Comparison of fertilizer-effect models on winter wheat response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in saline soils in the Yellow River Delta

通过大田试验, 研究了黄河三角洲盐碱土地区冬小麦合适的肥料效应模型。在冬小麦生长季设置4种不同的氮磷肥用量, 根据&ldquo;3414&rdquo;试验设计8 种不同的肥效试验处理, 以探讨线性加平台、一元二次、平方根和二元二次4 种不同模型的拟合效果。结果显示, 4 种肥料效应模型的拟合结果经检验都达到极显著水平 (P&lt;0.01)。在一元肥料效应模型中, 氮磷一元二次模型拟合效果最好, 最高收益分别为7 448.3 元&middot;hm-2 和7 357.7 元&middot;hm-2, 最佳经济氮磷用量分别为254.4 kg&middot;hm-2 和98.6 kg&middot;hm-2。对比一元与二元模型, 后者拟合效果较好, 最佳经济氮磷用量分别为244.1 kg&middot;hm-2 和94.2 kg&middot;hm-2, 即氮磷肥配比为2.6∶1, 经济效益为7 432.4 元&middot;hm-2, 氮肥农学利用率为6.2 kg(籽粒)&middot;kg-1(N), 磷肥农学利用率为13.8 kg(籽粒)&middot;kg-1(P2O5)。结合拟合度、最佳经济施肥量、经济收益、肥料农学利用率和一元模型的局限性分析得出, 二元二次肥料效应模型最优, 可作为黄河三角洲地区盐碱土冬小麦氮磷肥效模型的最佳选择。</p

Precipitated Phase of Titanium Alloy with Adding Nd Elements

通过粉末冶金方法(冷等静压-真空烧结)制备钛合金Ti-6Al-4V-2Cr-1Nd, 经过固溶-时效热处理后, 利用光学显微镜(OM)、; X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)分析合金的微观组织、 物相的组成及析出相的形核特点, 研究添加稀土元素Nd对析出相的影响。; 实验结果表明,在添加1%Nd(质量分数)元素后, 钛合金组织得到了明显细化;通过合金细化成核理论分析发现, 添加稀土元素Nd后,; 固溶时效中Nd_2O_3可以作为形核的基础, 促进形核, 所以稀土Nd元素可以有效促进非均匀形核, 主要析出相Nd_2O_3有利于晶粒的细化,; 是有效的形核剂;在高分辨透射电镜下对离子减薄后的试样进行观察,通过对合金的形貌和析出物进行傅里叶变换(FFT)和反傅里叶变换(IFFT)分析,; 得到清晰的原子排列图, 发现析出相Nd_2O_3与基体alpha-Ti之间存在平行相界面, 经分析为半共格界面。Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V-2Cr-1Nd prepared by powder metallurgy method; (cold isostatic pressing and vacuum sintering) was researched. The; microstructure, phase composition and precipitated phase nucleation; process were analyzed by optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction; (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) after solution and; aging treatment. The effect of adding rare earth element Nd to the; titanium alloy on its precipitated phase was studied. The experimental; results showed that the microstructure refinement effect was obvious; after adding rare earth element 1%Nd (mass fraction); based on the; analysis of alloy refining nucleation theory, it was found that after; adding Nd, Nd_2O_3 could serve as the basis of nucleation because of its; high energy, promoting nucleation, there fore Nd could promote the; heterogeneous nucleation effectively, the main precipitation phase; Nd_2O_3 was beneficial to refining crystalline grains and it was; effective nucleating agents. Through high resolution observation of ion; thinning sample, and the morphology of the alloy precipitates were; analyzed by fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse fast Fourier; transformation (IFFT). It was found that there was parallel interface; between precipitated phase Nd_2O_3 and matrix alpha-Ti, and it was; semi-coherent interface shown by analysis.河南省重大科技专项项

中世纪经院哲学对科学传承的贡献

中世纪向来被认为是科学发展的空白期。实际上,经院哲学内部唯实论和唯名论两种具有相互张力的思想构成了近代科学的思想生态。唯实论继承了柏拉图的唯理主义,重视那个看不见的、经验现象背后的本质的、理性的世界,认为认识这个世界是需要运用理智而不是感官,特别是需要数学。由于对理智的推崇,唯实论在客观上也加强了对人类理智的积累与训练,发展了演绎的逻辑方法。唯名论继承了亚里士多德哲学中的经验主义,引导人们把目光转向对具体事物的经验与观察。由此,初步形成了经验还原论的方法;同时,唯名论的基本立场使归纳逻辑得到重视;并且唯名论本身又成为自由探索精神的象征

Effects of Nd element addition on microstructure refinement of Ti-6Al-4V-2Cr alloy

采用冷等静压–真空烧结法制备Ti-6Al-4V-2Cr-1Nd合金,然后进行固溶及时效热处理,通过实验与最小错配度理论计算,研究Nd元素对该合金组织细化的影响,并分析细化机理。结果表明,添加1%(质量分数)的稀土元素Nd后,析出相Nd2O3能有效促进晶粒细化。二维错配度的计算结果证明析出相Nd2O3是有效的形核剂,可促进非均匀形核,增加形核率,从而使晶粒细化。通过对合金试样薄区进行高分辨率观察,发现另一种絮状的、非常细小的、弥散分布的Nd2Ti4O11相,由于其界面错配度较低,也可作为非均匀形核的核心,促进形核,起到细化晶粒的作用。Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V-2Cr-1Nd is made by the cold isostatic pressing and vacuum sintering, then the solution and aging heat treatment was carried on the prepared of titanium alloy, the effect of Nd elements on the microstructure refinement and the refinement mechanism were researched and analyzed through the experiment and theory calculation of minimum mismatch degree. The results show that the main precipitation phase Nd_2O_3 can effectively promote the grain refinement after adding rare earth element 1% Nd(mass fraction). The two-dimensional mismatch degree calculation results proved that the precipitated phase Nd2O3 is the effective nucleating agents that can promote the heterogeneous nucleation and increase the nucleation rate, thus promote the grain refinement. Through the high resolution observation of thin area in the sample, another precipitated phase Nd2Ti4O11 is found, which is flocculent, dispersed and very small. Because of the low degree of interface mismatch, Nd2Ti4O11 can also be used as the core of heterogeneous nucleation and promote nucleation, which means it can also play a role in grain refinement.河南省重大科技专项(102105000007

Effects of Nd element addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V-2Cr alloy

本试验采用冷等静压法及粉末冶金法制备钛合金,消除了成分偏析对合金性能的影响。在Ti-6Al-4V-2Cr中加入稀土Nd元素并进行热处理,运用光学; 显微镜、XRD和TEM对其组织和性能进行观察和分析。通过观察发现合金的组织为均匀的alpha +; beta相。运用XRD和TEM观察发现,晶界和晶内均有Nd_2O_3析出物,Nd_2O_3的出现细化了晶粒,提高了形核率,降低了晶粒尺寸。运用精; 密万能试验机进行了力学性能测试,当Nd元素含量为1%时,合金的综合力学性能最好,合金的抗拉强度提高了10.7%,伸长率提高了49.1%。The Ti-6Al-4V-2Cr-xNd alloys were prepared by the cold isostatic; pressing method and powder metallurgy with addition of Nd element,the; effect of composition segregation on properties of the titanium alloy; was eliminated,and microstructure and the properties of the alloy after; heat treatment were studied by means of optical microscope,XRD and TEM.; The results show that the microstructure of the Ti-6Al-4V-2Cr-xNd is; composed of homogeneous alpha + beta phase. Nd_2O_3 precipitates are; observed in the grain boundaries and in the grains by XRD and TEM,and it; can refine the grains,increase the nucleation rate and decrease the; grain size. The optimal mechanical properties of the alloy are obtained; when the Nd content is 1%,and the tensile strength and elongation of the; alloy increase by 10.7% and 49.1%,respectively.军工863项目; 国防973支持项

变精度多粒度粗糙集近似集更新的矩阵算法

随着信息大爆炸时代的到来,数据集的巨大化和数据集结构的复杂化已经成为近似计算中不能忽视的问题,而动态计算是解决这些问题的一种行之有效的途径。对现有的应用于经典多粒度粗糙集动态近似集更新方法进行了改进,提出了应用于变精度多粒度粗糙集(VPMGRS)的向量矩阵近似集计算与更新方法。首先,提出了一种基于向量矩阵的VPMGRS近似集静态计算算法;其次,重新考虑了VPMGRS近似集更新时的搜索区域,并根据VPMGRS的性质缩小了该区域,有效地提升了近似集更新算法的时间效率;再次,根据新的搜索区域,在VPMGRS近似集静态计算算法的基础上提出了一种新的VPMGRS近似集更新的向量矩阵算法;最后,通过实验验证了所提算法的有效性。国家自然科学基金资助项目(11871259,61379021);国家自然科学基金青年项目(11701258)~

变精度多粒度粗糙集近似集更新的矩阵算法

随着信息大爆炸时代的到来,数据集的巨大化、数据集结构的复杂化已经成为近似计算中一个不能忽视的问题。动态计算是解决这些问题的一种行之有效的途径。本文对现有的应用于经典多粒度粗糙集动态近似集更新方法进行了改进,提出了应用于变精度多粒度粗糙集的向量矩阵近似计算与更新方法。首先,提出了一种基于向量矩阵的变精度多粒度粗糙集的近似集静态计算算法；其次,重新考虑了变精度多粒度粗糙集近似集更新时的搜索区域,并根据变精度多粒度粗糙集的性质缩小了该区域,这能有效地提升近似集更新算法的时间效率；再次,根据新的搜索区域,在变精度多粒度粗糙集近似集静态计算算法的基础上,提出了一种新的变精度多粒度粗糙集近似集更新的向量矩阵算法；最后,进行实验验证了本文提出的算法的有效性

Electric-field-induced selective catalysis of single-molecule reaction

随着单分子电学检测技术的迅速发展，分子电子学的研究不再局限于分子电子学器件的构筑及其电学性质的测量，而且扩展到单分子尺度化学反应过程的探索。然而目前相关的研究仍然局限于理论计算方面，在单分子尺度上实时监测和调控化学反应的活性和选择性是化学领域的长期目标和挑战。针对这一挑战，洪文晶教授课题组与程俊教授课题组合作，自主研发了精密科学仪器，将单个有机分子定向连接在两个末端尺寸为原子级的电极之间，解决了化学反应中分子取向控制的问题.理论计算结果证实了定向电场可以有效地稳定化学反应的过渡态，从而降低反应能垒。该研究工作在化学化工学院洪文晶教授、程俊教授、能源材料化学协同创新中心（iChEM）刘俊扬副研究员的共同指导下完成，由硕士研究生黄晓艳、iChEM博士研究生唐淳、博士研究生李洁琼以及兰州大学的陈力川博士作为共同第一作者，化学化工学院师佳副教授、陈招斌高级工程师、夏海平教授和田中群教授，萨本栋微纳研究院杨扬副教授、环境与生态学院白敏冬教授以及兰州大学张浩力教授参与了研究工作的讨论并给予指导，博士后乐家波、博士研究生郑珏婷、张佩（已毕业）、李瑞豪、李晓慧也参与了研究工作。Oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) offer a unique chance to tune catalytic selectivity by orienting the alignment of the electric field along the axis of the activated bond for a specific chemical reaction; however, they remain a key experimental challenge. Here, we experimentally and theoretically investigated the OEEF-induced selective catalysis in a two-step cascade reaction of the Diels-Alder addition followed by an aromatization process. Characterized by the mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) technique in the nanogap and confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in bottles, OEEFs are found to selectively catalyze the aromatization reaction by one order of magnitude owing to the alignment of the electric field on the reaction axis. Meanwhile, the Diels-Alder reaction remained unchanged since its reaction axis is orthogonal to the electric fields. This orientation-selective catalytic effect of OEEFs reveals that chemical reactions can be selectively manipulated through the elegant alignment between the electric fields and the reaction axis.This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFA0204902), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21722305, 21703188, 21673195, 21621091, 51733004, 51525303, and 91745103), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017M622060), and the Young Thousand Talents Project of China. 该工作得到国家自然科学基金委（21722305、21703188、21673195、51733004、51525303、91745103），国家重点研发计划课题（2017YFA0204902），中国博士后面上基金（2017M622060）的资助，以及固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室、醇醚酯化工清洁生产国家工程实验室、能源材料化学协同创新中心的支持