A Positive Analysis On The Implementation Of The Villagers’ Committee Election System-- Taking The Villagers’ Committee Election In T Town As A Sample

村民委员会制度是我国宪法确认的基层村民自治制度，村民委员会选举是村民委员会“四个民主”建设中的前提和基础环节，村民委员会选举制度实施状况直接影响村民委员会制度的实施。本文立足A县T镇2012年村民委员会选举实践，对调整该镇村民委员会选举的相关制度即《村民委员会组织法》第3章、《福建省实施〈村民委员会组织法〉办法》第3章和《福建省村民委员会选举办法》的实施状况进行实证分析。本文以有关T镇2012年村民委员会选举的统计数据、文献资料及个别访谈为基础，考察村民委员会选举中选举日、候选人资格、委托投票制度在T镇的实行情况及实施效果，结合法的实施理论，从立法、执法、守法、法律监督四个方面对村民委员会选举...The villagers’ committee system is one of the basic systems of villagers’ autonomy confirmed by China’s constitution. And the villagers’ committee election is the premise and foundation of their construction of the four democracies. The implementation state of the election system has a direct influence on the implementation of the villagers’ committee system. In terms of the practice of the villag...学位：法律硕士院系专业：法学院法律系_法律硕士(JM)学号：X200912016

Campus network of existing threats and countermeasures

摘要 随着计算机网络的普及和网络技术的飞速发展，计算机网络已经成为人们工作、生活中不可缺少的一部分，它给人们的工作和生活都带来了极大地便利。高校校园网作为各种类型计算机网络的一大分支，是学校重要的现代化基础设施，为学校的师资培训、教学科研、网络办公、现代化管理等提供先进、可靠、安全、快捷的计算机网络环境，它已经成为高校教育不可缺少的一部分。 然而，计算机网络中存在的安全威胁也越来越多，各种网络入侵、特洛伊木马、病毒等问题层出不穷。人们因各种网络安全问题带来的困扰和损失也在逐步增加。校园网也同样面临着这些安全威胁的侵扰，这些安全威胁已经影响了学校的正常教学，影响了校园网的正常使用。因此，解决...Abstract With the popularization of computer network and the rapid development of the Internet technology, computer network has already become an essential part of our work and lives, which brings us a lot convenience. Campus network, as a branch of computer network, is the vital modern infrastructure for colleges. It provides an advanced, reliable, secure and convenient network for teacher trai...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院自动化系_控制理论与控制工程学号：X200722303

红树林湿地模型研究进展

红树林是位于海岸潮间带的森林湿地生态系统，具有抗风削浪、保护堤岸、封存CO2缓解全球气候变化等多种功能。然而，由于地理位置及生存环境特殊，红树林湿地模型的研究相对内陆湿地滞后。为了推动红树林模型的研究，本文将目前常见红树林湿地模型按功能划分为植被生长生产模型、水文模型、物流能流模型三类，以阐述相关模型研究的进展，并对目前红树林湿地模型研究提出几点看法：（1）现有红树林湿地模型在不同区域、尺度下运行的有效性有待进一步验证；（2）国内对红树林生态系统服务功能及植被恢复工作相关模型研究较少，今后需加强该方面的研究。国家自然科学基金项目（41776097）国家重点研发项目（2017YFC0506103）资

Effects of sedimentation thickness of shrimp pond cleaning discharges on Acanthus ilicifolius seedlings

模拟直接排入红树林的虾池清塘排出物在林地的不同沉积厚度(0、2、4、8 CM),研究其对培养424 d的红树植物老鼠簕(ACAnTHuS IlICIfOlIuS)幼苗生长和生理的影响。清塘排出物的加入对老鼠簕幼苗茎高、基径、叶片数、叶面积、生物量和相对生长率等生长指标都有显著促进作用。总体长势表现为沉积厚度8 CM>4 CM>2 CM>0 CM。生长指标显示只需少量清塘排出物的沉积(沉积厚度2 CM、4 CM)就能对幼苗的生长产生明显的促进作用,但大量排出物沉积的积累并不会带来更明显的促进作用。清塘排出物沉积的加入能显著提高叶片光合能力,尤其利于叶绿素A的合成。沉积厚度2 CM和4 CM时,幼苗叶片游离脯氨酸的积累并不显著,但丙二醛、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量显著高于正常水平;沉积厚度8 CM则使叶片中游离脯氨酸、丙二醛和水溶性化合物均有大量积累;而叶片中抗氧化酶活性只有在大量沉积物加入(沉积厚度8 CM)时才显著低于对照组水平。总之,老鼠簕幼苗对清塘排出物沉积厚度4 CM以下具有较强的抗逆性和适应力,沉积厚度8 CM会使老鼠簕幼苗受到一定程度的逆境伤害,但本实验期间还未影响其生长。In landward coastal zones of most mangrove swamps in China,there are many shrimp ponds with surface sediments rich in nutrients such as N and P.During pond cleaning periods,some of these surface sediments are usually directly discharged into mangrove swamps after being flushed by using high-pressure hydraulic giants.Gradually,these sediments from shrimp ponds will accumulate on the floor of mangrove swamps,resulting in the increase in sedimentation thickness.However,the effects of sedimentation of shrimp pond cleaning discharges on mangrove ecosystems are still unknown.Therefore,to study their responses and endurances in growth and physiological characteristics,four thickness treatments(0,2,4,8 cm) were applied to simulate the sedimentation condition of shrimp pond discharges into the mangrove swamp,and Acanthus ilicifolius seedlings were cultivated under these treatments for 424 days.In terms of growth indexes,including stem diameter,stem height,leaf number,leaf area,total biomass and relative growth rate,growths of A.ilicifolius seedlings were promoted due to the sedimentation of shrimp pond cleaning discharges.The growth condition of A.ilicifolius seedlings under four treatments followed the order of 8 cm > 4 cm > 2 cm > 0 cm.Results also indicated that a small quantity of cleaning discharges(sedimentation thickness of only 2 cm) could obviously enhance the growth of A.ilicifolius seedlings,and this enhancement would not be stronger comparing with the increasing of the sedimentation thickness.The sedimentation of shrimp pond cleaning discharges enhanced the leaf photosynthetic capacity,especially synthesized more chlorophyll a.With 2 and 4 cm sedimentation thicknesses,contents of MDA,soluble protein and soluble sugar in leaves were significantly higher than normal levels,but there was no significant accumulation of free proline in leaves;8 cm sedimentation thickness resulted in abundant accumulation of MDA,soluble protein,soluble sugar and free proline in the leaves;only in the 8 cm sedimentation thickness group,activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves were significantly lower than the control group.In a conclusion,A.ilicifolius seedlings had strong endurance and adaptability to shrimp pond cleaning discharges with the sedimentation thickness less than 4 cm;a sedimentation thickness of over 8 cm resulted in stress damages to seedling physiology,but the damage to seedling growth was not obvious during this experiment period.Impacts of sedimentation of shrimp pond cleaning discharges on mangrove ecosystems will be long and profound.Related government departments should attach great importance to it,enhance the management and monitor of mangroves nearby aquaculture areas,and balance the relationship between the development of aquaculture and the ecological restoration of mangroves.In addition,shrimp pond cleaning discharges may contain a variety of residual drugs such as disinfectants and antibiotics used for pond disinfection and disease prevention,which may be toxic to the environment.However,the toxic mechanisms and processes of these substances to mangrove ecosystems are still unclear.Therefore,further studies should be focused on the long-term effects of sedimentation and chemical pollution of shrimp pond discharges on mangrove ecosystems.国家自然科学基金资助项目(41076049

pJAK2 polypeptide,an antagonist of suppressors of cytokine signaling-1,can enhance the antitumor effect of dendritic cells

目的:探讨细胞因子信号转导抑制因子-1(SuPPrESSOrS Of CyTOkInE SIgnAlIng1,SOCS1)拮抗物PJAk2多肽(氨基酸序列号为1001-1013)参与树突状细胞(dEndrITIC CEllS,dCS)的体外诱导培养后对dCS抗肿瘤作用的影响。方法:采集健康人外周血,离心获得单个核细胞,用重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rECOMbInAnT HuMAn grAnulOCyTE-MACrOPHAgE COlOny STIMulATIng fACTOr,rHgM-CSf)及重组人白细胞介素-4(rECOMbInAnT HuMAn InTErlEukIn-4,rHIl-4)诱导dCS,第5天分为4组:单纯dCS培养(对照)组、抗原负载(lySATE-dCS)组、多肽修饰(PJAk2-dCS)组和抗原与多肽共培养(lySATE+PJAk2-dCS)组,第6天各组加入肿瘤坏死因子-α(TuMOr nECrOSIS fACTOr-AlPHA,Tnf-α)促成熟。倒置显微镜下观察dCS形态;fCM法检测dCS表型;乳酸脱氢酶(lACTATE dEHydrOgEnASE,ldH)细胞毒实验检测各组细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CyTOTOXIC T lyMPHOCyTE,CTl)对胃癌细胞bgC-823的靶向杀伤作用;ElISA法检测白细胞介素-12(InTErlEukIn-12,Il-12)和γ干扰素(InTErfErOn-γ,Ifn-γ)的水平。结果:与未加入诱导剂组相比,各组均成功诱导出成熟dCS,均高表达Cd80、Cd83、Cd86和人类白细胞dr抗原(HuMAn lEukOCyTE AnTIgEn dr,HlA-dr),但以lySATE+PJAk2-dCS组的表达水平最高。在10:1~30:1的效靶比范围内,CTl杀伤作用与效靶比呈正相关。当效靶比为30:1时,对照组的CTl杀伤率达(19.77±2.34)%,低于其他3组(P<0.01),而lySATE+PJAk2-dCS组较lySATE-dCS组及PJAk2-dCS组都高(P<0.05)。lySATE+PJAk2-dCS组培养上清液中Il-12及Ifn-γ的分泌水平明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:SOCS1拮抗物PJAk2多肽(1001-1013)可增强dCS对胃癌细胞的抗原递呈及特异性抗肿瘤作用。Objective:To investigate the effect of pJAK2 polypeptide,an antagonist of SOCS1(suppressors of cytokine signaling 1),on antitumor effect of in vitro cultivation-induced DCs(dendritic cells).Methods:Peripheral blood was collected from the healthy volunteers,and the PBMCs(peripheral blood mononuclear cells)were isolated.DCs were induced by rhGM-CSF(recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)and rhIL-4(recombinant human interleukin-4).On the fifth day,DCs were divided into four groups:control group,Lysate-DCs group,pJAK2-DCs group,and Lysate + pJAK2 DCs group.On the sixth day,TNF-α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha)was added into each group.The morphological features of DCs were observed under an inverted microscope;the phenotypes were detected by FCM(flow cytometry);the killing effect of CTLs(cytotoxic T lymphocytes)on gastric cancer BGC-823 cells was evaluated by LDH(lactate dehydrogenase)cytotoxicity test;the concentrations of IL-12(interleukin-12)and IFN-γ(interferon-γ)were detected by ELISA(enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay).Results:Mature DCs presented typically morphological and phenotypic features;the DCs in Lysate + pJAK2-DCs group had the highest expression levels of CD80,CD83,CD86 and HLA-DR(human leukocyte antigen DR).When the ratio of effectors to target cells ranged from 10:1 to 30:1,the killing activity of CTLs had a positive correlation with the ratio.When the ratio of effectors to target cells was 30:1,the killing activity of CTLs in the control group was(19.77±2.34)%,which was lowest as compared with the other groups(P < 0.01),meanwhile the killing activity of CTLs in Lysate + pJAK2-DCs group was higher than those in Lysate-DCs and pJAK2-DCs groups(P < 0.05).The levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ secretion in Lysate + pJAK2-DCs group were apparently higher than those in the control group(P < 0.01).Conclusion:An antagonist of SOCS1,pJAK2 polypeptide,can enhance the ability of antigen presentation and specific antitumor effect of DCs on gastric cancer cells.南京军区医学科技创新课题资助项目(编号:10MA068); 福建省自然科学基金面上项目(编号:2010D013); 厦门市科技计划创新项目(编号:3502z20104014

Differences in Growth of Avicennia marina Seedlings under Different Tidal Elevations and Light Conditions in Early Period

对厦门杏林曾营海岸低、中、高3个高程(分别为厦零3.35 M、3.74 M和4.15 M)滩面上红树人工幼林林内、林外自然生长的白骨壤2月龄幼苗的生长状况进行对比分析。结果表明:在林外,中高程滩面上的白骨壤幼苗单叶面积、基径、茎高、叶生物量、茎生物量和总生物量均最大;低高程滩面上叶片较厚,肉质化程度高,叶片数最多;3个高程的根生物量差异不显著。在林内,不同高程间幼苗生长差异主要体现在叶片和茎高,低、中高程之间差异不大,但比高高程的叶片厚,肉质化程度高,叶片数多。除茎高外,林外3个高程的其它指标都明显高于林内。光照对幼苗生长的影响大于高程的影响。综合分析结果表明,厦门海域白骨壤红树林生态恢复的适宜高程为厦零3.74 M(相当于本研究的中高程样地),且白骨壤为不耐阴植物,人工造林时,应为后代幼苗的自然更新预留空间。The growth of 2-months-old Avicennia marina seedlings were compared and analysed in and out of young mangrove plantation on the beaches with 3 tidal elevations(Xialin3.35,3.74 and 4.15m)in Zenghai,Xinlin,Xiamen.The results showed that the single leaf area,stem basal diameter,stem height,leaf biomass,stem biomass and total biomass of A.marina seedlings were biggest on middle and high tidal elevations outside the forest.The leaf was thick on low tidal elevation,carnification degree was high,the leaf number was highest;the differences among 3 tidal elevations weren't evident.The growth differences of seedling on different tidal elevations mainly were between leaf and stem height,the difference was small on low and middle tidal elevations,the leaves on low and mid tidal elevations were thicker than that on high elevation,the carnification degree was higher,and the leaf number was higher.Except the stem height,other indexes on 3 tidal elevations outside the forest were higher than those in the forest.The effect of illumination on seedling growth was bigger than the effect on tidal elevations.Integration analysis results showed the proper height of ecological recovery of A.marina and mangrove in the sea area,Xiamen was Xialin 3.74m,furthermore,A.marina wasn't the shade-bearing plant.The space should be obligated for the natural regeneration of later generations during the artificially planting.教育部新世纪优秀人才计划和国家自然科学基金项目(40476040

Factors influencing mangroves intertidal zonation

红树林生态系统中存在明显的分带现象,影响其分带的因素包括自身因素和环境因素。自身因素主要有繁殖方式的差异、繁殖体散布能力(包括大小、形状、漂浮性等)和定植能力(如根萌时间等)、繁殖体能量积累(从花到成熟繁殖体单位质量的能量增加值)、幼苗解剖和生理学特征。环境因素主要有土壤理化条件(如盐度、氧化还原状况、pH、硫含量)和生物因素(动物啃食、种间竞争)。上述每种因素在特定的区域都有可能成为影响红树林分带的主要因素。It is obvious that the mangrove forest ecosystem has zonation phenomenon, and the factors influencing mangrove zonation including inherent and environmental factors. Inherent factors include the difference in reproduction types, dispersal capacity of propagule (size, shape, buoyancy, etc.) and anchoring ability (such as rooting time), propagule energy accumulation (increasing energy per unit mass from flower to mature propagule), anatomical and physiological characteristics of seedlings. Environmental factors include soil physiochemical conditions (salinity, redox, pH and sulfur content) and bio-factors (animal predation, interspecific competition). Each factor described above may be the main factor influencing mangrove zonation in a special region.教育部新世纪优秀人才计划项目;; 国家自然科学基金资助项目(40476040

Litterfall production and its fates in mangrove forest:A review

红树林具有很高的凋落物生产量,其生产量受到纬度、潮汐、海水盐度以及气象参数等多方面因素的影响,并且表现出明显的季节性变化规律。红树林凋落物有4条主要归宿:一部分被底栖动物摄食,主要是蟹类和腹足类;一部分被微生物直接分解;还有一部分以可溶性有机物或是以植物组织的形式输出到毗邻生态系统;余下的则以难分解的或是合成物质的形式进入到红树林底质。国内关于红树林凋落物的研究很多只从定性的角度揭示红树林凋落物的归宿,而缺少定量的实验研究,因而对凋落物各归宿的相对重要性缺乏正确认识。以前的一些研究忽视了底栖动物的作用,未来的研究应该更加注重红树林生态系统的开放性,定量研究凋落物的归宿,关注底栖生物在红树林凋落物周转过程中的作用,本文期待为正确揭示红树林凋落物的真实归宿提供思路。Mangrove forest has high productivity of litterfall,which is affected by latitude,tide,seawater salinity,and meteorological parameters,and presents an obvious seasonal variation pattern.The mangrove litterfall has four fates,i.e.,(1) ingested by benthic fauna,mainly crabs and gastropods,(2) directly decomposed by microorganisms,(3) exported to other adjacent ecosystems in the forms of dissoluble organic matter or fresh plant parts such as leaves or propagules,and(4) deposited into mangrove sediments in the forms of less soluble or synthesized materials.The previous studies on the mangrove litterfall in China were mostly qualitative rather than quantificational,and thus,lacked in well understanding the relative importance of the each fate.Furthermore,some of the previous studies ignored the roles of benthic fauna.It was proposed that in the future studies,more attention should be paid to the openness and dynamic natures of mangrove ecosystem,the quantificational tracing of the fates of mangrove litterfall,and the roles of benthic fauna in the turnover of mangrove litterfall.国家自然科学基金项目(41076049、41276077和41176092)资

Community of benthic macrofauna on sandy intertidal zone in Chinese Horseshoe Crab Reserve in Pingtan island,China

2015年7月底,在平潭岛中国鲎(Tachypleus; tridentatus)保护区沙质潮间带进行了大型底栖动物调查。结果表明,在山岐澳和坛南湾沙质潮间带未发现鲎的幼体和成体,证实中国鲎在山岐澳和坛; 南湾已经面临濒危的境况。山岐澳潮间带的大型底栖动物物种数、物种多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(J)和丰度指数(d)均高于坛南湾潮间带的大型底栖动; 物物种数、物种多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰度指数,而山岐澳潮间带的大型底栖动物栖息密度和生物量低于坛南湾潮间带的大型底栖动物栖息密度和生物量。两个; 海湾大型底栖动物群落的差异与肋(虫昌)螺(Umbonium; costatum)分布有关,坛南湾潮间带栖息着高密度的肋虫昌螺,而在山岐澳潮间带肋(虫昌)螺很少。AZTI's海洋生物指数(AMBI)和多变量海; 洋底栖生物指数(M-AMBI)值证实山歧澳和坛南湾沙质潮间带生态环境均属于受轻度扰动状态。山岐澳主要受海水养殖的影响,吊养的生物和浮筒减缓了水动; 力,导致山岐澳潮间带低洼区表层为泥质沉积物。坛南湾是旅游区,潮间带受人为踩踏较多。At the end of July 2015 , the benthic macrofauna were investigated in; sandy intertidal zone in Chinese Horseshoe Crab Reserve in Pingtan; island. The results showed that both the larvae and adult of Chinese; horseshoe crab were not found in sandy intertidal zone in Shanqi bay and; Tannan bay. It was confirmed that Tachypleus tridentatus stayed in an; endangered situation in the two bays. The species number, species; diversity index (H'),evenness index (J) and a-bundance index (d) of; benthic macrofauna in Shanqi bay were all higher than those in Tannan; bay,while the density and biomass of benthic macrofauna in the; intertidal zone of Shanqi bay were lower than those in Tannan bay. The; difference of benthic macrofaunal community between Shanqi bay and; Tannan bay was related to the distribution of Umbonium costatum . The; density of Umbonium costatum was high in Tannan bay,but it was few in; Shanqi bay. The values of AZTI' s Marine Biotic Index ( AMBI) and; Multivariate Marine Benthic Index (M-AMBI) showed that the ecological; and environmental status both in Shanqi bay and Tannan bay were slightly; disturbed. The mariculture was the key factor in Shanqi bay,because the; suspending aquatic organisms and floats retarded hydrodynamic force led; to muddy sediment in lower intertidal zone in Shanqi bay. Tannan bay is; a tourism region, where has more artificial tread than Shanqi bay.海洋公益项目; 国家自然科学基金面上项目; 厦门大学2015年大创资助项