Accentual phrase in languages with fixed word stress: a study on Hungarian and Slovak

In languages with fixed stress towards the left or right edge of the word, stress is often used for delimiting one edge of a prosodic phrase, while the other edge is marked by a boundary tone. In languages in which sequences between two accents form an accentual phrase (AP), these APs often have a consistent pattern of their own. Thus, they are supposed to deviate from the overall declination pattern of an IP. This assumption was used to investigate whether Hungarian and Slovak make use of APs

Coulomb Energy, Vortices, and Confinement

We estimate the Coulomb energy of static quarks from a Monte Carlo calculation of the correlator of timelike link variables in Coulomb gauge. We find, in agreement with Cucchieri and Zwanziger, that this energy grows linearly with distance at large quark separations. The corresponding string tension, however, is several times greater than the accepted asymptotic string tension, indicating that a state containing only static sources, with no constituent gluons, is not the lowest energy flux tube state. The Coulomb energy is also measured on thermalized lattices with center vortices removed by the de Forcrand-D'Elia procedure. We find that when vortices are removed, the Coulomb string tension vanishes.Comment: 8 pages, 4 EPS figures, RevTeX4; reference adde

Coulomb Energy, Remnant Symmetry, and the Phases of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories

We show that the confining property of the one-gluon propagator, in Coulomb gauge, is linked to the unbroken realization of a remnant gauge symmetry which exists in this gauge. An order parameter for the remnant gauge symmetry is introduced, and its behavior is investigated in a variety of models via numerical simulations. We find that the color-Coulomb potential, associated with the gluon propagator, grows linearly with distance both in the confined and - surprisingly - in the high-temperature deconfined phase of pure Yang-Mills theory. We also find a remnant symmetry-breaking transition in SU(2) gauge-Higgs theory which completely isolates the Higgs from the (pseudo)confinement region of the phase diagram. This transition exists despite the absence, pointed out long ago by Fradkin and Shenker, of a genuine thermodynamic phase transition separating the two regions.Comment: 18 pages, 19 figures, revtex

Yang-Mills Theory in lambda-Gauges

The gauge-independent phenomenon of color confinement in Yang-Mills theory manifests itself differently in different gauges. Therefore, the gauge dependence of quantities related to the infrared structure of the theory becomes important for understanding the confinement mechanism. Particularly useful are classes of gauges that are controlled by a single gauge parameter. We present results on propagators and the color-Coulomb potential for the so-called lambda-gauges, which interpolate between the (minimal) Landau gauge and the (minimal complete) Coulomb gauge. Results are reported for the SU(2) lattice gauge theory in three and four space-time dimensions. We investigate especially intermediate and low momenta. We find a continuous evolution of all quantities with the gauge parameter, except at zero four-momentum.Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, 3 table

LACTATE CONCENTRATION IN GRECO-ROMAN WRESTLERS BEFORE AND AFTER FINAL MATCHES

The aim of the study was to determine and compare blood lactate levels by the round in which the senior wrestler ended the match in an official national Greco-roman wrestling competition.Materials and method: Study was conducted on 20 male wrestlers, finalists of national competition of Serbia. They were divided into three groups according to the round in which the athlete won the match; G1=8, G2=6 and G3=6. Lactate assessment was provided at two points; after warm-up, and three minutes after final match ended. The two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD statistic were used in order to compare differences between the 3 groups (wrestling who won after the first, second or third round). The level of statistical significant was set at 0.05Results of lactate values reported between the 3 groups of wrestlers after the warm-up was similar, whereas, after the match, wrestlers who won after the third round showed significantly higher lactate levels compared to athletes who won after the first (7,45 mmol/L; p<0,001) or second round (4,48 mmol/L; p=0,014). Lactates values of wrestlers that won after the first or second round were close to significance (2,97 mmol/L; p=0,06).Conclusion wrestlers that won their match after the third round accumulated higher lactate levels compared to those who won after the first or second round, indicating that these athletes seem to be trained to work at high intensity

A new group of glycoside hydrolase family 13 α-amylases with an aberrant catalytic triad

α-Amylases are glycoside hydrolase enzymes that act on the α(1→4) glycosidic linkages in glycogen, starch, and related α-glucans, and are ubiquitously present in Nature. Most α-amylases have been classified in glycoside hydrolase family 13 with a typical (β/α)8-barrel containing two aspartic acid and one glutamic acid residue that play an essential role in catalysis. An atypical α-amylase (BmaN1) with only two of the three invariant catalytic residues present was isolated from Bacillus megaterium strain NL3, a bacterial isolate from a sea anemone of Kakaban landlocked marine lake, Derawan Island, Indonesia. In BmaN1 the third residue, the aspartic acid that acts as the transition state stabilizer, was replaced by a histidine. Three-dimensional structure modeling of the BmaN1 amino acid sequence confirmed the aberrant catalytic triad. Glucose and maltose were found as products of the action of the novel α-amylase on soluble starch, demonstrating that it is active in spite of the peculiar catalytic triad. This novel BmaN1 α-amylase is part of a group of α-amylases that all have this atypical catalytic triad, consisting of aspartic acid, glutamic acid and histidine. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this group of α-amylases comprises a new subfamily of the glycoside hydrolase family 13