民国社会舆论对匪患之反应——以《申报》和《大公报》为例(1912～1934)

匪患是民国时期普遍存在的一个严重社会问题。民国时期的社会舆论对于土匪的一般认知和态度,对土匪现象的评论、治理对策及其反映的历史现象是十分有意义和饶有兴味的研究课题。上海出版的《申报》和天津出版的《大公报》无疑是反映民国社情的标志性报纸。1912~1934年期间,在《申报》和《大公报》充分提供的时评版上,知识界人士站在政治风暴之外对民国匪患的成因等提出了各自的见解,就治匪问题之方方面面贡献方案,以提供政府作为治匪政策和策略之参考。他们借助报刊论政,表现了极强的社会参与意识和社会责任感。他们提出的许多解决民国匪患的建议和设想,在一定程度上符合历史事实,也在相当程度上代表着民间舆论的总体倾向。但是书生论时空悲叹,由于民国政治当局的腐败和复杂的社会纷争,他们治理匪患的建议和设想没有被当政者采纳,流为无法实现的空想。上海市教育委员会重点学科(第五期)“近现代中国社会文化史”(J50106)资

\u27IN PERILS IN THE WILDERNESS\u27 : CHINESE BANDITS AND CHINESE SOCIETY THROUGH THE EYES OF \u27FOREIGN TICKETS\u27

From the mid-19^ century onwards, China was obliged under the pressure of unequal treaties with Western powers to permit the free movement of non-Chinese nationals such as missionaries, travellers, and employees of overseas companies in the country\u27s interior. At the same time, political unrest and economic decline were making China\u27s rural areas more and more unstable, and those foreigners became the natural targets of the bandits that were created by those unsettled conditions. While the sufferings of those \u27foreign tickets\u27 were not inconsiderable, there was one consolation for those who wish to know more about the lives of bandits and of the people who lived through this \u27Dark Night\u27 of Chinese history. This was that some of the former captives were ready to relive their experiences by writing out their memoirs. Having actually listened to what the bandits wanted to say, they were able to record the \u27intimate\u27 aspects of banditry; at the same time, having lived among the poor peasants of China\u27s countryside, they were able to gain a perspective on Chinese conditions that was not available to the foreigners who formed a privileged elite in the treaty ports like Shanghai. A glance through the writings of these former bandit captives reveals a world quite inaccessible to the scholar who relies on official sources. We learn what it was like to live the lives of hunted and despised bandits; we learn of the strange relationship of curiosity and mutual sympathy that sprang up between the captives and the villagers, who were equally the bandits\u27 victims; and we discover the existence of a delicate three-way relationship between the bandits, the Chinese authorities, and the captives\u27 diplomatic representatives. Although the voices that speak to us from the lines of these memoirs are those of the once-mighty foreigner, the cries that leap out from between those lines are from the mouths of the long-ignored Chinese peasant, making these materials a precious source for historians of rural China

咸水灌溉对塔里木沙漠公路防护林植物生长的影响/Effects of saline water irrigation on plants growth of the Tarim Desert Highway shelter-belt[J]

通过不同矿化度成水造林实验和对塔里木沙漠公路防护林工程沿线不同矿化度水灌溉林地进行定位调查,选取成活率、株高、冠幅、地径、地上生物量及结实状况等反映造林苗木生长状况的常规指标,分析了不同矿化度成水灌溉对乔木沙拐枣(Calligonum arborescons)、梭梭(Haloxyloammodendron)和多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)3种植物生长状况的影响.研究结果表明,灌溉水矿化度对这3种植物的成活、营养生长和结实均有显著影响.随矿化度升高,整体表现为抑制作用;盐胁迫影响程度与灌水矿化度存在阈值变化现象.灌溉水矿化度在20 g/L以上时,梭梭不能结实,但成活和生长基本未受影响;乔木沙拐枣和多枝柽柳的存活阈值为15～20 g/L,抗盐阈值分别在15 g/L和20g/L左右;3种植物抗盐能力依次为:梭梭>多枝柽柳>乔木沙拐枣