A Study of the International Regulations on Sovereign Debt Restructuring

20世纪80至90年代以来，随着主权债务大规模增加，主权债务违约的危险上升。同时，国际主权借贷形式也发生了巨大的变革，债权人种类趋于多元且数量众多，主权债务重组变得尤为困难。自1994年墨西哥爆发主权债务危机以后，面对接连爆发的债务危机，主权债务重组总是缓慢低效且存在极大的不确定性，不仅严重影响债务国经济发展，还损害了国际经济秩序。 本文首先从经济理论上探究了主权债务重组困难的根源。主权债务重组的困难来源于诸多因素，包括集体行动问题、信息不透明、公平性问题以及道德风险等，总的可以归纳为债权人的合作失败和债务国的道德风险。这些困难可能引发债权人竞相逃离，导致无序地重组，破坏债务国经济，损害债权...Since 1980s’, the risks of sovereign debt default had increased sharply with the scale of sovereign debt also increasing rapidly. Meanwhile, sovereign debt has been changing greatly in the form, with the number of creditors growing and their diversing. It became quite difficult to restructure sovereign debt. After the Mexican debt crisis in 1994, sovereign debt restructuring was mostly inefficient...学位：经济学硕士院系专业：经济学院国际贸易系_国际经济学学号：1572009115161

欧盟对外援助政策及管理体系

欧盟包括其27个成员国提供了全世界超过一半的官方发展援助;欧盟也是经合组织发展援助委员会成员中唯一既是援助者又是组织者的多边机构。本文从欧盟对外援助的战略和政策、概况、组织与管理及援助有效性等方面,深入研究欧盟的对外援助及其管理21世纪以来的新变化,并对其援助的有效性进行分析

Preparation and Characterization of Electro-catalyst of Surface Alloy Supported on Glassy Carbon

以玻碳为载体 ,通过电化学方法在其表面沉积催化物质研制表面合金纳米电催化剂 (Surfacealloy/GC)。运用电化学循环伏安 (CV)和扫描电镜 (SEM)等技术进行结构和性能表征。结果表明 ,在Surfacealloy/GC上氢的析出电位负移至 - 0 40V(SCE) ,与Pt电极相比负移约 15 0mV ,具有较高的电还原应用价值。另外 ,Surfacealloy/GC的氧化电位正移至 0 64V ,其稳定性明显高于电有机合成中常用的Pb、Sb、Cu等金属电极。SEM研究结果表明 ,所研制的Surfacealloy/GC电催化剂是一种由粒度约为 70nm的纳米颗粒合金组成的薄膜Electro-catalysts of surface alloy supported on glassy carbon (GC) were prepared by electrochemical codeposition method. Structures and properties of these electro-catalysts were studied through techniques of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results demonstrated that the onset potential of hydrogen evolution on the surface alloy/GC was postponed to -0.40V,i.e.,negatively shifted by 150 mV in comparison with that of hydrogen evolution on a platinum electrode. In addition, the oxidization potential of the surface alloy/GC was positively shifted to above 0.64V, which is much higher than the oxidization potential of Pb and Sb metal electrodes. This indicates that the stability of the surface alloy/GC electrode is higher than that of Pb, Sb and Cu metal electrodes usually employed in organic electrosynthesis.The results of characterization by SEM have converged to illustrate that the surface alloy film is composed of nano-particles of about 70 nanometers in regular distribution.厦门市科技攻关项目基金资助 (35 0 2Z2 0 0 1);; 福建省自然科学基金资助 (E9910 0 0 3);; 国家自然科学基金 (2 98330 60 ,2 0 0 2 10 0 2 )资

Reduction of Oxalic Acid on Surface Alloy/GC Electrode Studied by Using CV and in situ FTIR Spectroscopy

采用自行研制的碳载表面合金电催化材料 (Surfacealloy/GC)作为研究电极 ,通过电化学方法和电化学原位FTIR反射光谱等技术 ,对该催化剂在电有机合成中的性能进行研究。结果表明 :所研制的Surfacealloy/GC对草酸的加氢还原表现出很高的电催化活性 ,草酸的还原电位为 - 0 .40V ,与通常用的阴极铅材料相比 ,正移约6 0 0mV ;电化学原位FTIR反射光谱研究结果指出 ,草酸的还原产物主要为乙醛酸 ,表明该电极在较低的过电位下就能还原草酸生成乙醛酸。Reduction of oxalic acid on electrode of surface alloy supported on glassy carbon was studied by using cyclic voltammetry and in situ FTIR spectroscopy.The results demonstrated that the surface alloy exhibited a high electrocatalytic activity towards oxalic acid reduction.The over potential of oxalic acid reduction was significantly reduced by about 600 mV in comparison with that measured on a Pb cathode that was used industrially for the reduction. The main reduction product identified by using in situ FTIR spectroscopy was glyoxylic acid,indicating that the surface alloy/GC electrode exhibited an excellent selectivity for glyoxylic acid in oxalic acid reduction.厦门市科技攻关项目基金资助 ( 35 0 2Z2 0 0 1) ;; 福建省自然科学基金资助 (E9910 0 0 3) ;; 国家自然科学基金资助 ( 90 2 0 6 0 39,2 0 0 2 10 0 2 )~

白念珠菌基因多态性与耐药性关系

【目的】探讨耐氟康唑白念珠菌基因多态性与其耐药性是否相关。【方法】收集48株敏感白念珠菌和10株耐氟康唑白念珠菌,其中包括2株体外诱导的耐氟康唑白念珠菌。选择1个随机引物(引物1251),采用任意引物PCR方法基因分型,将电泳图谱扫描入计算机后采用Labwork4.0软件转化为数值图表,利用SPSS11.5进行聚类分析。【结果】引物1251的PCR指纹图带型稳定,多态性丰富,可以作为分型引物。聚类分析结果提示8株临床耐药菌的PCR指纹图相似系数为71.7%,而其中7株的耐药菌相似系数高达86.7%,远高于58株菌的平均相似系数(47.3%)。2株体外诱导的耐药菌诱导前后基因型未发生变化。【结论】基因分型的结果未提示耐氟康唑白念珠菌存在一定的特殊电泳条带,但提示了特定的PCR指纹图可能与耐药性有一定相关性

Preparation of Surface Alloy Electrocatalysts and Their Property Investigations

表面合金电催化剂的研制及其性能研究 摘要 有机电化学合成，简称有机电合成，是有机合成与电化学技术相结合的一门交叉学科。因其可在常温常压条件下进行，且具有工艺流程短、污染小等特点，而成为当今高速发展的绿色合成新技术之一。在有机电合成的众多新兴领域中，电极材料的研究一直是普遍受到重视的领域，特别是近年来，随着节约资源、保护环境意识的普及和燃料电池的发展，研制和开发高性能的表面电催化材料已成为有机电合成研究的重要课题。以电化学还原草酸合成乙醛酸为例，在当前有机电合成工业中，普遍采用析氢过电位很大的铅、汞、或碳作为阴极材料。其共同缺点是生产过程中能耗大、成本高，且由于电极的选择性不好，伴随着一...Preparation of Surface Alloy Electrocatalysts and Their Property Investigations ABSTRACT The organic electrochemical synthesis, designated briefly as the organic electrosynthesis, is a crossdisciplinary of organic synthesis and electrochemical technology. Not only can the reaction proceed under normal temperature and pressure, but also the process flow is brief and no pollution to environmen...学位：理学硕士院系专业：化学化工学院化学系_物理化学(含化学物理)学号：20002505

海峡两岸保险业竞争力比较研究

保险业是现代经济体系不可或缺的重要组成部分,承担经济补偿和资金融通的功能,是市场经济条件下风险管理的基本手段,在促进经济稳健运行、人民安居乐业以及社会和谐发展方面发挥重要的作用。健康良好并高效运作的保险业对促进国家(地区)经济发展有着重要的作用,面对国际市场激烈的竞争,保险业竞争力的提高也显得十分紧迫和重要。随着近年来海峡两岸经济交流的深入,两岸保险业的竞争与合作也逐渐深化。ECfA签订以后,更是加速了中国大陆保险业对台湾的开放,促进了两岸保险业合