台北市信義運動中心顧客滿意度與參與動機之研究

[[abstract]]本論文研究之目的在於探討一、了解臺北市信義運動中心之顧客人口統計特徵分佈的情形。二、了解臺北市信義運動中心之顧客對運動中心所提供顧客滿意度及參與動機之現況。三、比較不同人口統計變項對臺北市信義運動中心之顧客所提供之顧客滿意度及參與動機之差異情形。四、探討臺北市信義運動中心滿意度與參與動機之相關情形。 本研究母群體為臺北市信義運動中心之消費者，以問卷調查法來收集所需資料，共計發出260份，回收243份，扣除資料填答不全者，合計有效樣本為233份，有效回收率為89%。回收資料透過SPSS12.0處理，資料分析採用描述統計、獨立樣本t 檢定、單因子變異數分析及皮爾遜積差相關。 本研究主要結論為：1.臺北市信義運動中心之顧客滿意度得分的情形屬於中度滿意程度。2.臺北市信義運動中心之顧客參與動機得分的情形屬於中度程度。3.不同年齡、子女數、教育程度及居住地區與臺北市信義運動中心顧客滿意度的差異發現，達顯著差異。4.不同年齡、教育程度、消費行為與臺北市信義運動中心參與動機的差異發現，達顯著差異。5.顧客滿意度與參與動機達相關（r=.49，p<.05）

Studies on Reproductive Biology of Yushania niitakayamensis (Hay.) Keng f.

雪山東峰於2001年2月18日發生火燒，致玉山箭竹及其他高山植物遭受火燒之干擾。於該年8月底初步調查發現，玉山箭竹有開花現象。本研究針對玉山箭竹的物候、開花習性，加以深入研究。另一方面，一般認為玉山箭竹係以地下莖拓展其範圍，很難利用外部形態來確定營養系大小、結構以及遺傳變異，本研究亦利用ISSR分子標記方法判定玉山箭竹營養系大小及分布情形。經由以上兩項研究，期能對玉山箭竹的繁殖特性有進一步瞭解。 玉山箭竹物候觀察時間從2001年8月起至2003年10月止，共26個月。每年5∼11月為開花期，成熟花序為紫紅色，果熟期從10月開始，至翌年1月；然2003年之開花未見結實。2002年發現部分的玉山箭竹從已開花之部位繼續長出花芽，但花序在未完全抽出之前即已開花，隨即乾枯。果實為穎果，一小花可結一果實，平均百粒重約0.74 g；開花、結實情形以2001年最好，逐年下降；於現場未發現種子苗。2002年5月調查發現有177個樣株存活，其中開花樣株有133個，直至2003年10月18日只剩11個樣株存活，但已無開花。另外在2003年發現有假小穗(pseudospikelets)的構造，其內部不具有雄蕊及雌蕊等生殖器官，小穗形狀如同真正花序；於玉山箭竹地下莖亦發現有花序抽出。營養系判定實驗方面，在20 m × 20 m矩形樣區中，以網格點採樣方式，每2 m為一採樣點，共121個樣本，利用ISSR分子標記方式，判定其營養系的大小及組成情形。本實驗選用10個ISSR引子，共得到164個條帶，其中多型性條帶有126個(76.38%)，單型性條帶有38個(23.17%)。結果顯示，在所有樣本中產生出106個基因型(營養系)，有100個樣本皆為不同的營養系，其餘21個樣本分別組成6個具有連續性的營養系，最大營養系有8 m之遠。The Mt. Sheishan East Peak was burned on 18 February 2001 and resulted in alpine plants destroyed. In preliminary investigation, we observed Yushania niitakayamensis had flowering phenomenon in August, 2001. The present study investigates the phenology and flowering habitat of Y. niitakayamensis. In addition, Y. niitakayamensis is generally thought to be spreaded mainly by rhizomes. It is difficult to identify the demography of Y. niitakayamensis. Clonal diversity of Y. niitakayamensis from the Mt. Sheishan East Peak was investigated using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. These studies were conducted in order to shed light on the reproductive biology of Y. niitakayamensis. The period of observation was from August 2001 to October 2003 and took approximately 26 months. The phase of flowering is from May to November every year. Seed production occurs from October to January. In 2003 we didn't observe see production. We discovered some of individuals continued to flower at the same buds, but the inflorescences would dry soon. A floret can be resulted in one seed, mean of one hundred seeds weight about 0.74 g. The amount of flowering and seed production were the best in 2001 and decreasing year by years. No seedlings were founded. In October 2003, only 11 individuals were still alive. Some of them had pseudospikelets which look like real inflorescences and we observed one of the inflorescences comes from a rhizome. Clonal structure was examined by the ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) assay in 121 individuals of Y. niitakayamensis. Ten of the 125 primers screened were used in the study because they produced reproducibly amplified polymorphisms. Using these primers 164 DNA fragments were generated with 126 (76.38%) being polymorphic. One hundred and six genotypes were determined, 100 clones of them were all different individuals. Remaining 21 individuals were composed of 6 continuing clones; the largest clone covered a distance of 8 m.圖目次…………………………………………………………………..Ⅲ 表目次…………………………………………………………………..Ⅴ 附錄目次………………………………………………………………..Ⅵ 壹、前言…………………………………………………………………..1 貳、前人研究 一、竹類形態分類…………………………………………………3 二、竹類開花結實特性……………………………………………6 三、玉山箭竹屬(Yushania)之世界分布……………………………7 四、玉山箭竹形態描述……………………………………………8 伍、玉山箭竹相關研究…………………………………………..10 六、物候學………………………………………………………..11 七、營養系判定及分子標記技術之應用…………………..……12 参、研究區概況 一、地理位置及範圍………………………………………………15 二、地質及土壤……………………………………………………16 三、氣候……………………………………………………………17 四、植群社會………………………………………………….…..18 肆、研究方法 一、資料蒐集………………………………………………………19 二、物候調查及結實率計算………………………………………19 三、花器形態之觀察………………………………………………20 四、營養系範圍之判定……………………………………………21 伍、結果 一、物候觀察……………………………………………………..29 二、玉山箭竹花器形態…………………………………………..38 三、ISSR實驗結果……………………………………………….41 陸、討論 一、開花習性………………………………………………………45 二、集體開花與開花紀錄…………………………………………46 三、結實及更新情形………………………………………………47 四、營養系之判定…………………………………………………48 五、火燒之影響……………………………………………………50 柒、結論…………………………………………………………………52 捌、引用文獻……………………………………………………………53 圖目次 圖1. 竹類地下莖之形態…………………….……………………..……4 圖2. 竹花排列形式………………………………………………...……5 圖3. 玉山箭竹屬(Yushania)世界分布圖……………………………….8 圖4. 玉山箭竹花之構造…………………………………………...……9 圖5. 雪霸國家公園園區圖……………………………………….……15 圖6. 雪山東峰現場樣區照片…………………………………….……16 圖7. 合歡山地區2001~2002年每月平均溫度及累積降雨量…….…17 圖8. SEM處理流程圖………………….…..…………………….……20 圖9. ISSR實驗流程圖………………………………..……………..…21 圖10. 營養系取樣樣區之形狀……………………………………...…22 圖11. 火燒後殘餘竹稈……………………………………………...…28 圖12. 玉山箭竹開花植株…………………………………...…………28 圖13. 200個樣株存活暨開花紀錄…………………………….………30 圖14. 玉山箭竹萌櫱後開花植株……………………………...………31 圖15. 玉山箭竹葉片之形態…………………………….……..………32 圖16. 玉山箭竹各樣區花藥外露變化量……………….…………..…33 圖17. 玉山箭竹花序之形態…………………………………….…..…34 圖18. 玉山箭竹從地下莖中抽出之花序……………………………...34 圖19. 玉山箭竹開花後乾枯之情形…………………………...………35 圖20. 玉山箭竹各樣區結實變化量……………………………..…….36 圖21. 玉山箭竹花藥外露及結實變化量……………………..………36 圖22. 玉山箭竹穎果之近照………………………………...…………37 圖23. 玉山箭竹小花之外部形態……………………………...………38 圖24. 玉山箭竹單一鱗被顯微構造……………………………..….…38 圖25. 玉山箭竹雌蕊形態…………………………………..…….……39 圖26. 玉山箭竹雄蕊各部位之形態…………………………..…….…40 圖27. 玉山箭竹營養系之位置圖……………………………..….……42 圖28. 玉山箭竹營養系相似性指數之樹形圖…………………..….…44 表目次 表1. 雪山東峰玉山箭竹之物候觀察紀錄…………………………….30 表2. 玉山箭竹穎果長度、寬度及百粒平均重……………….….……36 表3. 玉山箭竹各樣區結實率……………………………………….…37 表4. 各引子序列與條帶紀錄…………………………………….……41 附錄目次 附錄一、玉山箭竹樣株基本資料………………………………………61 附錄二、玉山箭竹樣株生長及開花紀錄表……………………………69 附錄三、玉山箭竹樣本條帶紀錄表……………………………………77 附錄四、玉山箭竹各引子擴增之條帶電泳圖…………………………89 附錄五、玉山箭竹開花標本紀錄………………………………………96 附錄六、大甲溪事業區26、27、30林班林火歷史資料………………100 附錄七、雪山東峰火燒後土壤成分分析結果………………………10

The Influence of Luxury Tax on Construction Industry Stock Returns

[[abstract]]本文主要探討奢侈稅相關事件對營建股價報酬率之影響，利用事件研究法分析提案日、三讀通過日、公佈實行日、實價登錄、實行期滿二年與修法一讀通過日等六個事件前後期間的股價是否產生異常報酬，比較豪宅型與非豪宅型營建股之影響是否有所差異。實證結果發現：一、前三個事件日中，以第一個奢侈稅提案事件對營建股有顯著負的累積異常報酬，其後事件之影響逐漸減弱，且三讀通過日和公佈實行日反而有正的累積異常報酬。二、後三個事件日中，豪宅營建公司受股價影響反而較非豪宅營建公司小，與市場上顯示中低價位房屋影響較大是相符的。三、分析異常報酬的成因中顯示，三大法人買賣超與實際週轉率對豪宅型營建股是有影響的；而非豪宅型營建股僅有實際週轉率較有影響。 The study aims at investigation of the effect of luxury tax on construction stock returns. By event study, we analyze Proposal day , Third Reading day, announced the implementation date, Nett login, The implementation of at least two years and amending the law on first reading day, during the six events periods whether they affect the abnormal returns. Comparing the influence of mansion type and non-mansion type of construction stock, we find the first three events, the first event of a luxury tax proposal on construction stocks have a negatively significant cumulative abnormal returns after the waning impact of the event, and the third reading by the implementation date of publication date and there is a positive cumulative abnormal returns. The other three events, the mansion construction firms affected by the stock price but compared with non-small luxury construction companies on the market displayed a greater impact on low-cost housing is consistent. Analysis of the causes of abnormal returns show, Net buy/sell volatility of three institutional investors and the actual turnover for the mansion-type construction stocks are influential; not the mansion type construction shares only actual turnover more influential

最低稅負制對廠商投資影響之模擬分析- 可計算一般均衡模型之應用

[[abstract]]本文以可計算一般均衡模型反事實模擬分析，若2001年實施最低稅負制時對企業投資決策所產生之影響及對整體經濟（例如，產值、稅收）所衍生之影響。在產出方面及投資方面，各產業皆呈現下降趨勢，尤其是金屬機械工業及資訊電子業較為顯著。在出口變動率方面，除其他產業是呈現下降趨勢，其他四個產業皆為上升變動，最為顯著的是金屬機械工業，其次是資訊電子業。而進口方面，除了金屬機械工業及資訊電子業是呈現正向變動且上升幅度較大外，其餘三個產業皆呈負向變動

Investigating the Effectiveness of an Automatic Turning Air Mattress

[[abstract]]目的：本研究計畫目的在比較使用充氣式自動翻身氣墊床與一般床墊，對不同身體質量指數，皮膚受壓點壓力的差異，以及對翻身壓力床的使用感受。方法：本研究為比較性研究設計，招募五種不同身體質量指數共50位之男性與女性受試者，以數位感測系統偵測在平躺、左側臥、右側臥於兩種床墊下（一般床墊與充氣式翻身氣墊床）易受壓部位的皮膚壓力，再請受測者自填臥床與翻身感受量表。結果：顯示使用充氣式翻身床墊在大多數的受壓部位的平均壓力值，均顯著小於一般床墊，分別是平躺時在右肩、左肩、薦骨、右足踝、左足踝；右臥位時在右髖、右膝、右足踝；左臥位時在左肩、左髖、左足踝，共計十一處易受壓部位的平均壓力值在不同床墊是有顯著差異，受試者使用充氣式自動翻身氣墊床後的感受屬於正向，年齡是影響整體感受的主要因素，年齡愈大其感受愈差。結論：本研究結果能呈現不同身體質量指數的健康受試者，在使用充氣式翻身氣墊床與一般床墊，對皮膚易受壓點之壓力與使用感受的差異，可做為未來針對壓力性損傷高危險群相關翻身床墊之臨床試驗的重要指標，以及做為臨床預防壓力性損傷照護之重要參考依據。 Objective: This study compared an automatic turning air mattress to a regular mattress, identified their differences in terms of the pressure applied on pressure points on the skin of users with various levels of body mass index, and investigated these users' perceptions of the automatic turning air mattress. Method: A comparative research design was used in this study. Fifty male and female participants with five different levels of body mass index were recruited. A digital sensor system was used to detect the pressure on the skin at the points under the most pressure when lying in the supine, left lateral recumbent, and right lateral recumbent positions on the two types of mattresses (i.e., regular mattress and automatic turning air mattress). Then, the participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire regarding their experience of lying and turning on the different mattresses. Results: The average pressure at the points under the most pressure when the participants were on the automatic turning air mattress were lower than when the participants were on the regular mattress. The pressure points investigated in this study were the right shoulder, left shoulder, sacrum, right ankle, and left ankle when lying in the supine position; the right pelvis, right knee, and right ankle when lying in the right lateral recumbent position; and the left shoulder, left pelvis, and left ankle when lying in the left lateral recumbent position. The average pressure detected at said 11 pressure points were significantly different when the participants were on different mattresses. The participants tended to perceive their use of the automatic turning air mattress positively. Age was a major factor affecting the participants' overall perception, with older participants showing a less favorable perception. Conclusion: The study results revealed differences in the pressure exerted on pressure points on the skin and the usage perception of participants with different levels of body mass index when they used the automatic turning air mattress and the regular mattress. The results may provide critical insight into clinical trials on turning mattresses for patients with high risks of pressure injuries and serve as a reference for clinical care aimed at preventing pressure injuries

臺灣潛在植群形相分類方案

This paper aims to establish a hierarchical physiognomic classification scheme for potential vegetation of Taiwan determined by climate. Vegetation classification systems of China and USA as well as vegetation researches of East Asia were referr本文旨在針對氣候所決定之準極相，建構適用於臺灣且具備階層架構之潛在植群形相分類方案；經參考中國及美國之國家植群分類系統及東亞植群研究報告，擬定本方案之原則及架構，並將前人常使用之優勢生長型、氣候之水熱境制、葉片之物候與形態、山嶽地景位置、優勢分類群等準則，重新組合建構出4 階層之潛在植群形相分類方案： 寒原、森林2 類群系綱； 亞寒帶、冷溫帶、涼溫帶、暖溫帶、亞熱帶5 類群系亞綱； 8 類群系組表徵優勢植群之葉片的物候與形態；16 類群系說明其水分境制及優勢分類群。本方案配合氣候網格圖

Study on Population Structure of Abies kawakamii (Hayata) Ito in East Xue Trail of Xue Mountain

臺灣冷杉（Abies kawakamii (Hayata) Ito）主要分布臺灣3,000-3,600 m高海拔山區，常以純林呈現，為臺灣特有種裸子植物。本研究於雪山主峰線探討臺灣冷杉不同林分之族群結構，並彙整製作靜態生命表，探討臺灣冷杉族群動態變化。沿雪山主峰線設置7個50 m×40 m之樣區，總計調查臺灣冷杉有800株，密度571株／ha，各樣區主要伴生木本植物有臺灣鐵杉、玉山圓柏、玉山杜鵑、巒大花楸等。由7個臺灣冷杉林樣區族群結構來看，可將雪山主峰線不同林分之臺灣冷杉徑級結構分成鐘形分布、雙峰分布及反J型分布等3種類型，其中以鐘形分布最為常見。然而彙整本區各樣區臺灣冷杉株數繪製臺灣冷杉族群徑級分布圖，則為反J型分布，反映出演替後期成熟林之結構特性；根據靜態生命表之結果，雪山主峰線臺灣冷杉族群之生存曲線近趨Deevey-III型，屬於小苗死亡率高，成熟後死亡率降低而漸趨穩定。依死亡曲線與致死率曲線發現臺灣冷杉在1-20 cm、60-80 cm，以及>100 cm等3個死亡高峰期，分別反映出稚樹期、青壯期因競爭自疏死亡，而老齡木因生理衰老死亡的狀態。根據各樣區地被類型，以苔蘚植物為主之地被層，臺灣冷杉小苗數量較多，而玉山箭竹為優勢之地被類型，臺灣冷杉小苗數量較少，顯示玉山箭竹優勢對臺灣冷杉更新有一定之抑制作用。Abies kawakamii (Hayata) Ito is the endemic species in Taiwan. It also forms pure forest type at the subalpine ecology at the altitude 3,000-3,600 m mountain area in Taiwan. We investigated the population structure of A. kawakamii at different stands in East Xue Trail of Xue Mountain and constructed static life table to discussion the population dynamics. Seven sampling plots (50 m�40 m) were set along the East Xue Trail of Xue Mountain. Totally investigated 800 stems of A. kawakamii, density is 571 numbers of stem/ha. The associated trees are Tsuga kawakamii, Juniperus squamata, Sorbus randiensis, and Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum. Analysis the diameter at breast height (DBH) class of A. kawakamii at 7 sampling plots in different stands, can divided population structure distribution into 3 types: bell shaped curve, two-peak shaped curve, and reverse-J-shaped curve. At the same time we synthesize all numbers of stem, the DBH class distribution belong to the reverse-J-shaped curve in the A. kawakamii forest type. Reverse-J-shaped curve can reflect the structure characteristic of mature forest at the post succession. Then according the results of the static life table, A. kawakamii seedlings have high ratio death rate. This survivor curve of A. kawakamii population is Deevey-III type in East Xue Trail of Xue Mountain. If the seedlings can growth to adult trees, the death rate would decrease to stable. According the death curve and killingpower curve, the DBH class at 1-20 cm, 60-80 cm, and >100 m stage had highly death ratio. This can reflect A. kawakamii at the sapling and adult period had self-thinning caused by competition, then old age wood physiologically grow to death. Furthermor, based on the understory vegetation type, at the moss dominance type the seedlings numbers of A. kawakamiiare highly than the Yushania niitakayamensis dominance type. It means the Bamboo dominates would impede A. kawakamii regeneration

雪山山脈臺灣冷杉林（Abies kawakamii (Hayayta) Ito）地被植群多樣性

Abies kawakamii (Hayata) Ito (Taiwan fir) is an endemic of glacial relic species. It is one of the species which composed the forest line. They are usually gregarious pure forest type at the subalpine ecology in Taiwan, and then became the important one of subalpine vegetation. The object of this study is to investigate the understory vegetation of Taiwan fir forest and classify, discussing the correlation with the environmental factors at the subalpine in Taiwan. Totally we set up 39 plots (10 m � 25 m), in the floristic surveys of vascular plant, 145 species (including under taxa species) belonging to 99 genera in 50 families. We found 62 species are endemic in Taiwan (endemic ratio is 42.8%). According the plant life form spectrum, there are 77 understory species classified into hemicryptophytes. Analyses the results of cluster and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), the understory vegetation can be classified into 5 types: (1)Abies kawakamii-Ainsliaea latifolia type; (2)Ainsliaea latifolia-Polystichum morii type; (3)Angelica morrisonicola-Spiraea formosana type; (4)Yushania niitakayamensis-Ainsliaea latifolia type; (5)Yushania niitakayamensis-Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum type. Adding the environmental factors and diversity indexes to do CCA analysis, the diversity indexes are negative correlation with whole light sky (WLS). It means the species composition of understory vegetation in Abies forest would effected by solar radiation based on the topography shelter. Furthermore, because of the dense rhizomeand extremely high stem of Yushania niitakayamensis is an important role to affect the understory diversity and regeneration of Abies kawakwmii.臺灣冷杉（Abies kawakamii (Hayata) Ito）是臺灣特有之冰河孑遺針葉樹種，為森林界限樹種組成之一。本研究針對雪山山脈臺灣冷杉林地被植物組成多樣性、地被植物與環境因子相關分析和物種多樣性探討，以期瞭解臺灣亞高山生態系臺灣冷杉林型地被環境對於臺灣冷杉之相關性。本研究設置39個樣區（10 m×25 m），調查計得維管束植物50科、99屬、145種（含種以下分類群）植物，其中為臺灣特有種62種，特有種比例約42.8%。分析生活型譜以半地中植物77種最多，依序是挺空植物、地表植物、地中植物、一年生植物。依據群團分析及降趨對應分析結果，臺灣冷杉林下地被植群型可分為5型：1.臺灣冷杉－臺灣鬼督郵型；2.臺灣鬼督郵－玉山耳蕨型；3.玉山當歸－臺灣繡線菊型；4.玉山箭竹－臺灣鬼督郵型；5.玉山箭竹－玉山杜鵑型。加入環境因子及多樣性指數進行典型對應分析結果，雪山山脈臺灣冷杉林型地被植物多樣性指數與全天光空域呈負相關，顯示臺灣冷杉林下地被植物組成與樣區受到地形遮蔽後光照範圍所影響。此外，由於林下玉山箭竹具有緻密的地下莖及密度極高的莖稈，是影響臺灣冷杉林下地被物種多樣性及臺灣冷杉天然更新的重要因素