Croatian Demographic and Migration Disparity

Demografski su trendovi i pokazatelji te brojni dosadašnji stručni i znanstveni objavljeni radovi jasno upozoravali na hrvatsku demografsku stvarnost, koju obilježava demografski i migracijski nesklad vidljiv praktički u cijelom hrvatskom društvu i prostoru. Potvrda je stigla i s objavom službenih rezultata popisa stanovništva 2021. godine i razinom depopulacije, ali posebno i s objavom prirodnog pada stanovništva posljednje tri godine. Provedena anketna ispitivanja javnog mijenja 2019. i 2020. godine o stavovima ispitanika o emigraciji i najnovija 2022. u okviru Projekta, također jasno potvrđuju nastavak depopulacije, prirodnog pada, nestanka učenika osnovnih i srednjih škola, pražnjenja hrvatskih ruralnih prostora, ugrožavanja osnovnih sustava i razvojne neizvjesnosti. Demografski se i migracijski nesklad treba početi ublažavati kao strateško nacionalno pitanje prema obama revitalizacijskima poticajnim modelima: klasičnom populacijskom politikom i selektivnom imigracijskom u interesu hrvatske razvojne budućnosti.Demographic trends and indicators, as well as numerous expert and scientific works published earlier, clearly indicate Croatian demographic reality, marked by demographic and migration disparity that is visible practically in the entirety of Croatian society and area. This has been confirmed with the publication of the official results of the 2021 population census and is also visible in the level of depopulation, particulary with the publication of the natural decline of the population over the last three years. Public opinion polls on respondents’ views on emigration conducted in 2019 and 2020, alongside the latest poll conducted in 2022 within the framework of the Project, also clearly confirm processes that are present: continued depopulation, natural decline, disappearance of primary and secondary school students, emptying of Croatian rural areas, endangerment of basic systems and uncertain nature of development. Demographic and migration disparity should be mitigated as a strategic national issue according to the two revitalization incentive models - classic population policy and selective immigration, in the interest of the future of Croatia’s development

SPACIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF THE REVITALIZATION OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN CROATIA

Razmatranjem ruralnog područja u urbanoj prisavskoj sjeni između Zagreba i Siska, u kojem su gotovo svi demografski pokazatelji negativni, nastojalo se u okviru općeg procesa u RH pokazati trenutno demografsko stanje i upozoriti na svu težinu problematike čije nas rješavanje čeka. Dugogodišnje iseljavanje i sve intenzivniji prirodni pad stanovništva u skoro cijelom ruralnom području u tolikoj su mjeri poremetili demografske odnose da je revitalizacija takvih regija vrlo neizvjesna. Prisutna neizvjesnost revitalizacije ovakvih područja u kojima nije bilo ratnih razaranje, i koja se još uz to nalaze između i u neposrednoj blizini jakih regionalnih i industrijskih centara Zagreba i Siska, još više produbljava sumnju u mogućnost revitalizacije ratom razorenih, mahom ruralnih naselja Repulike Htvetske. Ako se zna da su danas još uvijek okupirana područja RH prije rata također imala prevladavajuće negativne trendove, da se radi o brdsko-planinskim ili nizinskim, slabo povezanim naseljima, da je nesrpsko stanovništvo iz njih protjerano, da se Hrvatska nalazi u velikim gospodarskim poteškoćama i da se prijeratna demografska slika praktički ne može obnoviti, onda je jasno da će demografski slom u njima biti nastavljen. Rješenja problema ipak postoje, no ona su niti jednostavna niti kratkoročna, a pored toga moraju biti i selektivna. Nužne pretpostavke bilo kakve revitalizacije jesu promjena globalne politike prema selu i poljoprivredi, objektivno vrednovanje rada na selu i davanje ruralnom stanovništvu mjesta u društvu kakvo mu objektivno i pripada - s obzirom na značenje u ukupnoj društvenoj reprodukciji, gospodarstvu i rezultatima rada.By examining the rural area in the urban Sava river valley shadow between Zagreb and Sisak, in which almost all demographic indicators displaya negative trend, an attempt was made to demonstrate the current demographic situation and warn about the very difficult problems waiting to be dealt with. Emigration throughout the years and an ever more intensive natural decrease in population, in virtually the whole rural area, have disturbed demographic relations to such an extent that revitalization has become extremely uncertain. The uncertainty of the revitalization of such areas in which there was no war destruction and which are situated amongst or in the near vicinity of the powerful regional and industrial centers Zagreb and Sisak, even deepens our doubt in the possibility of revitalizing those mostly rural settlements in the Croatian Republic which have suffered from war destruction. If one is aware that in areas within the Republic of Croatia which are still under occupation there prevailed a negative trend even before the war, that these are mostly highland and lowland settlements poorly connected, that the non-Serbian population has been expelled from them, that Croatia finds itself in great economic difficulties and that the pre-war demographic picture cannot in fact be restored, then it is clear that the demographic collapse in these settlements shall continue. There are solutions to the problems, but they are neither simple nor short-term, and in addition to that they must be selective. Necessary preconditions of any revitalization are changes in global politics in favour of the country and agriculture, objective evaluation of work in the country, and giving the rural population the position it deserves with regard to its importance in the global social reproduction, economy and working results

Svojstvene vrijednosti kovarijacijskih matrica za razdiobe teških repova

Posljednjih godina, motivirani zahtjevima iz primjena, mnogi matematičari svoja su istraživanja usmjerili na slučajne matrice rastućih dimenzija. U ovom radu opisani su razlozi usmjeravanja pažnje na uzoračke kovarijacijske i korelacijske matrice podataka te pripadne svojstvene vrijednosti i svojstvene vektore. U prvom poglavlju je napravljen kratak pregled dosadašnjih rezultata na temu asimptotskog ponašanja najvećih svojstvenih vrijednosti slučajnih kovarijacijskih matrica rastućih dimenzija u kontekstu tzv. gaussovskih matrica. Također, napravljen je pregled rezultata u slučaju razdioba s regularno varirajućim repovima, kod kojih je razvoj teorije išao sporije. Naredna poglavlja bave se recentnim rezultatima u slučaju razdioba s regularno varirajućim repovima. Drugo poglavlje sadrži rezultate najnovijih istraživanja o asimptotskom ponašanju najveće svojstvene vrijednosti uzoračke kovarijacijske matrice za matricu podataka s nezavisno jednako distribuiranim komponentama, čije pripadne distribucije karakterizira težak rep. Također, prikazani su rezultati o svojstvenim vektorima pridruženim najvećim svojstvenim vrijednostima i generalizacija na autokovarijacijske matrice. U trećem poglavlju uvedena je zavisnost između redaka i stupaca matrice podataka. Nadalje, prikazano je kako se asimptotska konvergencija najveće svojstvene vrijednosti može dobiti iz konvergencije odgovarajućeg točkovnog procesa. Konačno, u četvrtom poglavlju su ilustrirani rezultati iz prethodnih poglavlja na simuliranim i empirijskim podacima. Na kraju je provedena kratka analiza vremenskih nizova komponenti S&P 500 dioničkog indeksa.In recent years, motivated by the application, many mathematicians have been focusing their research on random matrices of growing dimensions. This Master’s Thesis describes the reason why great attention is paid to the sample covariance and correlation data matrices and their eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors. In the first chapter, in the context of so-called Gaussian data matrices, a brief review of the results on the asymptotic behaviour of the largest eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of random covariance matrices with growing dimensions is presented. Also, an overview of the results in the case of the distributions which satisfy regular variation condition was made, where the development of the theory progressed more slowly. Chapters afterwards contain recent results in the case of distributions which satisfy regular variation condition. The second chapter contains the results of the newest research on the asymptotic behavior of the largest eigenvalue of the sample covariance matrix for data matrix with independent and identically distributed components, coming from heavy tailed distribution. Also, the results on the eigenvectors associated with the largest eigenvalues, as well as the generalization on the autocovariance matrices, are presented. The third chapter introduces the dependence between the rows and columns of the data matrix. Furthermore, it is presented that asymptotic convergence of the largest eigenvalue can be obtained from the convergence of the corresponding point processes. Finally, the illustrations on simulated and empirical data of theoretical results from the preceding chapters are given in the fourth chapter. Lastly, a brief analysis of the time series components of the S&P 500 stock index was conducted

On cyclic characterizations of regular pentagons and heptagons: Two approaches

In this paper we present two different proofs of an algebraic characterization of regular pentagons and regular pentagrams in terms of two cyclic (complex) algebraic equations on a five--dimensional torus (Theorem1 and Theorem2). The problem arose in functional analysis (as communicated to one of the authors by A. Björner some twenty years ago). No published proof has appeared so far. Apparently a proof was given by L. Lovász (unpublished and not known to the authors). Here we give two different proofs, both somewhat tricky. The first one relies upon discrete Fourier transform and the second one is more direct. Also several generalizations to heptagons are presented including an explicit description of some new irregular heptagrams. Some additional conjectures on general polygons are stated

Demographic Development of Settlements in the Conditions of Geographic Isolation. Some Examples of Settlements Near the Sava River Between Zagreb and Sisak

Razmatran je demografski razvoj prisavskih prostorno izoliranih naselja. Utvrđen je jasan utjecaj geografskog položaja i osnovnih prirodno-geografskih elemenata prostora na demografski i općenito društveno-ekonomski razvoj naselja.The demographic development of spatially isolated settlements near ther Sava river, was studied. A clear influence of geographic location and basic natural-geographic spatial elements on the demographic and general economic development of settlements, was determined

Basic Physio-geographic Characteristics of the Sava River Basin Between Radeče and Sisak

Autor obrađuje fizičko-geografsku tematiku porječja Save između Radeča i Siska

Svojstvene vrijednosti kovarijacijskih matrica za razdiobe teških repova

Posljednjih godina, motivirani zahtjevima iz primjena, mnogi matematičari svoja su istraživanja usmjerili na slučajne matrice rastućih dimenzija. U ovom radu opisani su razlozi usmjeravanja pažnje na uzoračke kovarijacijske i korelacijske matrice podataka te pripadne svojstvene vrijednosti i svojstvene vektore. U prvom poglavlju je napravljen kratak pregled dosadašnjih rezultata na temu asimptotskog ponašanja najvećih svojstvenih vrijednosti slučajnih kovarijacijskih matrica rastućih dimenzija u kontekstu tzv. gaussovskih matrica. Također, napravljen je pregled rezultata u slučaju razdioba s regularno varirajućim repovima, kod kojih je razvoj teorije išao sporije. Naredna poglavlja bave se recentnim rezultatima u slučaju razdioba s regularno varirajućim repovima. Drugo poglavlje sadrži rezultate najnovijih istraživanja o asimptotskom ponašanju najveće svojstvene vrijednosti uzoračke kovarijacijske matrice za matricu podataka s nezavisno jednako distribuiranim komponentama, čije pripadne distribucije karakterizira težak rep. Također, prikazani su rezultati o svojstvenim vektorima pridruženim najvećim svojstvenim vrijednostima i generalizacija na autokovarijacijske matrice. U trećem poglavlju uvedena je zavisnost između redaka i stupaca matrice podataka. Nadalje, prikazano je kako se asimptotska konvergencija najveće svojstvene vrijednosti može dobiti iz konvergencije odgovarajućeg točkovnog procesa. Konačno, u četvrtom poglavlju su ilustrirani rezultati iz prethodnih poglavlja na simuliranim i empirijskim podacima. Na kraju je provedena kratka analiza vremenskih nizova komponenti S&P 500 dioničkog indeksa.In recent years, motivated by the application, many mathematicians have been focusing their research on random matrices of growing dimensions. This Master’s Thesis describes the reason why great attention is paid to the sample covariance and correlation data matrices and their eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors. In the first chapter, in the context of so-called Gaussian data matrices, a brief review of the results on the asymptotic behaviour of the largest eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of random covariance matrices with growing dimensions is presented. Also, an overview of the results in the case of the distributions which satisfy regular variation condition was made, where the development of the theory progressed more slowly. Chapters afterwards contain recent results in the case of distributions which satisfy regular variation condition. The second chapter contains the results of the newest research on the asymptotic behavior of the largest eigenvalue of the sample covariance matrix for data matrix with independent and identically distributed components, coming from heavy tailed distribution. Also, the results on the eigenvectors associated with the largest eigenvalues, as well as the generalization on the autocovariance matrices, are presented. The third chapter introduces the dependence between the rows and columns of the data matrix. Furthermore, it is presented that asymptotic convergence of the largest eigenvalue can be obtained from the convergence of the corresponding point processes. Finally, the illustrations on simulated and empirical data of theoretical results from the preceding chapters are given in the fourth chapter. Lastly, a brief analysis of the time series components of the S&P 500 stock index was conducted

Net migration in the communes of Croatia in the period 1971—1981

This article defines and investigates regional migration in Croatia. It shows that the regions of emigration are developed below the average, that they have fewer people employed in the socially-owned sector, have a greater participation of agricultural inhabitants, a smaller participation of the immigrant population in the total population and that the process of emigration is the basic cause of depopulation. In regions of immigration all the characteristics listed have the opposite sign. Regional socio-economic differences correspond in a great measure with migrational polarization so that migration flows can be optimalized through the continuous and uniform development of the republic as a whole. More evenly balanced regional development should be based on a restrictive migration policy and a policy supporting the return of migrants through integral development planning in regions of emigration. It is considered that a more evenly balanced regional development will gradually alleviate the negative aspects of migration, and so will the already partly exhausted migrant population. It must be also mentioned that the effects of the social crisis will be felt until practically the end of the century, and this will make the regions of immigration less attractive (unemployment, housing crisis, ecological problems, etc.