Calc-X: Enriching Arithmetical Chain-of-Thoughts Datasets by Interaction with Symbolic Systems

This report overviews our ongoing work in enriching chain-of-thoughts datasets requiring arithmetical reasoning with the integration of non-parametric components, such as a calculator. We conduct an analysis of prominent relevant datasets such as GSM8K, Ape210K, AQuA-RAT, and MathQA and propose a machine-processable HTML-like format specifically tailored for working with semi-structured chains. By converting the datasets into this unified format, we enable the effective integration of large language models and symbolic systems, empowering them to tackle arithmetical reasoning tasks more efficiently

ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL SAMPLES AND NEUTRON SPECTRUM DETERMINATION AT VR-1 TRAINING REACTOR

Vertical irradiation channel of the VR-1 training reactor of the Department of Nuclear Reactors CTU was used for activation analysis of historical samples from the 14th to the 19th century. For determination of mass fractions of materials such as copper, gold and silver in irradiated samples, the relative method of activation analysis was used. Further, a set of 24 activation detectors of 12 various materials served for the determination of neutron spectrum of the VR-1 reactor using analytical method; moreover the analytical solution was compared to unfolded spectrum obtained from SAND-II deconvolution program

Spectrometry of neutron field based on p(20)+Be source reaction

The research deals with a spectrometry of neutron field based on the p(20)+Be source reaction. The p(20)+Be interaction stands for a nuclear reaction where protons accelerated to energy of 20 MeV bombard Be target. Produced neutron field has broad energy distribution up to 18 MeV. The research was carried out at the Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences and was motivated by extension of experimental possibilities of the NG-2 target station. To determine the neutron spectrum, the activation foil technique was used. During the experiment, ten activation foils were irradiated. Activated foils were measured using the HPGe detector to determine the reaction rates of observed reactions. The neutron field was simulated in the MCNPX code, and the simulation served as a priori information for the unfolding of the neutron spectrum in the SAND-II code. A determined neutron spectrum is essential for various experiments, e.g., material research, measurements of nuclear data, etc

Can In-context Learners Learn a Reasoning Concept from Demonstrations?

Large language models show an emergent ability to learn a new task from a small number of input-output demonstrations. However, recent work shows that in-context learners largely rely on their pre-trained knowledge, such as the sentiment of the labels, instead of finding new associations in the input. However, the commonly-used few-shot evaluation settings using a random selection of in-context demonstrations can not disentangle models' ability to learn a new skill from demonstrations, as most of the randomly-selected demonstrations do not present relations informative for prediction beyond exposing the new task distribution. To disentangle models' in-context learning ability independent of models' memory, we introduce a Conceptual few-shot learning method selecting the demonstrations sharing a possibly-informative concept with the predicted sample. We extract a set of such concepts from annotated explanations and measure how much can models benefit from presenting these concepts in few-shot demonstrations. We find that smaller models are more sensitive to the presented concepts. While some of the models are able to benefit from concept-presenting demonstrations for each assessed concept, we find that none of the assessed in-context learners can benefit from all presented reasoning concepts consistently, leaving the in-context concept learning an open challenge

Concept-aware Training Improves In-context Learning Ability of Language Models

Many recent language models (LMs) of Transformers family exhibit so-called in-context learning (ICL) ability, manifested in the LMs' ability to modulate their function by a task described in a natural language input. Previous work curating these models assumes that ICL emerges from vast over-parametrization or the scale of multi-task training. However, a complementary branch of recent theoretical work attributes ICL emergence to specific properties of training data and creates functional in-context learners in small-scale, synthetic settings. Inspired by recent findings on data properties driving the emergence of ICL, we propose a method to create LMs able to better utilize the in-context information, by constructing training scenarios where it is beneficial for the LM to capture the analogical reasoning concepts. We measure that data sampling of Concept-aware Training (CoAT) consistently improves models' reasoning ability. As a result, the in-context learners trained with CoAT on only two datasets of a single (QA) task perform comparably to larger models trained on 1600+ tasks.Comment: Work in progres

Studium kosmického gama záření

Názov práce: Studium kosmického gama záření Autor: Stanislav Štefánik Katedra (ústav): Ústav částicové a jaderné fyziky Vedúci bakalárskej práce: Mgr. Dalibor Nedbal, Ph.D. e-mail vedúceho: [email protected] Abstrakt: Práca je zameraná na základné poznatky fyziky kozmického γ žiarenia. V úvode je poskytnutý prehl'ad historického vývoja astročasticovej fyziky, popísané sú vlastnosti a interakcie kozmického žiarenia. Ostatná čast' práce sa zaoberá de- tekciou γ žiarenia, pričom dôraz je kladený na čerenkovovskú metódu detekcie at- mosférických sp'ršok. V súvislosti s danou problematikou je predstavený experiment H.E.S.S. (High Energy Stereoscopic System) v Namíbii a spôsob získavania a spra- covania dát pomocou neho. Výsledkom tejto práce je oboznámenie so základmi mo- dernej analýzy využívanej pri štúdiu kozmického žiarenia a aplikácia tejto analýzy na simulovaných i reálnych údajoch získaných pomocou H.E.S.S. Kl'účové slová: kozmické žiarenie, gama žiarenie, astrofyzika častíc, H.E.S.S.Title: Study of cosmic gamma rays Author: Stanislav Štefánik Department: Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics Supervisor: Mgr. Dalibor Nedbal, Ph.D. Supervisor's e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract: This thesis is focused on elementary knowledge of cosmic γ ray physics. In the introduction there is provided history overview of astroparticle physics, cosmic ray features and interactions are discussed. The remainder of the thesis deals with detection of cosmic γ rays with emphasis put on Čerenkov method of air shower detection. In this context the H.E.S.S. experiment in Namibia is presented and the technique of data acquisition and processing is described as well. Result of this thesis is to understand modern analysis methods used for study of cosmic rays as well as application of this method on simulated and real data acquired by H.E.S.S. Keywords: cosmic rays, gamma rays, astroparticle physics, H.E.S.S.Institute of Particle and Nuclear PhysicsÚstav částicové a jaderné fyzikyFaculty of Mathematics and PhysicsMatematicko-fyzikální fakult

Měření a vyhodnocení poklesů povrchu v oblasti 7. kry, Důlní závod 1

Import 02/11/2016In this thesis it was processed leveling measurement in the area of the 7th block of the Mine Plant 1, in area Lazy by method trigonometric leveling. In the theoretical part of this thesis with the causes of surface subsidence, movements and deforamtions on its surface. In this thesis are also mentioned methods for measuring vertical movements (subsidences). The practical part is processing and assessment of trigonometric measurement and analysis of precision. At the end the results values are compared with theoretical calculation of subsidence in program Subsch.V tejto diplomovej práci je spracované meranie výšok v oblasti 7.kry, Důlní závod 1 v lokalite Lazy metódou trigonometrickej nivelácie. V teoretickej časti sa práca zaoberá príčinami vzniku poklesových kotlín, posunom a deformáciám na jej povrchu. Ďalej sú v práci spomenuté metódy na meranie zvislých posunov (poklesov). V praktickej časti sa nachádza spracovanie a vyhodnotenie trigonometrického merania a jeho rozbor presnosti. Na záver sú výsledné hodnoty porovnané s teoretickým výpočtom poklesov v programe Subsch.Prezenční544 - Institut geodézie a důlního měřictvívelmi dobř