Studies on the effect of phosphate fertilization upon the chemical composition of hydrocultured small Pai-tsai (Brassica chinensis)

Effect of different phosphate nutrient concentration (0，5，10，20，40，80,160ppm-P) of water-culture medium on the quality and chemical compositions of small Pai-tsai (Brassica chinensis) had been discussed. At the 40ppm-P, the plant weights were highest, then the 80ppm-P and the 20ppm-P treatmento. The P treatment lower than 1 Oppm-P and the 160ppm-P treatment had less plant yield. The P concentration of both fresh leaf blade and petiole were increased with the phosphate concentrations. If the medium PO4-P less than 10ppm or more than 80ppm the weight ratio of petiole were decreased. The ascorbic acid, total soluble solids, water insoluble solid, titratable acidity, ash. Mg, S. Fe and Boron contents (in fresh weight basis) of the up-land part of plant were decreased both in the lowest and highest P treatment. Both in P deficient and P excess medium, plants grew worse. There were more P, Na, Mn and Cu (in blade) contents in the 160ppirj-P treated plants, but more ascorbic acid，soluble solid, acidity, water soluble carbohydrate, K, Ca, B, amino-nitrogen and dry matter in the Phosphate deficient plant. 探討水耕栽培營養液中不同磷肥施用量 0、5、10、20、40、80、160ppm-P對小白菜生育品質及化學組成分之影響。株重以40ppm-P標準施磷量爲最高，80ppm略低，其次爲20ppm，施磷量在10ppm以下或160ppm以上時，小白菜產量明顯減少。以鮮重爲計算基礎，無論是葉身或葉柄，其磷含量大致上會隨著磷肥施用量增加而增加。施隣量若少於10ppm-P 或大於80ppm-P時，葉柄佔全株亟量比會 愈形減少，即外觀葉柄較葉身爲小；植株 抗壞血酸、可溶固形物、不溶固形物、滴定酸度、灰分及鎂、硫、鐵、硼等元素含量則會隨著低施磷量的減少與高施磷量的增加而增加。磷肥不足或過剩之小白菜株重、單株葉數及單株亟雖然相近，但磷肥過剩時植體内有異常高的磷、鈉、錳、銅(葉身)等元素；而缺磷肥之植體則含有較高的乾物重、抗壞血酸、可溶固形物、可滴定酸度、水溶性醣、鉀、鈣、硼及胺基態氣含量

(35(1):63-80)Studies on the Comparison of Morphological, Physiological and Growth Characteristics between Spirulina platensis and S. maxima

本試驗係對目前已商業化生產之螺旋藻藻種Spirulina platensis與Spirulina maxima進行形態、生理、細胞成分（一般組成、消化率、礦物質、胺基酸、色素及脂肪酸）與生長特性（生長速率、對高溫及強光之耐性）等之比較。 此二藻皆會產生直線狀突變種，而以S. platensis形態較不受環境變化所影響；該藻細胞內含有多量氣胞，具有上浮能力，體型較非洲查德湖種為大。S. maxima形態與類胡蘿蔔素組成則近似墨西哥培養之S. geitleri （或稱S. maxima），細胞內氣胞量少，容易下沈且形態多變化。氣胞可能為S. platensis的貯藏蛋白質之一。 S. platensis與S. maxima之Linoleic Acid 與Linolenic Acid 總量約占總脂肪酸含量30%以上，可作為必須脂肪酸補充食品。S. maxima在室內日光燈照射培養時β-Carotene含量極低，而在日光下培養之藻體則含量增加。 在室溫低照度培養下S. maxima生長較快。30-35℃ 16Klux下初期生長以S. platensis怏，後期則S. maxima稍快。在40℃ 以上高溫及強光照射下S. maxima停止生長或死亡。 本省夏秋兩季氣溫高日照足，適宜栽培S. platensis。春冬季氣溫低，光照弱則宜選擇S. maxima。 The characteristics of morphology, physiology, cellular components (including general composition, digestibility, mineral elements, amino acids, pigments and fatty acids) and growth condition of Spirulina platensis and S. maxima had been studied. Both strains of algae could form straight shape varients, but S. platensis was more stable in morphological varience than the other S. platensis contained more gas vacuoles and cellular granules than S. maxima, and more suspensible. It had larger shape than the strain from the Lake Tchad. Gas vacuoles could be a kind of storage protein of S. platensis. Spirulina maxima grown in this laboratory was similiar to those S. geitleri or S. maxima from Maxico with shape and composition of carotenoids. It contained less gas vacuoles and much easily sedimented. Total amounts of linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid of S. platensis and S. maxima were over 30% of fatty acids content. The biomass of both algal strains could be used to enrich the essential fatty acid content of food. S. maxima grown indoor had less amount of β-carotene, but the outdoor cultured contained much moreβ-carotene. S. maxima grew faster under room temperature. At 30-35°C, S. platensis grew faster in the beginning. Above 40°C, S. maxima grew slowly and partially dead. Both strains of algae could grown in 3% NaCl culture, but less chlorella contaimination in S. maxima culture

(33(2):206-221)Program Design for Personal compute Used as a Data Station (I) UV-Vis Spectrophotometer

本軟體係使用與蘋果二號可共容之培基語言設計，目的在於連接分光光度計與廉價的家用電腦，以處理紫外一一可見光光譜資料。其用途包括：一、樣本標示與光譜資料之輸入，轉存及拷貝；二、讀取及記錄吸光密度值；三、簡易地校正波長，並增加波長gill 定之準確性；四、將分光光譜及一次微分譜由螢幕示出，或經多元化處理（改變波長範圍、放大比例、刻度比例、方向及繪筆顏色選擇等）後由印出器印出；五、尋找最大吸收波長並記錄其吸光密度值等。 Personal computer (APPLE II PLUS compatible) was used as a data station for UV-Vis spectrophotometer through theprograms designed with the following features: (1) taking sample and spectrum data either from spectrophptometer, tape or diskette; (2) storing data on diskette or tape; (3) recording optical density; (4) correcting wavelength; (5) plotting differential spectrum; (6) plotting spectrum by changing enlarge ratio, scale ratio, wave range, direction and pen color; (7) searching peak wavelength. It shows a great flexibility of using personal computer as a data processing tool in instrumentation. The possibility of modifying the programs for other situations with similiar purpose is obious

Effects of the Application of Organic and Chemical Fertilizer on the Grass Yield and Quality of Mai-Men-Tong (Ophiopogon spp.)

本試驗探討不同施用量之有機堆肥及化肥對麥門冬鮮草產量及品質之影響。供試材料為57一M1（大葉種）。肥料處理：對照組為N、P2O5各100kg/ha，K2O 150kg/ha及有機堆肥15 t/ha；N分三變級100、200、300 kg/ha，P2O5 100 kg/ha固定，K2O二變級150、225 kg/ha，有機堆肥分二變級15 t/ha，30 t/ha，合計12處理。RCBD設計，小區4 × lm2，4重複，行株距各20 cm。土壤理化性測定為pH值5.8，有機質含量1.79%，有效性磷8.73ppm，鉀含148.27ppm。初步結果以初年生採收二次鮮草收量以N 300 kg/ha，K2O 225 kg/ha加有機堆肥30 t/ha之組合處理最高，可達41,400 kg/ha，顯示配合有機堆肥有助於鮮草收量之提高。分析鮮草水溶性醣，水溶性物含量及水溶性灰分含量均在標準上，礦物質含量分析在各處理間差異不大“第二年採收三次鮮草收量計以N 200kg/ha，K2O 150kg/ha加有機堆肥30t/ha之組合處理最高，可達75,250kg/ha，顯示配合有機堆肥確可提高鮮草收量。 The purpose of this project in 1997 was mainly to evaluate the effect of mixed on the grass yield and quality of mai-men-tong. Experimental data indicated that a yield of 75.3t/ha could be obtained from the mixed fertilizer of N 200 kg/ha, K20 150 t/ha, and 15 t/ha of organic fertilizer, with higher content of sugar, ash and mineral elements

Comparison on Agronomic Characteristics and Chemical Compositions among Different Hsiantsao Lines(Mesona procumbens Hemsi)

比較農試所收集九品系仙草的農藝性狀，發現有四品系屬半直立型，五品系為匍匐型。農藝性狀與產量關係探討發現，葉綠具齒狀，葉形大且長者較高產。礦物元素含量分析，以鉀含量較高，次為鈣、磷及鎂，且此等元素均以葉含量比莖高，其中鐵含量較高者均為葉色較深綠之A、D及H品系。葉的粗蛋白質、粗脂肪及灰分之分析，仍然發現葉含量均比莖高，但粗纖維含量則較低。無氮抽出物分析結果，以A、B、C及I品系之莖葉間含量差異較微。碳水化合物組成中之游離糖及多醣體含量分析，大部份品系之莖含量均比葉高，但A及B品系之莖與葉含量較接近，因此仙草選種指標除重視葉率外，應一併考慮莖之無氮抽出物含量“單位栽培面積乾草、葉片產量調查與凝膠強度分析，於品系比較試驗結果，A品系兩年平均乾草產量達12,683 kg/ha，葉片產量3,328 kg/ha最高，次為C品系分別為9,822 kg/ha及3,203 kg/ha。凝膠強度A品系為86.69/cm,C品系為66.1g/cm較高。 桃改場所收集九品系中有二品系屬匍匐型，餘均為半直立型。單位栽培面積乾草、葉片產量調查與凝膠強度分析，發現TY3及TY4兩品系表現較佳。兩年平均乾草產量TY3品系達8,881 kg/ha，葉片產量3,096 kg/ha，而TY4品系分別為8,575 kg/ha及2,794 kg/ha。凝膠強度TY3品系平均為61g/cm，TY4品系為49.19/cm。 The agronomic characteristics of 9 different hsian-tsao lines coll-ected by TARI were compared, Results found that 4 lines are semi-erect type and the rest are runner type. Results from studiyng on relationship between agronomic characteristics and dry grass yield found that line with large leaf blade and teeth in margin has higher dry grass yield. Results from analyzing the content of mineral elements shown that highest rate in leaves and stem is potassium, following by Ca, P and Mg in order, also the contents in leaves were higher than those in stem. It also found that A, D and H lines with higher iron content had dark green leaves than those of other lines. Comparison in the chemical composition of 9 different hsian-tsao lines,it was found that the contents of crude protein crude fat and ash were higher in leaves for all lines, but crude fiber was less than in stem. The contents of nitrogen-free extracts in leaves were found little differences comparing with those in stem for A B -. C and I lines, The con-tent of carbohydrate was higher in stem than that in leaves. Among carbohy-drate compositions, the content of sugar and polysaccharide in leaves had little differences comparing with those in stem for A and B lines. Therefore, it can not consider the leave percentage as the only indicator, the content of nitrogen-free extracts in stem should be consider too for sele-oting in hsian-tsao. Results found that the dry grass and leaves yields for A and C lines were 12,683 and 9,922 kg/ha, and 3,328 and 3,203 kg/ha res-pectively, A and C lines in gel formation strength with 86.6 and 66.1 g/cm also had good performance than that of the other lines. Taoyuan District Agri-cultural Improvement Station conducted similar experiment in recent years and that 2 lines belongs to runner type while the rest are semierect type in total of 9 lines. It found that TY3 and TY4 lines had good performance in dry grass yield - leaves yield and gel formation strength than the other lines, TY3 and TY4 lines respectively obtained 8,881 and 8,575 kg/ha in dry grass yield. 3,096 and 2,794 kg/ha in leaves yield, 61 g/cm and 49.1 g/cm in gel formation strength

Composition of Rice Foods Used in Taiwan

省產稻米的種類依據直鏈澱粉含量的多寡，可分為秈米（高直鏈澱粉含量，俗稱在來米）、稉米（中直鏈澱粉含量，俗稱蓬來米）與糯米（低直鏈澱粉含量）三種。雖然國人對此三種米均加利用，製成不同的加工品，不過秈米及糯米因分別具有高直鏈澱粉及高枝鏈澱粉含量的特性，較易被利用，而直鏈澱粉含量不高不低的稉米，在加工上的用途則較少。近年來由於米菜加工技術的開發，稉米和糯米則同時成為米果的製造原料。比較米加工品之碘呈色液波長620nm 與520nm 吸光密度比值可初步了解米加工品使用原料米種類。比值愈大時直鏈澱粉所佔比率愈高，屬於秈米類；反之則愈低，屬於稉米或糯米。 市售米加工品分析結果如下：一、不同米粉樣本其粗蛋白質含量相差懸殊，註明添加澱粉的米粉粗蛋白質含量均低於1 % ，而標示純米製之米粉中也有部份粗蛋白質含量過低的情形。二、大部份的米加工品游離糖含量均較白米高，可能是加糖調味及部份米澱粉水解成糖。三、米加工品因添加物種類及含量不同而造成加工品成分的差異；例如鈉鹽，造成灰分及鈉含量顯著增加、添加磷酸鹽增加磷含量等。四、部份米加工品鋁含量較高，推測可能與添加發粉或蒸煮時使用鋁製器皿有關。五、添加油脂調味、焙燒，造成粗脂肪含量劇增。六、添加大量外來物質，造成產品成分與白米成分大不相同，如：米血糕含有大量動物血液，其粗蛋白質、粗脂肪、灰分及大部份礦物質元素（尤其是鐵）含量均較白米高出甚多。 Three main groups of rice in Taiwan are classified according to their amylose content as Tsailai rice (high amylose, indica type), Ponglai rice (medium amylose, japonica type) and waxy rice (extremely low amylose, glut mouse). Though all three groups of rice are used to produce various rice foods, the Tsailai and waxy rice are more widely used due to their high content of amylose and amylopectin, respectively. Recently, due to the development of rice snacks manufacturing technique, both the Ponglai rice and waxy rice become good materials. What group of rice used as rice foods materials can be preliminarily identified by determined the optial density ratio of 620nm and 520nm of rice starch iodine solution. The high ratio attribute to the high amylose group rice, the low ratio attribute to the waxy rice. The analysis results of commercial rice foods are as the following: 1. The difference of crude protein content among various rice nooldle ( Mifen) samples is great. All the rice nooldes labelled starch added are with crude protein content lower than 1%. 2. Most of the rice foods contain more sugar than that of milled rice. It may be caused by addition and partly by the hydrolysis of rice starch. 3. The different composition of rice foods depend on various kinds and content of additives. For examples, addition of salt induce the obvious in crease of ash and sodium content, and addition of phosphate induce the increase of P content. 4. Some rice foods contain high alluminum content. It implied the Al-made container were used in the processing or applied with soda powder. 5. Addition of oil for flavor and baking cause dramatic increase of crude fat content of rice foods, such as rice snacks. 6. The composition of rice foods is widely different from milled rice for large amount of other substance. Such as the rice cake with pig blood had a lot of animal blood which contains protein, fat and minerals (especially Fe) than milled rice