外源物诱导肝脏局部先天免疫反应的线粒体调控机制

肝脏作为体内代谢外源因素暴露最重要的器官之一,具有独特的血窦结构和丰富的免疫细胞亚群,构成了肝脏局部免疫微环境。其中,肝脏的先天免疫细胞既可通过清除病原体、抗原提呈作用参与宿主防御,还通过与肝实质细胞的相互作用参与外源因素介导的急性免疫反应、肝细胞毒性转归、慢性肝损伤以及肝致癌作用。线粒体作为细胞应激的关键靶细胞器,是整合肝脏局部免疫信号的分子互作平台,既通过线粒体质量控制精细调控细胞内的分子事件,也通过线粒体损伤相关分子模式介导不同细胞间通讯和交互作用调控免疫微环境的稳态。本文通过对参与肝脏局部免疫反应的先天免疫细胞亚群组成及其介导免疫反应级联的综述,阐述不同外源物诱导肝脏局部免疫的线粒体相关调控机制,为探讨经由肝脏局部免疫反应生物标志筛查和靶向干预以预防和控制肝脏损伤提供线索

The History of Chinese Grammars in Chinese and Western Scholarly Traditions

International audienceThis article evaluates the scientific contribution of Western scholars and missionaries in the compilation of a large number of descriptive grammars for Chinese languages which appeared during the period from the late sixteenth to the early twentieth centuries. This is all the more interesting, given that the native tradition of grammatical studies only began to develop at a very late period in China’s history, the first real grammar being published in 1898. This was the Mă shì wén tōng 馬氏文通 by Ma Jianzhong, a scholar who had gained a Western education while studying in Paris and was therefore broadly familiar with some of the main European intellectual traditions in linguistics, as well as the Chinese ones, concerned above all with rhetoric and philology.After a presentation of the main grammars of Chinese languages produced by Europeans during this period, the aptness of their theoretical frameworks is tested by analysing the treatment of the numeral classifier, a part of speech not found in European languages. The reasons for the prolonged lack of any theoretical interest in grammar, revealed in the native Chinese linguistic tradition, is speculated upon in an epilogue