Synthesizing multi-destinations map with factor graph

目的提出一种结合因子图的多目的地地图生成方法。方法首先,由用户选择多个感兴趣的目的地,系统根据相应规则自动地选择与目的地最相关的路线。然后,通过定义一组衡量布局质量的约束规则,采用因子图方法将定义的每条规则编码成因子,并采用METrOPOlIS HASTIngS算法对由因子图构建得到的目标分布函数进行采样得到符合约束规则的多目的地地图。结果实验结果表明,使用这种方法得到的多目的地地图,可以在同一显示空间中显示多个目的地之间的道路信息,同时又保留了各目的地区域之间的拓扑和空间关系。结论提出的多目的地地图能有效地为用户提供导航,解决了当前在线地图无法在同一视野中为用户提供空间距离较远的区域道路信息的问题。Objective An increasing number of people usually need to work or take a holiday with their families in another city.Therefore,having an accurate map is necessary when they arrive in an unfamiliar city.Some online maps,such as Baidu or Google,can provide sufficient but redundant information.Users only need some information about their destinations,but excessive details on other places give rise to difficulty in reading maps.Meanwhile,users often need to perform many tedious operations,such as zoom in and zoom out,to obtain useful information.Therefore,we present a factor graphbased method to generate multiple destinations maps.This method can provide users with only useful information so that they can obtain help easily.Method Our method consists of three steps.First,users select multiple destinations of interest.The detail of some areas that are far from the user destinations is unnecessary.Second,the proposed system automatically selects the most relevant subset of roads that are related to the destinations according to certain predefined guidelines.These guidelines ensure that the selected road network maintains conciseness and connectivity so that users can arrive at any destination.Finally,the layout is adjusted to present an accurate map.The map should ensure that the details of the information on the destinations are clear while maintaining the original topology of the map.Moreover,we should maximize screen usage to display more information.Thus,we identify a set of design rules to constrain the map layout.We conductsome preprocessing of the road network to implement layout optimization.We segment the road network into several rectangular areas according to the user destinations.Every rectangle contains only one destination.During optimization,we can choose a rectangular area-based perturbation or point-based perturbation.Furthermore,we use factor graph,a type of graphical model,to improve algorithm efficiency by encoding constraints as factors.We obtain the desired map layout with the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm by sampling from the target distribution constructed by the factor graph.Result Online maps fail to provide selective information,whereas other maps,such as hand-drawn maps,often produce map deformation that affects map reading.The multi-destination maps generated by the proposed method not only provide users with detailed road information of multiple destinations in the same view while maintaining the topology among destinations.Moreover,unnecessary information is automatically omitted.Conclusion In this study,we present a new method to generate maps with a factor graph.The factor graph can clearly describe the relationships of objects.Experiment results indicate that the proposed approach can efficiently solve the problem confronting online maps,which fail to provide users with sufficient and detailed information on multi-destinations in the same view.国家自然科学基金项目(60903129); 国家重点基础研究发展规划(973)基金项目(2013CB329502

弹道靶的一些发射技术

弹道靶设备是开展高速碰撞、气动力和气动物理现象研究的重要实验手段.由于比风洞和击波管等设备有它特殊的优点,所以五十年代末六十年代初,当它在高超音速领域中初

弹道靶上的跨音速实验

本文介绍用弹道靶作跨音速试验的新方法,在二级轻气炮上采用了二个特殊的新技术:充气放炮能发射模型达到亚音速,低充填条件能发射模型达到跨、超音速。由于初始加速度较小,发射的模型外形完整,姿态稳定;加上没有支撑干扰和小洞壁效应的优点,使弹道靶设备在跨音速实验方面有特殊的优越性,用上述技术得到了圆球跨音速流场的清晰照片,其中击波脱体距离、分离点位置、颈部宽度、尾迹形状与超音速、高超音速流动比较有明显变化。文中M≈1.010和M≈0.99的二张全流场照片是十分有意义的。最后提出一个想法,用靶场加压、降温的方法可以提高雷诺数直到10~7以上

Mechanism and kinetics of cellobiose hydrogenation catalyzed by Ru/CNT

联系人及第一作者: 谭雪松( 1985- ),男, 硕士, 助理研究员。[中文文摘]引言化石资源的日益枯竭,使得人们对从可再生生物质资源合成化学品和燃料的研究给予了广泛关注[1-2]。木质纤维素是地球上分布最广、产量最多的生物质资源之一。纤维素由葡萄糖通过β-1,4糖苷键连接而成,其分子的刚性结构和高度结晶性使其成为最难转化的多糖[3]。目前通过高温气化或热解转化纤维素为合成气等燃料的工艺过程已经建立[4]。但在温和条件下通过平台分子继而生成油品或化学品的过程还有待开发。山梨醇是纤维素转化中有价值的平台分子之一,可以在较温和条件下通过水汽重整和费托合成等方法合成烷烃燃油和化学品[5-6]。因而,对纤维素催化加氢制备山梨醇的研究将有助于纤维素的有效利用。Fukuoka等[7]报道了在水相体系下,铂/氧化铝催化剂催化纤维素加氢制备山梨醇的反应,在190℃反应24h,山梨醇的收率为25%。Liu等[8]利用高温水形成的独特酸性质,以钌/活性炭为催化剂,245℃反应得到山梨醇,收率为30%。Deng等[9]利用碳纳米管优异的氢吸脱附与溢流性质,以Ru/CNT为催化剂,在185℃反应24h,山梨醇收率达到36%。虽然在催化纤维素加氢制山梨醇的研究方面已取得一定成果,但山梨醇收率不高(<40%),高效催化体系 依旧缺乏, 开展相关基础研究仍十分必要。纤维二 糖是纤维素的次级结构单元, 由两个葡萄糖通过 β-1,4糖苷键连接而成。由于纤维二糖结构与纤维 素类似, 且易于溶解, 故可用于研究纤维素转化的 模型分子[ 10-11] 。 本研究考察了以Ru/ CNT 为催化剂, 水相条 件下催化纤维二糖加氢制备山梨醇的反应。推导了 纤维二糖转化反应机理, 建立了纤维二糖催化加氢 反应的动力学模型, 可为纤维素的催化加氢研究提 供指导。[英文文摘]The production of chemicals or fuels from renewable biomass resources especially cellulose has attracted much attention because of the worldwide demand for less dependence on fossil resources.However,the direct utilization of cellulose is still a challenge because of its robust crystalline structure.Herein,the hydrogenation of cellobiose,a typical cellulose,over carbon nanotube supported ruthenium catalyst (Ru/CNT) was reported.The mechanism of cellobiose conversion was proposed and the kinetic equation was obtained. Based on the kinetic experiments carried out in the range 120- 185℃ under 5. 0 MPa H2 , the reaction rate constants and activation energies of each reaction step in cellobiose hydrogenation were obtained with MATLAB, in which the activation energy for hydroly sis and hydrogenolysis of cellobio se was est imated as 147.1 kJ·mol- 1 and 71.2 kJ·mol- 1, respectively. The obtained kinetic model and some general rules on the catalyt ic hydrog enation of cellobio se may provide impo rtant data for eff icient ut ilization of cellulose.国家自然科学基金项目(20625310, 20773099,20873110

Screening of Marine Bacterium Producing Noval CMCase and Preliminary Studies on Its Enzymatic Properties

从病烂的海洋植物中分离到一株高产纤维素酶的菌株TX-12,革兰氏阴性,经鉴定为噬纤维菌属(Cellulophaga sp.)中的一个种.该菌株在温度25℃、培养基起始pH 8.0条件下培养56 h产生碱性纤维素酶活力高达354.8 U/mL.酶学性质初步研究显示,TX-12产生的纤维素酶最适反应pH值为8.0,最适反应温度为60℃,在0～100℃酶活均能保持最高酶活的70%以上.酶液在100℃时仍具有较高的稳定性.Fe2+、Cu2+、Mn2+对酶反应有一定促进作用,Hg2+和Pb2+对酶反应有强烈的抑制作用.

Optimizing hydrolysis conditions of scallop brim by alkaline protease

以水解度为考察指标,在单因素实验的基础上,利用正交试验对碱性蛋白酶水解扇贝边的条件进行了优化,并且对在最适酶解条件下制得的酶解液的抗氧化活性进行了研究。结果表明:碱性蛋白酶酶解扇贝边的最适条件为,[S]/[E]为12、温度为60℃、酶解时间为240 min、p H值为11。在最适酶解条件下制得的扇贝边酶解液对DPPH和ABTS+自由基均具有显著的清除作用,且表现出一定的量效关系

Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Carrageenase Production by Flavobacterium sp. YK-5 Using Response Surface Methodology

采用响应面法对黄杆菌YK-5产卡拉胶酶的发酵条件进行了优化.首先利用Plackett-Burman设计从8个因子中筛选出3个影响YK-5产酶的主要因素;分别为:培养温度、培养基起始pH和培养基中卡拉胶含量.然后进行最陡爬坡试验逼近最佳响应面区域;最后通过Box-Behnken设计和响应面分析得到最适条件:培养温度28.17℃;培养基起始pH值8.77和培养基中卡拉胶含量3.71 g/L.在最适条件下测得的酶活为215.72U/mL;是优化前的2.21倍

超浅水浮式波浪能发电装置弹性系泊系统及水动力性能的数值与模型试验研究

超浅水环境下浮式波浪能发电装置系泊系统性能的优劣直接影响装置在极限海况下的生存性和工作海况下的波浪能俘获性。针对波能装置运动特点和岛屿周边海域经济性开发的需要,设计一套适合超浅水环境的自动对浪型多点弹性系泊系统,并在系泊线中加入非线弹性拉伸材料--高弹性索。首先以鹰式波浪能装置为系泊对象,给出混合高弹性索和聚酯纤维系泊系统2种设计方案,通过对比分析,发现高弹性索可有效降低锚泊线的最大张力和普通锚链的用量,减轻系泊系统重量。混合高弹性索系泊系统用于超浅水环境下的浮式波浪能装置更具优越性。在此基础上,对极限工况下混合高弹性索系泊鹰式和细长体波浪能装置水动力性能进行时域耦合和水池模型试验研究。研究表明混合高弹性索多点弹性系泊系统能满足一般浮式波浪能装置在浅水大漂移载荷等恶劣海况下对锚泊系统的要求

波浪能装置弹性系泊系统抗台风的设计与研究

针对波浪能装置的抗台风系泊问题,以鹰式三号波浪能装置为对象开展波浪能装置的弹性系泊系统抗台风的研究与设计。根据势流理论计算装置的一阶波浪力和二阶波浪力,其中二阶波浪力采用一阶势的压力积分方法求得。在忽略系泊系统低频运动与波频运动的耦合作用下,采用准静态分析方法,将装置的运动分解为平均静力位移、波频振荡运动和低频振动的叠加。根据鹰式三号波浪能装置实现对应主浪向的要求采用分布式系泊方式分别设计了4种方案,并通过模拟计算,最终选择最优的可行性方案。结果表明：在系泊线中加入可蓄能的弹性索和沉块浮筒蓄能构建件,可以有效减小系泊载荷峰值和控制结构物漂移半径,减少系泊锚链的使用量