2,000 research outputs found
On cascade products of answer set programs
Describing complex objects by elementary ones is a common strategy in
mathematics and science in general. In their seminal 1965 paper, Kenneth Krohn
and John Rhodes showed that every finite deterministic automaton can be
represented (or "emulated") by a cascade product of very simple automata. This
led to an elegant algebraic theory of automata based on finite semigroups
(Krohn-Rhodes Theory). Surprisingly, by relating logic programs and automata,
we can show in this paper that the Krohn-Rhodes Theory is applicable in Answer
Set Programming (ASP). More precisely, we recast the concept of a cascade
product to ASP, and prove that every program can be represented by a product of
very simple programs, the reset and standard programs. Roughly, this implies
that the reset and standard programs are the basic building blocks of ASP with
respect to the cascade product. In a broader sense, this paper is a first step
towards an algebraic theory of products and networks of nonmonotonic reasoning
systems based on Krohn-Rhodes Theory, aiming at important open issues in ASP
and AI in general.Comment: Appears in Theory and Practice of Logic Programmin
Logic-Based Analogical Reasoning and Learning
Analogy-making is at the core of human intelligence and creativity with
applications to such diverse tasks as commonsense reasoning, learning, language
acquisition, and story telling. This paper contributes to the foundations of
artificial general intelligence by developing an abstract algebraic framework
for logic-based analogical reasoning and learning in the setting of logic
programming. The main idea is to define analogy in terms of modularity and to
derive abstract forms of concrete programs from a `known' source domain which
can then be instantiated in an `unknown' target domain to obtain analogous
programs. To this end, we introduce algebraic operations for syntactic program
composition and concatenation and illustrate, by giving numerous examples, that
programs have nice decompositions. Moreover, we show how composition gives rise
to a qualitative notion of syntactic program similarity. We then argue that
reasoning and learning by analogy is the task of solving analogical proportions
between logic programs. Interestingly, our work suggests a close relationship
between modularity, generalization, and analogy which we believe should be
explored further in the future. In a broader sense, this paper is a first step
towards an algebraic and mainly syntactic theory of logic-based analogical
reasoning and learning in knowledge representation and reasoning systems, with
potential applications to fundamental AI-problems like commonsense reasoning
and computational learning and creativity
Spatio-temporal Video Parsing for Abnormality Detection
Abnormality detection in video poses particular challenges due to the
infinite size of the class of all irregular objects and behaviors. Thus no (or
by far not enough) abnormal training samples are available and we need to find
abnormalities in test data without actually knowing what they are.
Nevertheless, the prevailing concept of the field is to directly search for
individual abnormal local patches or image regions independent of another. To
address this problem, we propose a method for joint detection of abnormalities
in videos by spatio-temporal video parsing. The goal of video parsing is to
find a set of indispensable normal spatio-temporal object hypotheses that
jointly explain all the foreground of a video, while, at the same time, being
supported by normal training samples. Consequently, we avoid a direct detection
of abnormalities and discover them indirectly as those hypotheses which are
needed for covering the foreground without finding an explanation for
themselves by normal samples. Abnormalities are localized by MAP inference in a
graphical model and we solve it efficiently by formulating it as a convex
optimization problem. We experimentally evaluate our approach on several
challenging benchmark sets, improving over the state-of-the-art on all standard
benchmarks both in terms of abnormality classification and localization.Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures, 3 table
Neutron star equations of state with optical potential constraint
Nuclear matter and neutron stars are studied in the framework of an extended
relativistic mean-field (RMF) model with higher-order derivative and density
dependent couplings of nucleons to the meson fields. The derivative couplings
lead to an energy dependence of the scalar and vector self-energies of the
nucleons. It can be adjusted to be consistent with experimental results for the
optical potential in nuclear matter. Several parametrisations, which give
identical predictions for the saturation properties of nuclear matter, are
presented for different forms of the derivative coupling functions. The stellar
structure of spherical, non-rotating stars is calculated for these new
equations of state (EoS). A substantial softening of the EoS and a reduction of
the maximum mass of neutron stars is found if the optical potential constraint
is satisfied.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure
Automatsko niveliranje hidrauliÄke platforme s dizalicom
U okviru ovog diplomskog rada opisan je postupak nadogradnje automatske nivelacije hidrauliÄke radne platforme na postojeÄu ruÄnu nivelaciju. HidrauliÄka radna platforma (tzv. dizalica) je Wumag WT 225 integrirana na kamion Mercedes-Benz 811 ā stroj je u vlasniÅ”tvu tvrtke Å I-LA-CO. Pružen je uvid u stanje dizalice prije rada te obrazloženi razlozi uvoÄenja automatske nivelacije. KljuÄne modifikacije sustava predstavljaju zamjenu iskljuÄivo ruÄno aktuiranih razvodnika s razvodnicima koji omoguÄuju ruÄno i elektriÄno upravljanje, ugradnja dvoosnog inklinometra te implementacija upravljaÄkog raÄunala (tj. PLC-a) i njemu pripadajuÄeg programa za realizaciju željenog zakona upravljanja. Sve navedene modifikacije adekvatnim ožiÄenjem potrebno je povezati u svrsishodnu cjelinu
To crimea via Belgrade: Thomas Fonblanque to Lord Raglan 1854-1855
Eleven letters sent to Lord Raglan, Commander-in-Chief of British troops in the Crimea in 1854 and 1855, by Thomas Fonblanque, British Consul General at Belgrade, constitute a little known group of documents that provided useful information for the Allied campaign in the Balkans and the Crimea. The paper, however, pays special attention to the Consulās "Sanitary Memorandum", as it reflects the scope of interest and range of knowledge of the average British diplomat at the time
Tko je vodio pravedan rat? Walzerova teorija i rat u bivŔoj Jugoslaviji
Applying Walzerās theory, this article analyzes the morality of the war in the former Yugoslavia. The main findings are the following: Serbia fought an unjust war during the entire 1991-99 period. Montenegro participated in the aggression on Croatia. Croatia also fought a just war on its own territory and on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, 1994 and 1995. However, Croatia fought an unjust war in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1993. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo both fought just wars. The international community prosecuted just war crimes (Lat. jus in bello) and did not prosecute the very aggression (Lat. jus ad bellum).Ovaj Älanak ā na osnovi Walzerove teorije o pravednom ratu ā analizira etiÄke aspekte rata na prostoru bivÅ”e Jugoslavije. Glavni su zakljuÄci sljedeÄi: Srbija je tijekom Äitavog razdoblja od 1991. do 1999. vodila nepravedan rat. Crna Gora sudjelovala je u agresiji na Hrvatsku. Hrvatska je vodila pravedan rat na teritoriju Hrvatske i u Bosni i Hercegovini 1992., 1994. i 1995. godine. MeÄutim 1993. godine vodila je nepravedan rat u Bosni i Hercegovini. Bosna i Hercegovina i Kosovo vodili su pravedne ratove braneÄi se od srpske agresije. MeÄunarodna zajednica propustila je kazniti zloÄin agresije (jus ad bellum), procesuirajuÄi samo ratne zloÄine (jus in bellum)
Procedure for Secession
This article analyzes possible procedures for political secession.
After a literature review of theories of secession, the article presents
the main arguments against and for secession. Than, on the basis of
āno-faultā theory, this article proposes a procedure for secession.
Furthermore, this procedure is empirically tested through analyses of
secessions from former Yugoslavia. The main hypothesis is that secession is justified in two cases: first, when secession occurs as a result of consensus of all the main actors, including central government, and, second, when at least two-third majority of population supports secession
Neutrality as Independence: Great Britain, Serbia and the Crimean War
Special Editions 95. Institute for Balkan Studies of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Art
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