فاعلية السياق وحيز المعنى عند ستيفن أولمان/ The effectiveness of context on the realm of meaning according to Stephen Ullmann

ملخص البحث:  &#x0D;  تتطلع أهداف هذه الورقة البحثية إلى مقاربة مفاهمية للسياق عند ستيفن أولمان، وفاعليته في المعنى المرتبط بحيز زماني ومكاني وفضاء دلالي موجود على مستوى الذهن هو جزء من هذا الأخير، وأثر كل من السياق والمعنى  في توجيه دلالات الخطاب، وسيعتمد البحث المنهج الوصفي وتفعيل أداة التحليل للتعامل مع مقولاته المتعلقة بالمعنى النفسي الخاضع للسياق العاطفي، ومنطقة المعنى وتناوب المعنى وتعدده، وخضوع المعنى لقانون التضاؤل التدريجي، ومن ثمة يمكن اعتماد منهجية ترتكز إلى التدرج في طرح مادة البحث والإضافات التي قدمها وكانت سبباً في ارتقائها وتطورها تدريجياً مقارنة بما قدمه مؤسسها جون فيرث. توصلت الدراسة إلى ما يأتي:  شيد ستيفن أولمان بقيمة نظرية السياق وما حققته من إنجازات فعلية في التعامل مع المعنى وتقديم نظرية تغطي حاجات الباحثين من علماء الدلالة وتحليل الخطاب واللسانيات بفروعها، وتجلت لمسته الخاصة فيما أضافه لهذه النظرية حتى يكتمل بناؤها؛ إذ أسس قيمة للسياق العاطفي المتضمن المعاني النفسية المشحونة بانفعالات منتجي الخطاب ومتلقيه، وأعطى للمعنى توجهاً نفسياً يمكن للسياق الخطابي أن يعدل في توجيهه على الرغم من ذلك الحيز الذي يشغله فضاء المعنى المفروض من قبل الاستعمال اللغوي، وبإمكانه أن يتعرض في بعض الحالات إلى قانون التضاؤل التدريجي فيفقد تلك الشحنة العاطفية المتدرجة أثناء لحظات إنتاج الخطاب .&#x0D; الكلمات المفتاحية: السياق-الفاعلية-المعنى-منطقة المعنى-تضاؤل المعنى.&#x0D;  &#x0D; Abstract &#x0D; This paper intends to conceptually approach Stephen Ullmann’s notion about the context and its contribution to the spatial-temporal aspects related meaning, mentally present within the semantic frame. The present study looks also at the influence of both the context and meaning in directing the message of the discourse. The approach will be hence applied according to the context theory presented in his book entitled “The Role of the Word in the Language". The study tackles the topic descriptively through analyzing his views on the psychological meaning influenced by the emotional context, the meaning zone, the alternative, and multiple meanings as well as the subjection of meaning to the rule of gradual diminishing of meaning. Subsequently, a methodology can be focused to subsequently approach the subject of the study and the additions that he put forward as they are the reason in their eventual progress in comparison with what has been presented by Firth as its founder. The study concludes with the following:  Ullman had established a theory of context that explains actual actions in dealing with meaning. He had also presented a theory that covers the needs of researchers among the scholars of semantics, discourse analysis and other branches of linguistics. His personal touch is in the additions he made that contributed to the completion of the theory. This was when he establishes the valuable role of the emotional context that comprises psychological meanings that are charged with the emotions of the text producer and its receivers. He also gave psychological orientation to meaning that would enable the context of discourse to incline to in its orientation albeit the biases that occupies the realm of meaning as imposed by the language use as it can be exposed on some occasions to the rule of eventual diminishing that would lose the emotional charge while in the process of producing the text.&#x0D;  &#x0D; Keywords: Context - Effectiveness – Meaning realm - Area of meaning - Diminishing meaning.&#x0D;  &#x0D; Abstrak &#x0D; Kajian ini bertujuan secara konsepnya untuk membincangkan pendapat Ullman berkenaan dengan konteks dan sumbangannya terhadap aspek masa dan tempat yang berkaitan dengan masa yang secara sedarnya terangkum di dalam kerangka semantik. Kajian ini turut membincangkan pengaruh kedua-dua konteks dan maksud dalam membentuk tujuan mesej dalam sesebuah wacana. Pendekatan ini akan digunakan mengikut teori konteks yang terdapat di dalam buku beliau yang berjudul “Perana Perkataan dalam bahasa”. Kajian ini juga menteliti isu ini secara deskriptif dengan menganalisa pendapat beliau tentang aspek psikologi makna yang dipengaruhi konteks emosi, zon makna, alternatif perkataan dan kepelbagaian makna juga bagaimana semuanya adalah tertakluk kepada pengarauh undang-undang kehilangan makna secara berperingkat. Seterusnya, satu pendekatan kajian boleh difokuskan untuk  mendekati subjek kajian  dan tambahan pendapat-pendapatnya yang dilihat sebagai sebab perkembangan teori koteks jika dibandingkan dengan apa yang telah dikemukakan oleh Firth sebagai pengasas teori tersebut. Kajian ini merumuskan yang berikut: Ullman telah memulakan satu teori berkenaan konteks yang menerangkan perlakuan sebenar dalam menangani makna. Beliau juga mengemukakan satu teori yang meliputi keperluan para pengkaji dalam kalangan pakar semantik, analisa wacana dan lain-lain cabang-cabang lain dalam linguistic. Sentuhan peribadai beliau dalam tambahan-tambahan pendapat yang beliau buat telah menyumbang kepada penyempurnaan teori tersebut. Ini adalah apablia beliau menekankan peranan penting konteks emosi yang  mengandungi maksud psikologi yang penuh dengan emosi penghantar dan penerima mesej. Disamping itu belau juga memberikan orientasi psikologi kepada makna yang akan membenarkan konteks sesuatu wacana cenderung kepada kebiasaannya walaupun terdapat kecenderungan dalam dunia makna yang dikawal oleh bahasa itu sendiri yang boleh dikaitkan dengan undang-undang kehilangan makna secara berperingkat yang akan membuatkan kesan emosi itu ketika dalam proses menghasilan sesuatu teks.&#x0D;  &#x0D; Kata kunci: Koteks – Keberkesanan – Dunia Makna – Jangkauan Makna – Makna yang menghilang.</jats:p

ACTUAL TIMES OF THE EXPECTATION IN M*00r long bar G*00r long bar 1 long bar infinity MODEL WITH ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE PRIORITIES

Some models of queueing are investigated in the paper aiming at the obtaining of equations for components in M long bar G long bar 1 long bar infinity model with a non-reliable device and in schemes A and B M*00r long bar G*00r long bar 1 long bar infinity model. The analog of the formula of Tkach for a one of components in M long bar G long bar 1 long bar infinity model with a non-reliable device has been found. The paper results may find their field of application in the delivering of special courses of the theory of queueing in universitiesAvailable from VNTIC / VNTIC - Scientific & Technical Information Centre of RussiaSIGLERURussian Federatio

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