35%。直径≤1.5mm的细根平均比根长是>1.5mm细根比根长的3–7倍,比根面积的1.5–3.0倍。由于油松根序和径级之间有显著的指数关系,依据径级最大程度反映根序的原则,提出了新的径级划分方法,即以0.4、0.8、1.3和2.0mm为阈值对油松幼苗根系径级重新进行划分。此..

Ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ Ｐａｔｔｅｒｎ ｏｆ Ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ Ａｂｕｎｄａｎｃｅ ｉｎ Ｂｏｔｈｒｉｏｃｈｌｏａ ｉｓｃｈａｅｍｕｎ Ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ

物种多度分析是研究群落结构和分析群落生态学机制的重要方法,以黄土沟壑区地带性白羊草群落为对象,研究了坡位对白羊草群落物种多度分布格局的影响。结果表明:(1)坡位对白羊草群落物种多样性有显著性影响,坡中的Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Patrick指数显著低于坡上和坡下(p<0.05),坡上和坡下上述指数无显著差异(p>0.05)。坡上、坡中和坡下的群落Pielou均匀度指数和Alatalo均匀度指数无显著差异(p>0.05);(2)采用Zipf、Zipf-Mandelbrot、几何序列、分割线段、优势优先5种生态位模型对不同坡位上白羊草群落的物种多度分布格局进行模拟,发现仅前两个模型能很好地拟合白羊草群落在坡上、坡中和坡下的多度分布格局。说明尽管在不同坡位上白羊群落的物种多样性不同,但不同坡位上群落的形成过程和机理基本一致。本研究支持了Zipf模型和Zipf-Mandel-brot模型能较好的描述演替后期群落分布格局的观点。Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ　ｏｆ　ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ　ａｂｕｎｄａｎｃｅ（ＳＡ）ｉｓ　ａｎ　ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ　ｗａｙ　ｔｏ　ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ　ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ　ａｎｄ　ｔｈｅｕｎｄｅｒｌｙｉｎｇ　ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ　ｏｆ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ　ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ　ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ．Ｔｈｉｓ　ｐａｐｅｒ　ａｎａｌｙｚｅｄ　ｔｈｅ　ＳＡ　ｏｆ　Ｂｏｔｈｒｉｏｃｈｌｏａ　ｉｓｃｈａｅｍｕｎ　Ｌ．Ｋｅｎｇ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ　ａｔ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ　ｓｌｏｐｅ　ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ　ｉｎ　ｔｈｅ　Ｌｏｅｓｓ　Ｇｕｌｌｙ　Ｒｅｇｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　Ｃｈｉｎａ．Ｗｅ　ｆｉｔｔｅｄ　ｔｈｅ　ＳＡｗｉｔｈ　ｆｉｖｅ　ｎｉｃｈｅ　ｍｏｄｅｌｓ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ　Ｚｉｐｆ　ｍｏｄｅｌ，Ｚｉｐｆ－ｍａｎｄｅｌｂｒｏｔ　ｍｏｄｅｌ，ｎｉｃｈｅ　ｐｒｅｅｍｐｔｉｏｎ　ｍｏｄｅｌ（ＮＰＭ），ｂｒｏｋｅｎ　ｓｔｉｃｋ　ｍｏｄｅｌ（ＢＳＭ）ａｎｄ　ｄｏｍｉｎａｎｃｅ　ｐｒｅｅｍｐｔｉｏｎ　ｍｏｄｅｌ（ＤＰＭ）．Ｗｅ　ｆｏｕｎｄ　ｏｕｔ　ｔｈａｔ：（１）ｉｎｄｉｃｅｓ　ｏｆ　Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ，Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ　ａｎｄ　Ｐａｔｒｉｃｋ　ａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉａｔｅ　ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｌｏｐｅ　ｗｅｒｅ　ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙ　ｓｍａｌｌｅｒ　ｔｈａｎ　ｔｈｅ　ｕｐｌａｎｄａｎｄ　ｌｏｗｌａｎｄ，ｗｈｅｒｅａｓ　ｕｐｌａｎｄ　ａｎｄ　ｌｏｗｌａｎｄ　ｈａｄ　ｎｏ　ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ　ｉｎ　ｔｅｒｍｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅｓｅ　ｉｎｄｉｃｅｓ；Ｅｖｅｎｎｅｓｓ　ｉｎｄｉｃｅｓ　ｏｆ　Ｐｉｅｌｏ（Ｊｓｗａｎｄ　Ｊｓｉ）ａｎｄ　Ａｌａｔａｌｏ　ｓｈｏｗｅｄ　ｎｏ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ　ａｍｏｎｇ　ｔｈｅｓｅ　ｓｌｏｐｅ　ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ；（２）Ｚｉｐｆ　ｍｏｄｅｌ，Ｚｉｐｆ－ｍａｎｄｅｌｂｒｏｔ　ｍｏｄｅｌ　ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ　ａｂｕｎｄａｎｃｅ　ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ （ＳＡＤ）ｐａｔｔｅｒｎ　ｏｆ　Ｂｏｔｈｒｉｏｃｈｌｏａ　ｉｓｃｈａｅｍｕｎ　Ｌ．Ｋｅｎｇ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ　ｗｅｌｌ．Ａｌｌ　ｔｈｅｓｅ　ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ　ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ　ｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ　ｕｎｄｅｒ　ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｓｌｏｐｅ　ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ　ｓｈａｒｅｄ　ａ　ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ　ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ，ｔｈｏｕｇｈ　ｉｔｓ　ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ　ｉｎｄｉｃｅｓ　ｖａｒｉｅｄ　ａｍｏｎｇ　ｔｈｅｓｅ　ｓｌｏｐｅ　ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｅ　ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｉｓ　ｓｔｕｄｙ　ｃｏｎｆｉｒｍｅｄ　ｔｈａｔ　ｔｈｅ　Ｚｉｐｆ　ｍｏｄｅｌ，Ｚｉｐｆ－ｍａｎｄｅｌｂｒｏｔ　ｍｏｄｅｌ　ｃａｎ　ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｌｙ　ｒｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｔｈｅ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙ　ＳＡＤ　ａｔ　ｔｈｅ　ｌａｔｅｒ　ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｉｏｎ　ｓｔａｇｅ

Effect of N Addition on Root Morphological Characteristics and

细根作为植物吸收水分和养分的重要器官,其形态和生长也受到土壤资源有效性的影响。以多年生草本植物白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemun)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验和连续扫描根系的方法,研究了6个施氮处理(0,0.02,0.04,0.08,0.16和0.32 g/kg)对白羊草1&mdash;4级根序根系形态特征的影响。结果表明:(1)随着根序增加,各级根序上根系的平均直径和平均根长呈显著增加趋势(p&lt;0.05),但总根长和比根长显著下降(p&lt;0.05);(2)除对1级根的平均直径没有显著影响外,施氮增加了白羊草其它各级根序的平均根长和平均直径,减小了比根长、总根长和生物量;(3)施氮提高了1&mdash;4级根序的根系伸长速率和直径增粗速率,且根系伸长速率和增粗速率随时间推移呈动态变化,尤其是对1,2级根序的影响较大。因此,全球氮沉降增加可能通过影响细根的平均根长、平均直径、比根长、生物量等形态特征而对草本植物地下特征产生影响,进而影响陆地生态系统的C,N循环。 更多还原</span