Morphologische Variation der Lexeme im sprechenden Atlas „Austriazismen und Germanismen im Kroatischen“

Im Rahmen dieser Masterarbeit werden die morphologischen Variationen der Germanismen im sprechenden Atlas Austriazismen und Germanismen im Kroatischen analysiert und übersichtlich dargestellt. Im sprechenden Atlas sind insgesamt 232 deutsche Lehnwörter im Kroatischen gespeichert. Davon werden in dieser Arbeit nur 48 dieser Wörter umfasst, denn der restliche Anteil von Wörtern wurde schon von einigen Germanistikstudierenden im Rahmen einer Lehrveranstaltung an der Abteilung für Germanistik bearbeitet. Die Lehnwörter, die ich in dieser Masterarbeit analysieren werde, kommen aus den folgenden Bereichen, nach denen auch die Wörter im sprechenden Atlas sortiert sind: Bewegung und Verkehr, Pflanzen und Weingarten, Verkauf und Unterhaltung. Nach der Einleitung wird im zweiten Teil dieser Masterarbeit ein detaillierter Einblick in das Projekt des sprechenden Atlas Austriazismen und Germanismen im Kroatischen gegeben. Dies soll uns helfen, das Thema und das Ziel dieser Arbeit ein wenig besser zu verstehen und der Untersuchung im empirischen Teil besser folgen zu können. Der dritte Teil der Masterarbeit ist zugleich der zentrale Teil, wo die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung dargestellt werden. Nach der Analyse der Tonaufnahmen von 48 Lehnwörtern in zwanzig Ortschaften in Kroatien wurden die Ergebnisse tabellarisch dargestellt. Es gibt eine Tabelle pro Lehnwort und nach jeder Tabelle befindet sich eine Zusammenfassung, die uns hilft, die Daten in den Tabellen zu lesen. Jedes dieser Lehnwörter musste man sich zuerst im sprechenden Atlas Austriazismen und Germanismen im Kroatischen anhören und dann die einzelnen Lautformen für jeden Ort transkribieren und in die entsprechende Tabelle eintragen. Dadurch konnten morphologische Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede übersichtlich und zusammenfassend dargestellt werden und der entsprechenden Analyse unterzogen werden

Proširenost nematoda Capillaria hepatica u smeđeg štakora (Rattus norvegicus) u Hrvatskoj.

An analytical cross-sectional study of Capillaria hepatica in 307 Norway (brown) rats (Rattus norvegicus) was performed. Rats were trapped in two rural regions in Croatia. The prevalence of adult C. hepatica was 1.95%. The parasite was observed in 6 rats. Of these, 3 out of 189 (1.59%) were male and 3 out of 118 (2.54%) female. The adult parasite was a more common finding in large rats and was observed in 5 (1.95%) large rats and in one (2.17%) intermediate rat. Adult C. hepatica was not found among 4 examined young rats. Positive rats were derived from only four households. Clustering of adult parasites found among examined 17 households was significant (P<0.001). Eggs of C. hepatica were found in 12 (3.91%) rats. The majority of positive rats with adult C. hepatica had parasite eggs (P<0.001) and having adult parasite in livers, increases of 210 × odds of having parasite eggs in intestines (OR=210, P<0.001).Pretraženo je 307 smeđih štakora (Rattus norvegicus), podrijetlom iz dvije županije u Hrvatskoj, na prisutnost nematoda Capillaria hepatica. Proširenost adulta C. hepatica bila je 1,95%. Parazit je nađen u šest štakora, i to u tri od 189 mužjaka (1,59%) i tri od 118 ženki (2,54%). Adulti C. hepatica su nađeni češće u velikih štakora i to u 5 (1,95%), i u 1 (2,17%) štakora srednje veličine, dok u mladih štakora adulti C. hepatica nisu nađeni. Pozitivni štakori su potjecali iz samo 4 dvorišta. Nađeno grupiranje odraslih parazita među 17 dvorišta bilo je značajno (P<0,001). Jajašca C. hepatica nađena su u 12 (3,91%) štakora. Većina pozitivnih štakora s adultima C. hepatica imali su i parazitska jajašca (P<0,001)

Principles of experimental (interventions) in research

U članku su iznesena načela eksperimentalnih istraživanja u epidemiologiji. Opisani su osnovni koraci u dizajniranju i provedbi istraživanja o kojima istraživač mora voditi računa. Navedene su prednosti i nedostatci eksperimentalnih istraživanja te mogući uzroci otklona rezultata koje istraživač mora imati na umu tijekom provedbe samog istraživanja i u analizi prikupljenih rezultata. Aktivna uloga istraživača u intervencijskim studijama ogleda se u dodjeljivanju jedinki prikladnih za studiju u eksperimentalnu i kontrolnu skupinu (randomizacija), upoznavanju odabranih jedinki (ili vlasnika) s načelima studije i dobivanje njihovog pristanka za sudjelovanje, osiguranjem dovoljno dugog perioda praćenja odabranih jedinki te nepristranim odnosom prema sudionicima istraživanja, neovisno o pripadnosti skupini što se postiže ako je istraživanje temeljeno na načelima slijepog ili dvostruko slijepog pokusa.The article describes the basic principles of intervention study design in epidemiology. The necessary steps that should be considered during study design and performing such stud- ies are highlighted. The article provides insight into the advantages and disadvantages of this type of study and possible sources of bias. The researcher’s active role in intervention studies is seen through the randomisation of eligible sub- jects into the intervention or control group, by obtaining informed consent from study subjects (or their owners), by ensuring sufficiently long periods of follow up, and taking an unbiased ap- proach to all enrolled study subjects, regardless of the group. This can be achieved through the blind or double-blind study design

Forensic pathology in determing animal abuse – killing animals with firearms

Zlostavljanje životinja je oduvijek poznato kao zločin sam po sebi i predstavlja važan indikator zločinačkog ponašanja počinitelja. Veterinarski patolog je pred sudom važna karika u dokazivanju zločina usmrćivanja životinje vatrenim oružjem. Na Hrvatskom veterinarskom institutu forenzički se prosuđuje najviše usmrćenih konja i pasa. Svaki od ovih slučajeva je iznimno težak i s puno koraka u obradi. U suradnji s državnim odvjetništvom zadaća veterinarskog patologa je da na jasan i nedvojben način opiše što se dogodilo s usmrćenom životinjom. Pri tome materijalni dokazi kao što su: izvješće patologa, projektil, fotografije životinje i ozljeda, dlaka s barutnim česticama, veličina te položaj ulazne i izlazne rane, kao i drugi tragovi imaju presudnu ulogu u sudskom procesu. Ovaj tekst objedinjuje naša iskustva s forenzičkim prosuđivanjem zlostavljanja životinja usmrćivanjem vatrenim oružjem i na logički način pokušava stvoriti sliku o načinu razmišljanja i prikupljanju dokaznog materijala u ovakvim slučajevima.Animal abuse has always been considered a crime, and is an important indicator of the criminal potential of a person. A veterinary pathologist is an important link in proving the crime of animal death by firearm in court proceedings. At the Croatian Veterinary Institute, killed horses and dogs are most frequently evaluated forensically. Each case is highly complex, with numerous processing steps. In conjunction with the State Attorney’s Office, the task of the veterinary pathologist is to clearly and unambiguously describe what happened to the animal victim. Material evidence such as: pathologist’s report, projectile, photographs, gunpowder particles on fur, insect larvae and other traces play a crucial role in the judicial process. This paper integrates our experiences with forensic judgments of animal abuse by death by firearm and attempts to logically create an overview of the way pathologist consider and gather evidence in those cases

Seroprevalencija i mogući rizični čimbenici za zarazu nametnikom Neospora caninum u mliječnih goveda u Hrvatskoj

Neospora caninum, a cyst forming coccidian parasite, is an important cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. The present work aims to update knowledge of the presence of Neospora in cattle from Croatia. The survey was carried out on dairy cows in the Bjelovar-Bilogora County in northwest Croatia (2652 km2). The cows were selected by simple randomization from county dairy producer records. Cows were tested for the presence of N. caninum antibodies with the Neospora-Ab iscom enzyme-linked immunoassay kit (SVANOVIR). N. caninum antibodies were detected in 23 from 395 (5.6%, confifi dence interval (CI); CI 95%; 3.5 to 8.1) lactating cows. Epidemiological studies of potential risk factors, such as the presence of a dog, cat, swine, free range poultry and management practices, such as silage processing and pasture practising showed that none of these factors was associated with N. caninum antibodies. Seropositivity of cows was associated to abortion (odds ratio (OR); OR = 8.307, P = 0.002) and to purchasing of replacement animals from other sources (OR = 5.27, P = 0.0002). A strong correlation was also found between antibodies, history of abortion and origin (imported animals) of heifers or cows (OR = 5.52; P = 0.001).Neospora caninum, cistotvorna kokcidija, značajan je uzročnik pobačaja u goveda u čitavom svijetu. U radu su prikazani novi podatci o prisutnosti protutijela za neosporu u goveda u Hrvatskoj. Istraživanje je provedeno na mliječnim kravama na području Bjelovarsko-bilogorske županije (2652 km2). Životinje su odabrane metodom slučajnoga odabira iz registra proizvođača. Krave su bile pretražene na prisutnost protutijela za N. caninum imunoenzimnim testom (SVANOVIR). Protutijela su bila dokazana u 23 od 395 pretraženih krava u laktaciji (5,6%, interval povjerenja (CI) 95%: 3,5 do 8,1). Epidemiološko istraživanje s ciljem određivanja mogućih rizičnih čimbenika kao što su prisutnost pasa, mačaka, svinja, slobodno držane peradi te menadžment farme koji uključuje pripremu i skladištenje silaže te načine ispaše pokazala su da niti jedan od prije navedenih čimbenika nije povezan s prisutnošću protutijela protiv N. caninum. Seropozitivnost krava bila je povezana s pobačajima (odds (OR) = 8,307, P = 0,002) i s uvođenjem u stado životinja iz drugih stada (OR = 5.27, P = 0.0002). Također je dokazana snažna povezanost između seropozitivnosti, pobačaja i podrijetla (uvezene životinje) junica ili krava (OR = 5,52; P = 0,001

Forensic pathology in judging animal abuse - animal poisoning with metaldehyde

Metaldehid je aktivni sastojak u limacidima, pripravcima koji služe za suzbijanje puževa. Trovanja životinja metaldehidom mogu biti slučajna, ali i namjerna. Najčešće je trovanje metaldehidom opisano u pasa, u kojih se znaci otrovanja mogu pojaviti već nakon 10-tak minuta, ali se najčešće pojave 1-3 sata nakon ingestije otrova. Antidot za metaldehid ne postoji i terapija se svodi na eliminaciju metaldehida iz organizma i kontrolu mišićnog tremora i konvulzija. Ovaj tekst objedinjuje naša iskustva s forenzičkim prosuđivanjem zlostavljanja životinja trovanjem metaldehidom (tri psa, jedna mačka i jedan jež). Opisane su patološke i patohistološke lezije. Opravdana sumnja na trovanje metaldehidom postavljena je specifičnim nalazom zeleno plavog pastoznog sadržaja u želudcu i crijevima. Konačna dijagnoza postavljena je toksikološkim dokazom metaldehida u sadržaju želudca, bubregu i jetri.Metaldehyde is the active ingredient in molluscicide that is used against snails. Poisoning of animals can be accidental or intentional. Metaldehyde poisoning is most often recorded in dogs. Clinical signs can develop within 10 minutes, mostly 1-3 hours after metaldehyde ingestion. There is no antidote for metaldehyde and therapy comes down to elimination of poison from organism and control of muscle tremor and convulsions. This paper presents our experiences in the forensic investigation of animal abuse by poisoning with metaldehyde (three dogs, one cat, and one hedgehog). Pathoanatomical and histopathological findings are shown. Reasonable suspicion of poisoning with metaldehyde is based on the finding of specific cyan-coloured gastrointestinal contents. The final diagnosis is made by toxicological evidence of metaldehyde in liver, kidney and gastric content of the poisoned animal

Influence of an enriched environment on aggressive behaviour in beef cattle

Obogaćenje okoliša odnosi se na preinaku okoliša životinja kako bi se poboljšalo biološko funkcioniranje, povećavajući im obim izražavanja vrsno specifičnog i umanjujući pojavu vrsno nespecifičnog ponašanja. Cilj je rada bio istražiti utječe li obogaćenje okoliša junadi u tovu na pojavu agresivnog ponašanja. Istraživanje je provedeno na dvjema skupinama junica (n=19 svaka) tijekom završnog tova, u trajanju od 16 tjedana. Kontrolna skupina junica držana je u uobičajenim proizvodnim uvjetima, u poluotvorenoj staji, na nasteljenom podu, a pokusnoj skupini okoliš je dodatno bio obogaćen mehaničkom četkom za njegu i blokovima soli. Izražavanje agresivnog ponašanja istraživano je izravnim promatranjem junica tijekom 1 sata, jednom tjednom. Istraživani su sljedeći oblici ponašanja: udaranje glavom, tjeranje druge jedinke da se pomakne s mjesta na kojem stoji, naganjanje, borba i tjeranje druge jedinke da se podigne s mjesta na kojem leži. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da su tjeranje druge jedinke da se pomakne s mjesta na kojem stoji i naganjanje bili najučestaliji oblici agresivnog ponašanja u obje skupine. Između skupina nisu utvrđene značajne razlike u učestalosti izražavanja pojedinih oblika agresivnog ponašanja, osim za naganjanje (p=0,003). Međutim, sagledavajući ukupnu učestalost svih istraživanih oblika ponašanja, junice pokusne skupine značajno su manje (p=0,001) izražavale agresiju. Zaključno, obogaćeni okoliš smanjio je pojavu agresivnog ponašanja junadi u tovu.Environmental enrichment refers to the modification of the animal environment to improve biological functioning, by increasing the repertoire of species-specific behaviours and decreasing the occurrence of abnormal behaviours. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of environmental enrichment on the occurrence of aggressive behaviour in beef cattle. The study included two groups of heifers (n=19 each) during the final fattening period of 16 weeks. The control group was housed in standard production conditions, in a half-open stable, on bedded floor, while the environment of the experimental group of heifers was additionally enriched with a mechanical grooming brush and salt blocks. Aggressive behaviour was investigated by direct observation of heifers, over one hour, once a week. The following forms of behaviour were investigated: head but, displacement, chasing, fighting and chasing-up. The study results showed displacement and chasing to be the most frequent forms of aggressive behaviour in both groups of heifers. There were no significant differences in the frequency of displaying particular forms of aggressive behaviour between the groups, except for chasing (p=0.003). Yet, considering the total frequency of all behaviour forms observed, experimental heifers displayed significantly less aggression (p=0.001). In conclusion, an enriched environment reduced the occurrence of aggressive behaviour in beef cattle