中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

采用RFID技术和U盘存储的抄表器设计

将单片机技术与U盘存储技术两者结合起来,设计基于射频识别(RFID)技术和U盘存储的抄表系统.系统利用单片机直接读写U盘,通过MAX485接口芯片完成单片机与电力仪表的信息交换,通信协议为标准MODBUS-RTU,主控芯片89C2052完成信息的处理与双向传递.RFID采用的工作频率为433 MHz,以循环冗余校验法校验传输数据,同时采用时分多路(TDMA)来实现射频识别系统的防碰撞

西安市越冬水鸟种类及其种群动态变化

2016—2018年11—12月，对西安市越冬水鸟种类、数量和分布进行了调查。结果表明，共记录到72种，27 357只，隶属10目16科45属。约占陕西省水鸟种数65.5%，约占全国的26.6%。受保护的鸟类有16种，包括国家Ⅰ级保护2种，国家Ⅱ级保护2种，省级重点保护12种。依鸟类区系划分，古北界种类53种，东洋界种类9种和广布种10种。其中鸻形目最多有6科28种，其次是雁形目共1科23种，但数量上鸻鹬类比雁鸭类相差很大。这可能与河流湿地适合鸻鹬类停歇地的滩涂面积大小有关。渭河湿地的多样性是最高的为1.217；其次是灞河湿地为1.112。这两条河流水域较宽，滩涂面积较大，生境类型多样化，使得水鸟的种类和数量上均较高。而其他河流的水鸟种类和数量均较少，这可能是与河道狭窄、水量少、水质严重下降和工程建设的强烈人为干扰等方面导致了水鸟种类和数量的下降

Evaluation of ecological connectivity in the coastal zone of Laizhou Bay-Yellow River Delta based on ecosystem service value

The ecological connectivity in the Laizhou Bay-Yellow River Delta coastal zone was evaluated by using the minimum cumulative resistance ( MCR) and ecological connectivity index ( ECI) methods. The results showed: ( 1) obvious gradient variation in ecological connectivity in the Laizhou Bay-Yellow River Delta, with the coastal beach zone as the centre and decreasing to both sides; (2) a significant overall downward trend of the connectivity index from 2000 to 2015, decreasing by 12.69%. Infrastructure construction, such as urbanization and transportation, has caused agglomeration and expansion of artificial obstacles, aggravating the trend of fragmentation and islanding of the ecological landscape, resulting in the degradation of ecosystem services and decreasing ecological connectivity; ( 3 ) generally low ecological connectivity in the Laizhou Bay-Yellow River Delta, with the areas of extremely low connectivity and low connectivity accounting for the largest proportion while the area of higher connectivity showed a trend toward secondary or lower level connectivity. The transfer and distribution of different levels of ecological connectivity areas reflect the change of ecosystem pattern and material,energy,biology,and information flow in the Laizhou Bay-Yellow River Delta under the dual influence of human activities and natural factors. These results provide relevant scientific reference for ecosystem protection and integrated coastal zone management in Laizhou Bay-Yellow River Delta.</p

光刻方法

本发明公开了一种光刻方法，用以获得具有不同高度的光刻结构，包括：s1、设计光刻版图形，该光刻版图形包括多个相同的图形单元，所述多个图形单元阵列分布；s2、根据所述的光刻版图形在待加工样品上形成一定厚度的光刻胶掩膜，所述待加工样品在第一区域裸露；s3、对待加工样品进行等离子体轰击，对待加工样品在第一区域裸露的表面进行刻蚀或沉积，同时使得所述图形单元之间的光刻胶在第二区域脱落并露出待加工样品表面；s4、在第一区域和第二区域对所述待加工样品进行刻蚀或沉积。本发明的光刻方法，可以凭借单次光刻，获得具有不同高度的光刻结构

质子交换膜燃料电池新型抗CO阳极结构

质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）广泛采用重整气为燃料。其存在的主要问题是重整气中含有一定浓度的CO（5×10^-5～10^-2），CO在Pt表面具有强烈的吸附作用，使电催化剂“中毒”。通过对提高质子交换膜燃料电池抗CO问题进行研究，在阳极扩散层流场侧担载催化剂（Pt、PtRu）的方法对电极进行修饰，在注入较少量氧化剂（体积百分比为2％的空气）的条件下使电池抗CO性能显著增强，且可以避免电极局部温度过高及可能带来的安全性问题

120t复吹转炉溅渣动力学冷态模拟及应用

以120 t顶底复吹转炉为原型进行溅渣动力学冷态模拟研究,通过顶吹气体流量、熔渣黏度、枪位和留渣量的单因素试验及正交试验,得到各因素对溅渣的不同影响。使用极差和方差分析确认各因素对炉衬的溅渣密度影响顺序为:顶吹气体流量&gt;熔渣黏度&gt;枪位&gt;留渣量,并得到最优化试验方案为溅渣枪位160 mm,顶吹气体流量51 m3/h,熔池留渣量12%,熔渣黏度0.000 89 Pa.s,此时所得溅渣密度为23.07 g/(m2.s)。该结果在天津钢铁集团有限公司得到应用,取得了很好的经济效益和冶金效果

Effects of Spartina alterniflora Invasion on Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Their Ecostoichiometric Characteristics in the Yellow River Estuary Wetlands

Spartina alterniflora invasion has severely threatened the ecological integrity of coastal wetland ecosystems. The carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and ecostoichiometric characteristics of soils in different layers were investigated under different stages of S. alterniflora invasion in the Yellow River Estuary wetlands. Using the method of substituting space for time, 0-100 cm soil samples were collected in wetlands of different stages of S. alterniflora invasion (SA3, invaded in 2016;SA8, invaded in 2011;SA13, invaded in 2006)and uninvaded bare flats (SA0). The contents of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN)and total phosphorus (TP), were then measured and analyzed by the stoichiometric ratios of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Results showed that (1)S. alterniflora invasion increased the content of TC and TN in surface soils, but had little effects on TP. (2)TC contents in the 0-10 cm soil layer of SA16, SA11 and SA06 were 18.9%, 27.6% and 57.6% higher than that of SA0, respectively, and TN contents were 1.39, 2.37 and 3.66 times higher than that of SA0, respectively. (3)S. alterniflora invasion didn't significantly affect soil w(C)/w(N), but increased w(C)/w(P)and w(N)/w(P)in shallow soils, and decreased w(C)/w(P)and w(N)/w(P)in deep soils. The order of soil w(C)/w(P)and w(N)/w(P)in the 0-10 cm soil layer was SA13>SA8>SA3>SA0. In the 0-100 cm soil layer, the order of soil w(C)/w(N)was SA0>SA8>SA13>SA3, that of soil w(C)/w(P)was SA13>SA8>SA0>SA3, and that of soil w(N)/w(P)was SA13>SA0>SA3>SA8. In the 0-100 cm soil layer, soil pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density and water content were important environmental factors affecting the contents of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. There were no significant correlations between w(C)/w(N)and soil environmental factors, but w(C)/w(P)and w(N)/w(P)were significantly correlated with environmental factors. In conclusion, S. alterniflora invasion changed the contents of soil carbon and nitrogen in the salt marsh wetlands of the Yellow River Estuary and affected the balance of soil nutrient resources