Marine and Coastal Management in Taiwan from the Perspective of ICZM Principles

*刘文宏,国立高雄海洋科技大学渔业生产与管理系副教授。电子邮箱:andersonliu@ mail.nkmu.edu.tw。**高瑞钟,国立高雄海洋科技大学运筹管理系助理教授［文摘］台湾四面环海,岛上平原有限,人口密集。土地资源宝贵但相当有限,海岸地区成为满足各种需求进一步发展的潜在地,并变成公私部门的抢手目标。但台湾海岸地区规划不善、使用不当,造成一连串问题,如自然海岸线流失、自然栖息地遭破坏、海洋生物资源减少等等。过度急速发展与不当使用导致台湾海岸地区面临严重威胁,所以台湾政府正致力于改善海岸管理。即便如此,还是有很多问题尚待解决。本文分析台湾海洋与海岸管理的背景与发展史,以理清海岸管理的思路,并使用海岸带综合管理原则来检视台湾海岸管理的架构。同时本文也检视海岸管理的进展、绩效以及问题,分析导致管理问题的诱因、障碍、未来发展的机会与威胁。本文最后根据欧洲的海岸管理原则和实践提出对海岸管理的建议。［Abstract］Surrounded by sea waters,Taiwan is a densely populated island with only a few flat lands.Due to the scarcity and high value of available land,the coastal zone seems to provide potential sites to meet various needs of further development and to attract both public and private developers.However,coastal zones in Taiwan have not been well planned and used,resulting in problems such as loss of natural coastline,destruction of natural habitats and decline of living marine resources.The coastal zones in Taiwan are under heavy pressures of rapid development and incompatible uses,leading the Taiwan authorities to have to devote efforts to improve coastal zone management.However,a few problems still remain to be solved.Therefore,this study analyses the background and evolution of marine and coastal management in Taiwan to figure out the thread of coastal management.Next,the ICZM principles are used to examine the coastal management framework in Taiwan.The progress,performance and problems of coastal management are also analyzed to find drivers/triggers,obstacles,future opportunities,and future threats.Finally,suggestions are proposed according to principles and practices from Europe.本文受“国家科学委员会”(NSC962415H022003)研究资助

Optimization of Hydrometallurgical Purification for SiO_2 in the Process of Preparing Solar-grade Silicon

考察了Hf质量分数、H2C2O4质量分数、HnO3质量分数、酸浸时间、粒径、液体质量与固体质量的比值(简称液固比,下同)等因素对混酸法提纯SIO2工艺过程的影响,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行表征。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:W(Hf)=2%、W(H2C2O4)=3%、W(HnO3)=30%、酸浸时间4 H、粒径100~120目、液固比4∶1、酸浸温度30℃。fE、Al、CA、P杂质的去除率分别达到99.99%、14.02%、73.27%、60.00%,经混酸法处理后SIO2中杂质总量的质量分数降至1.465x10-4。As a pre-treatment unit for preparing solar-grade silicon,hydrometallurgical route could remove most metallic impurities in silicon dioxide(SiO2) and raise the yield of the final product.Acid leaching of SiO2 could reduce the cost and energy consumption of industrialized development.Combined with high purity of reducing agent,the successor process of pyrometallurgy can also achieve "continuous casting".Factors such as the mass fraction of leaching agent,time,the particle size of SiO2,and the liquid-solid ratio were investigated,and the samples were characterized by means of ICP-OES,SEM,etc.The optimal reaction conditions were as follows:w(HF)=2%,w(H2C2O4)=3%,w(HNO3)=30%,reaction time 4 h,the average size of SiO2 powder particle 100～120 mesh,the liquid-solid ratio 4∶1,and room temperature 30 ℃.It was found that the final removal rates of impurities of Fe,Al,Ca,P could reach 99.99%,14.02%,73.27%,and 60.00% respectively and the mass fraction of total amount of impurities could be reduced to 1.465×10-4

Study on removal boron from solargrade silicon with hydrometallurgy

湿法提纯作为冶金法制备太阳能级硅的前处理工序,可以去除大部分金属和硼杂质。研究了以氢氟酸-硫酸混合酸为浸出剂,有机溶剂甲醇作为后处理剂,去除硅粉中硼杂质的方法。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP)等对产品进行表征。酸浸过程优化工艺条件:硫酸质量分数为55%,氢氟酸质量分数为7%,酸浸温度为70℃、酸浸时间为4 H、液固质量比为8∶1。酸浸后可使硅粉中的硼杂质质量分数由6.893x10-6降至3.867x10-6,去除率为41.9%。在酸浸基础上采用有机溶剂甲醇作为后处理剂,杂质硼质量分数降至3.84x10-6,去除率为44.29%。从硼酸浸后形成的产物入手探索提高硼去除率的方法,实验验证了该方法的可行性,为研究湿法冶金预处理太阳能级硅提供了新的参考。As a pretreatment unit for preparing solargrade silicon(SG-Si) by metallurgic method,wet purification could remove most metallic impurities and nonmetallic impurities,such as boron.Experiment researched a new method to remove boron from SG-Si with mixed hydrofluoric acid-sulfuric acid as leaching agent and with organic solvent methanol as posttreatment agent.Samples were characterized by ICP and other analysis methods.When SG-Si powder had been leached at optimized conditions as follows:mass fraction of sulfuric acid was 55%,mass fraction of hydrofluoric acid was 7%,reaction temperature was 70 ℃,reaction time was 4 h,and liquid-solid mass ratio 8∶1,it was found that mass fraction of impurity boron in SG-Si was reduced to 3.867×10-6 from 6.893×10-6 and the removal rate was 41.9% after acid leaching;on the basis of the former procedure,mass fraction of impurity boron was reduced to 3.84×10-6 and the removal rate was 44.29% when treated with organic solvent.Experiment proved the feasibility of the method and provided a new reference for researching on the pretreatment of SG-Si by hydrometallurgy

高频热等离子体法合成纳米ZrC粉体及其表征

以炭黑和甲烷分别作为碳源,四氯化锆作为锆源,采用高频热等离子体法合成了超细ZrC粉体。分别采用XRD、高频红外燃烧、SEM、化学重量法对实验产物进行了表征,分析了超细ZrC粉体的物相、纯度、粒径与碳源及进气量之间的影响规律。研究表明:采用不同碳源所合成的ZrC粉体粒径均在100 nm以下,相比较炭黑为碳源,甲烷作为碳源合成的产品纯度高,氧含量低,产率大,因此,甲烷作为碳源更适于批量制备超细ZrC粉体

高频热等离子体法合成纳米zrc粉体及其表征

以炭黑和甲烷分别作为碳源,四氯化锆作为锆源,采用高频热等离子体法合成了超细ZrC粉体。分别采用XRD、高频红外燃烧、SEM、化学重量法对实验产物进行了表征,分析了超细ZrC粉体的物相、纯度、粒径与碳源及进气量之间的影响规律。研究表明:采用不同碳源所合成的ZrC粉体粒径均在100 nm以下,相比较炭黑为碳源,甲烷作为碳源合成的产品纯度高,氧含量低,产率大,因此,甲烷作为碳源更适于批量制备超细ZrC粉体

高频热等离子体法合成纳米zrc粉体及其表征

以炭黑和甲烷分别作为碳源,四氯化锆作为锆源,采用高频热等离子体法合成了超细ZrC粉体。分别采用XRD、高频红外燃烧、SEM、化学重量法对实验产物进行了表征,分析了超细ZrC粉体的物相、纯度、粒径与碳源及进气量之间的影响规律。研究表明:采用不同碳源所合成的ZrC粉体粒径均在100 nm以下,相比较炭黑为碳源,甲烷作为碳源合成的产品纯度高,氧含量低,产率大,因此,甲烷作为碳源更适于批量制备超细ZrC粉体