Poisoning of dogs and cats with human medicines and food ingredients

Autori su ukazali na prisutnost relativno čestih slučajnih, nažalost i namjernih trovanja kućnih ljubimaca pripravcima lijekova namijenjenih ljudskoj upotrebi te nekim vrstama namirnica i alkoholom u raznim oblicima. Posebno je istaknuta slučajna i namjerna intoksikacija opojnim drogama što je jednim dijelom u domeni kriminalističke i forenzičke obrade.In this paper the authors point out the occurrence of relatively frequent accidental and unfortunately intentional poisonings of pets with medicines for human use, food ingredients that are widely used and alcohol in various forms. The authors especially mention illicit drugs as a poisoning agent, causing accidental and intentional poisonings, which is partly in the domain of criminal and forensic processing

Poisonings of dogs and cats with some pesticides

Razvojem poljoprivredne proizvodnje povećana je i upotreba kemijskih sredstava iz skupine pesticida. Ti se preparati upotrebljavaju s ciljem kontrole i/ili uništenja populacije određenih vrsta životinjskih i biljnih štetočina. Njihovom upotrebom, osobito nekontroliranom i neracionalnom, često nije moguće izbjeći neželjene fatalne posljedice kod domaćih i/ili divljih životinja koje nisu bile ciljna skupina planskih trovanja. Nepažnja i neznanje vlasnika dodatno povećavaju rizik od nastanka slučajnih otrovanja i u vlastitom domu ili dvorištu. Osim takvih, nenamjernih ili akcidentalnih otrovanja, veterinari su svakodnevno svjedoci zloupotrebe toksičnih materija i sve veće učestalosti namjernih otrovanja kućnih ljubimaca ovim preparatima. Autori u ovom radu daju pregled otrovanja pasa i mačaka nekim pesticidima, simptome koji se očituju kod ovih otrovanja kao i mogućnosti njihova liječenja.With the development of agriculture there has been increased use of chemicals from the group of pesticides. These products are used to control and/or destroy the population of specific animal or plant pest species. Their use, especially if it is uncontrolled and irrational, often leads to unwanted fatal outcomes in domestic and/or wild animals that were not the target group of the planned poisoning. Many poisoning cases in dogs and cats occur in their own home or garden due to the negligence or ignorance of the owner (accidental poisonings). In addition to inadvertent or accidental poisoning, veterinarians have witnessed the increasing frequency of intentional poisoning of pets, especially using easily accessible products intended for the destruction of animal pests. The authors give an overview of some cases of poisoning of dogs and cats using certain pesticides, the symptoms that are manifested in these poisonings, and the possibilities for treatment

Procjena posmortalnog intervala u jelena običnog (Cervus elaphus) na temelju biokemijskih vrijednosti staklovine korištenjem linearne regresijske analize

Vitreous fluid is a stable biological fluid, which is well-protected from contamination and post mortem degradation, which makes it suitable in forensic pathology for determination of the post mortem interval (PMI). The present study was conducted to discover the correlation between increasing PMI and levels of various vitreous biochemical parameters (sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, potassium, phosphor, AST, urea, creatinine, total protein, glucose, total cholesterol). The estimation of PMI in red deer is of great interest in cases of illegal hunting. The vitreous humour samples were collected from six red deer carcasses. The eyes were enucleated, covered by parafilm and aluminium foil, packed in a small container and maintained at +4 ºC. Sampling of vitreous fluid was done again at 8, 10 and then regularly each 10 hours until finally 90 hours after death. A significant linear correlation was found for potassium, sodium and chloride (P<0.0001). The present study revealed that biochemical analysis of vitreous fluid could be used to determine post mortem interval in red deer.Staklovina je stabilna biološka tekućina koja je dobro zaštićena od kontaminacije i postmortalne degradacije što je čini pogodnom u forenzičkoj patologiji za određivanje postmortalnog intervala (PMI). Ovo je istraživanje provedeno kako bi se utvrdila korelacija između povećanja (PMI) i razina različitih biokemijskih parametara staklovine (natrij, kalcij, magnezij, klorid, kalij, fosfor, AST, urea, kreatinin, ukupni protein, glukoza, ukupni kolesterol). Procjena PMI-ja u jelena običnog od velikog je interesa za slučajeve protuzakonitog lova. Za potrebe istraživanja staklovina je prikupljena od šest odstrijeljenih jelena. Nakon što su oči izvađene, obložene su parafilmom i aluminijskom folijom te smještene u posudice pohranjene na stalnu temperaturu od +4 ºC. Staklovina je prikupljena 8., 10., a zatim redovito svakih 10 sati do, konačno, 90. sata nakon smrti. Linearnom regresijskom analizom utvrđena je povezanost PMI-ja s kalijem, natrijem i kloridima (P<0,0001). Ovo istraživanje pokazalo je da bi se biokemijska analiza staklaste tekućine mogla koristiti za određivanje PMI-ja kod jelena običnog

Učinci testne mješavine i komercijalnog probiotika na proizvodna svojstva brojlera

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of test mixture or probiotic addition to drinking water on the growth performance of broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old Cobb 500 chickens were distributed into three groups with eight replicates in each (10 chickens in each replicate). The control group of chickens (C) were without treatment. The chickens in experimental group E1 were treated with the commercial probiotic Probios® and the chickens in experimental group E2 were treated with the test mixture (Lactobacillus acidophilus culture, inactivated baker’s yeast, C vitamin, lactose and glucose) prepared using the authors’ own recipe. Treatments of chickens were conducted during the first three days of life and for three days using the chickens’ vaccination drinking water. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Feed and water were offered ad libitum during the experiment. Body weight, daily feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass weight, carcass yield and European production index (EPI) were studied in this experiment. The addition of the experimental probiotic significantly increased (P<0.05) body weight gain at 21, 35 and 42 days of age, however, the probiotic Probios® improved body weight gain over the same period without any significant difference compared to the control group. FCR was significantly improved at 21 and 35 days of age in both E1 and E2 groups, but at the end of fattening the FCR was not affected. Feed consumption was not influenced by the treatments. The results obtained indicate that carcass weight significantly increased (P<0.05) in the groups of chickens treated by the test mixture or probiotic. It was concluded that addition of test mixture or probiotic improved body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass weight and EPI.Cilj istraživanja bio je analizirati učinke dodatka testne mješavine ili probiotika u vodi za piće na proizvodna svojstva brojlerskih pilića. Ukupno 240 jednodnevnih pilića Cobb 500 podijeljeno je u tri skupine, i to po osam ponavljanja u svakoj skupini (10 pilića u svakom ponavljanju). Kontrolna skupina pilića (K) bila je bez tretmana. Pilići u pokusnoj skupini E1 tretirani su komercijalnim probiotikom Probios®, a pilići u pokusnoj skupini E2 testnom mješavinom (kultura Lactobacillus acidophilus, inaktivirani pekarski kvasac, vitamin C, laktoza i glukoza) pripremljenom prema vlastitoj recepturi. Tretman pilića provodio se prva tri dana života i trodnevno, pri cijepljenju pilića, u vodi za piće. Pokus je trajao 42 dana. Tijekom pokusnog razdoblja pilići su dobivali hranu i vodu ad libitum. Analizirani su tjelesna masa, konzumacija hrane, prirast tjelesne mase, konverzija hrane, masa trupa, randman mesa i proizvodni indeks (European Production Index, EPI). Dodavanjem testne mješavine znakovito je povećana tjelesna masa pilića u dobi od 21, 35 i 42 dana (P < 0,05). U istom je razdoblju dodatkom probiotika Probios® tjelesna masa pilića neznakovito poboljšana u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom. Konverzija hrane znakovito je poboljšana u dobi od 21 i 35 dana u skupinama E1 i E2, ali bez učinka tretmana na kraju tova. Probiotski tretman nije utjecao na konzumaciju hrane. Pilići tretirani testnom mješavinom ili probiotikom ostvarili su znakovito veću masu trupa na kraju tova. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da dodatak testne mješavine ili probiotika poboljšava prirast tjelesne mase, konverziju hrane, masu trupa i proizvodni indeks (EPI)

Infekcija vrstom Chlamydophila abortus u stadu koza u Bosni i Hercegovini - prikaz slučaja.

The aim of this research was to determine the presence of Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) infection in one flock of goats with a previously recorded history of reproductive failures (abortion, stillbirths, weak born kids) and long-term poor reproductive performances. The affected flock was from the southern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) and consisted of 48 goats kept in semi-intensive conditions. Blood samples and vaginal swabs were collected twice during 2012 and 2013 and the sample size was estimated at a 95 % confidence level, with predicted prevalence of 20 %, using the recommendations for determining the required sample size necessary to detect the presence of disease in a flock. A representative sample from this flock was taken by simple random sampling. In the total of 12 blood sera that were tested for the specific antibodies against C. abortus, with the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CHEKIT® Chlamydophila abortus Antibody Test Kit), the results showed that 11 (91.7 %) sera were positive for C. abortus antibodies. Vaginal swabs from all animals were analysed by a modified Chlamydiaceae-specific rtPCR test, targeting the 23S rRNA gene, to determine the presence of known Chlamydiaceae, and three (25 %) samples were positive. These positive samples were subsequently tested with a test targeting the ompA gene region (ompA-rtPCR) specific for Chlamydophila abortus. All three samples were also positive using this test.Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrđivanje infekcije vrstom Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) u stadu koza s reproduktivnim poremećajima (pobačaji, mrtvorođenja, rađanje slabih mladunaca i dugotrajnim lošim reproduktivnim rezultatima). Pretraženo je stado iz južne regije Bosne i Hercegovine (BiH), a čini ga 48 koza držanih u poluintenzivnim uvjetima. Uzorke krvi i vaginalne obriske prikupljali smo u dva navrata tijekom 2012. i 2013. godine, a potreban broj smo odredili koristeći se preporukama za određivanje potrebne veličine uzorka za otkrivanje bolesti u stadu na 95% razini povjerljivosti i očekivanom prevalencijom od 20%. Reprezentativan uzorak osigurali smo jednostavnim slučajnim uzorkovanjem. Od ukupno 12 pretraženih uzoraka krvnog seruma na prisutnost specifičnih protutijela protiv C. abortus pomoću imunoenzimnog testa (CHEKIT® Chlamydophila abortus Antibody Test Kit), 11 (91,7%) je bilo pozitivno. Vaginalne obriske svih životinja potom smo analizirali modificiranim Chlamydiaceae-specifi čnim rtPCR za dokaz 23S rRNA gena. Tri su (25%) bila pozitivna. Potom smo pozitivne uzorke pretražili testom za dokaz gena ompA (ompA-rtPCR) specifičnoga za vrstu Chlamydophila abortus. Sva tri uzorka su također bila pozitivna

Seroprevalencija za vrstu Chlamydia abortus u ovaca u Bosni i Hercegovini.

An epidemiological study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Chlamydia abortus (C. abortus) in sheep in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This was the first systematic study of this kind carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Samples were collected during 2012 and 19 sheep flocks, located in the different parts of the country and with a recorded history of reproductive failures (abortion, stillbirths and infertility) were involved. A representative sample from each flock was taken by a simple random sampling allowing the detection of seropositive animals within a flock with 95 % confidence, with expected prevalence rates of 20 %, using the recommendations for determining the required necessary sample size to detect the presence of disease. In total 178 sheep blood sera were tested for the specific antibodies against C. abortus, with the use of enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (CHEKIT* Chlamydophila abortus Antibody Test Kit). The results showed that 77 (43.3 %) out of 178 ovine sera were seropositive for C. abortus infection, as indicated by the manufacturer’s interpretation of the results. The flock was considered to be positive if at least one animal was seropositive. The flock prevalence of C. abortus in the examined flocks was 84.2 % (16/19 flocks). The results of the present study indicate that C. abortus infection occurs frequently in sheep in Bosnia and Herzegovina.U radu je opisano epidemiološko istraživanje s ciljem utvrđivanja seroprevalencije protutijela za vrstu Chlamydia abortus ovaca u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH). Ovo je prvo sustavno istraživanje ove vrste provedeno u BiH. Uzorci seruma bili su uzeti tijekom 2012. godine, a bilo je obuhvaćeno 19 stada ovaca s registriranim reprodukcijskim poremećajima (pobačaji, mrtvorođenja, neplodnost) diljem države. Reprezentativan uzorak iz svakog stada osigurali smo jednostavnim slučajnim odabirom kojim je omogućeno otkrivanje seropozitivnosti unutar stada na 95%-tnoj razini povjerljivosti, s očekivanom prevalencijom od 20 %, služeći se preporukama za određivanje potrebne veličine uzorka za otkrivanje prisutnosti bolesti. Pretraženo je ukupno 178 uzoraka krvnog seruma ovaca na prisutnost specifičnih protutijela protiv C. abortus pomoću imunoenzimnog testa (CHEKIT* Chlamydophila abortus Antibody Test Kit). Sukladno preporukama proizvođača za tumačenje rezultata, od ukupno 178 pretraženih uzoraka 77 (43,3 %) je bilo pozitivno na C. abortus. Stado se smatralo pozitivnim ako je sadržavalo makar jednu seropozitivnu životinju. Prevalencija obuhvaćenih stada na C. abortus iznosila je 84,2 % (16/19 stada). Rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju na činjenicu da je infekcija vrstom C. abortus kod ovaca u Bosni i Hercegovini vrlo proširena

Istraživanje klamidioze u populaciji pasa lutalica u Bosni i Hercegovini

Our research describe epidemiological presence of Chlamydiosis in different categories of dogs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Problem of stray dogs, inordinately examined and not vaccinated dogs is one of the most complex problems among citizens, nongovernment organisations and institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Chlamydiosis is zoonotic disease caused by Gram-negative, intracellulare bacteria, which include strains: Chlamydophila felis, Chlamydophila abortus, Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila caviae. Disease have endemic characteristics and there is little information about natural infections in dogs, which were mostly related to conjuctivitis, encephalitis and symptoms characteristic for pneumonia. In Europe, research of clamidiosis in dogs has been conducted in a small number of countries which include Germany, Slovakia, Sweden and Lithuania. This was a first of its kind study of Clamidiosis in dog population, carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The study was conducted in twelve cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina with cooperation between two departments for contagious disease in Veterinary faculty of Sarajevo and Veterinary faculty of Ljubljana. The aim of the research was to determine presence of Chlamydial infections in different categories of dogs, using modern serological and molecular diagnostic methods. Blood serum samples were taken during 2012/2013. In total, 294 samples were assessed for presence of specific Chlamydial antibodies using method of indirect immunofluorescence, while method of RT- PCR was used for determination of antigen. After assessing 294 blood serum samples, 2.04% (6 samples) were positive for Cp. psittaci. Most of the positive samples originated from stray dogs. From serology positive animals, nose swabs were taken and assessed using RT-PCR. The presence of nucleic acid from Cp. psittaci was not confirmed in any of them.Naše istraživanje opisuje epidemiološko prisuće klamidioze u različitim kategorijama pasa u Bosni i Hercegovini. Problem pasa lu- talica koji nisu redovito pregledavani i necije- pljenih jedan je od najkompleksnijih proble- ma među građanima, problema nevladinih organizacija i institucija u Bosni i Hercegovi- ni. Klamidioza je zoonotska bolest koju izazi- va Gram-negativna, intracelularna bakterija, a koja uključuje sojeve: Chlamydophilia felis, Chlamydophilia abortus, Chlamydophilia psittaci i Chlamydophilia caviae. Bolest je endemičnog karaktera i malo je dostupnih informacija o prirodnim infekcijama u pasa, koje su obič- no bile povezivane s konjuktivitisom, ence- falitisom i simptomima karakterističnim za pneumoniju. Mali je broj europskih zemalja istraživao klamidiozu u pasa. Istraživali su ju: Njemačka, Slovačka, Švedska i Litva. Ovo je prvo istraživanje ovog tipa, provedeno na psima u Bosni i Hercegovini. Istraživanje je provedeno u dvanaest gradova Bosne i Her- cegovine u suradnji odjela za zarazne bolesti Veterinarskog fakulteta u Sarajevu i Veteri- narskog fakulteta u Ljubljani, Slovenija. Cilj je istraživanja bio uporabom metoda serolo- gije i molekularne dijagnostike odrediti pri- suće klamidijalnih infekcija među različitim kategorija pasa. Krvni serumi su uzorkovani tijekom 2012./2013. godine. Ukupno je pre- gledavano 294 uzoraka na prisuće specifičnih klamidijalnih protutijela metodom indirektne fluoroscence, dok je RT-PCR metoda korište- na za određivanje antigena. Nakon pregleda 294 uzoraka seruma, 2,04 % (6 uzorka) su bila pozitivna na Cp. psittaci. Većina pozitivnih uzoraka je imala podrijetlo od uličnih pasa. Od serološki pozitivnih životinja, uzimani su brisevi nosne sluznice i pregledani upo- rabom RT-PCR metode. Prisuće nukleinske kiseline od Cp. psittaci nije potvrđena niti u jednoj od životinja

Istraživanje klamidioze u populaciji pasa lutalica u Bosni i Hercegovini

Our research describe epidemiological presence of Chlamydiosis in different categories of dogs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Problem of stray dogs, inordinately examined and not vaccinated dogs is one of the most complex problems among citizens, nongovernment organisations and institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Chlamydiosis is zoonotic disease caused by Gram-negative, intracellulare bacteria, which include strains: Chlamydophila felis, Chlamydophila abortus, Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila caviae. Disease have endemic characteristics and there is little information about natural infections in dogs, which were mostly related to conjuctivitis, encephalitis and symptoms characteristic for pneumonia. In Europe, research of clamidiosis in dogs has been conducted in a small number of countries which include Germany, Slovakia, Sweden and Lithuania. This was a first of its kind study of Clamidiosis in dog population, carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The study was conducted in twelve cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina with cooperation between two departments for contagious disease in Veterinary faculty of Sarajevo and Veterinary faculty of Ljubljana. The aim of the research was to determine presence of Chlamydial infections in different categories of dogs, using modern serological and molecular diagnostic methods. Blood serum samples were taken during 2012/2013. In total, 294 samples were assessed for presence of specific Chlamydial antibodies using method of indirect immunofluorescence, while method of RT- PCR was used for determination of antigen. After assessing 294 blood serum samples, 2.04% (6 samples) were positive for Cp. psittaci. Most of the positive samples originated from stray dogs. From serology positive animals, nose swabs were taken and assessed using RT-PCR. The presence of nucleic acid from Cp. psittaci was not confirmed in any of them.Naše istraživanje opisuje epidemiološko prisuće klamidioze u različitim kategorijama pasa u Bosni i Hercegovini. Problem pasa lu- talica koji nisu redovito pregledavani i necije- pljenih jedan je od najkompleksnijih proble- ma među građanima, problema nevladinih organizacija i institucija u Bosni i Hercegovi- ni. Klamidioza je zoonotska bolest koju izazi- va Gram-negativna, intracelularna bakterija, a koja uključuje sojeve: Chlamydophilia felis, Chlamydophilia abortus, Chlamydophilia psittaci i Chlamydophilia caviae. Bolest je endemičnog karaktera i malo je dostupnih informacija o prirodnim infekcijama u pasa, koje su obič- no bile povezivane s konjuktivitisom, ence- falitisom i simptomima karakterističnim za pneumoniju. Mali je broj europskih zemalja istraživao klamidiozu u pasa. Istraživali su ju: Njemačka, Slovačka, Švedska i Litva. Ovo je prvo istraživanje ovog tipa, provedeno na psima u Bosni i Hercegovini. Istraživanje je provedeno u dvanaest gradova Bosne i Her- cegovine u suradnji odjela za zarazne bolesti Veterinarskog fakulteta u Sarajevu i Veteri- narskog fakulteta u Ljubljani, Slovenija. Cilj je istraživanja bio uporabom metoda serolo- gije i molekularne dijagnostike odrediti pri- suće klamidijalnih infekcija među različitim kategorija pasa. Krvni serumi su uzorkovani tijekom 2012./2013. godine. Ukupno je pre- gledavano 294 uzoraka na prisuće specifičnih klamidijalnih protutijela metodom indirektne fluoroscence, dok je RT-PCR metoda korište- na za određivanje antigena. Nakon pregleda 294 uzoraka seruma, 2,04 % (6 uzorka) su bila pozitivna na Cp. psittaci. Većina pozitivnih uzoraka je imala podrijetlo od uličnih pasa. Od serološki pozitivnih životinja, uzimani su brisevi nosne sluznice i pregledani upo- rabom RT-PCR metode. Prisuće nukleinske kiseline od Cp. psittaci nije potvrđena niti u jednoj od životinja

The Statute of Šibenik on animals, animal products, shepherds and ponds

Šibenski statut ima 776 poglavlja (Prva knjiga ima 53 poglavlja, Druga knjiga 82 poglavlja, Treća knjiga 71 poglavlje, Četvrta knjiga 90 poglavlja, Peta knjiga 53 poglavlja, Šesta knjiga 133 poglavlja i Knjiga reformacija 294 poglavlja) od čega 56 poglavlja (7,2%) otpada na zakonodavne odredbe vezane za životinje, proizvode životinjskog podrijetla, krađe i štete na životinjama i sa životinjama, pastire, lokve i dr. Prva knjiga ima 12 poglavlja (33., 35., 36., 37., 38., 39., 40., 41., 42., 43., 44., 45.) Druga, Treća i Peta knjiga nemaju ni jedno poglavlje navedene tematike, dok Četvrta knjiga ima 7 poglavlja (3., 78., 79., 80., 81., 82., 83.), Šesta 12 poglavlja (58., 98., 99., 100., 101., 102., 103., 106., 122., 123., 127., 129.) i Knjiga reformacija 25 poglavlja (9., 15., 17., 29., 30., 31., 36., 38., 52., 55., 57., 58., 59., 67., 85., 87., 108., 206., 232., 245., 250., 254., 256., 269. i 273.). U Prvoj knjizi svih 12 poglavlja odnosi se na proizvode životinjskog podrijetla, to jest na meso. U Četvrtoj knjizi pet se poglavlja odnosi na životinje, a dva poglavlja na pastire. U Šestoj knjizi devet poglavlja odnosi se na životinje, dva poglavlja na pastire i jedno na proizvode životinjskog podrijetla. U Knjizi reformacija 18 poglavlja odnosi se na životinje, sedam poglavlja na proizvode životinjskog podrijetla i ribu te jedno poglavlje na lokve. Iz navedenoga proizlazi da je životinjama i svemu u vezi s njima posvećeno 31 poglavlje, proizvodima 20, pastirima četiri i lokvama jedno poglavlje.The Statute of Šibenik is divided into 776 chapters (the first book - 53 chapters, the second book - 82 chapters, the third book - 71 chapters, the fourth book - 90 chapters, the fifth book - 53 chapters, the sixth book - 133 chapters, and the book of Reformation - 249 chapters) and from a total of all the chapters in all the books 56 (7.2%) chapters are about animals, animal products, theft and damage to animals and by animals, shepherds, ponds, etc. The first book has 12 chapters (33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, and 45). The second, third and fifth books do not have any chapters about these topics, while the fourth book has seven chapters (3, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82 and 83). The sixth has 12 chapters (58, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 106, 122, 123, 127, 129) and the book of reformation - 25 chapters (9, 15, 17, 29, 30, 31, 36, 38, 52, 55, 57, 58, 59, 67, 85, 87, 108, 206, 232, 245, 250, 254, 256, 269 and 273). In the first book, all 12 chapters refer to products of animal origin, namely meat. In the fourth book, five chapters refer to animals, and two chapters to shepherds. In the sixth book, nine chapters refer to animals, two chapters to shepherds and one to products of animal origin. In the book of reformation, 18 chapters refer to animals, seven chapters to animal products and fish, and one chapter to ponds. From the above it follows that 31 chapters are devoted to animals and everything connected to them , 20 to animal products, 4 o shepherds and a single chapter to ponds

The Statute of Dubrovnik (1272) on animals and animal products and veterinary service in the old city of Dubrovnik

Statut grada Dubrovnika iz 1272. g. ima osam knjiga i ukupno 484 glave – članka (Prva knjiga ima 34 glave, Druga knjiga 33, Treća knjiga 58, Četvrta knjiga 80, Peta knjiga 45, Šesta knjiga 68, Sedma knjiga 67 i Osma knjiga 99) od čega na životinje i proizvode životinjskog podrijetla otpada 19 glava (3,92%). U Trećoj i Petoj knjizi uopće se ne govori o životinjama i proizvodima životinjskog podrijetla, u Prvoj knjizi govori se u 12 glava, u Drugoj i Sedmoj u jednoj glavi, u Šestoj u tri glave te u Osmoj knjizi u dvije glave. Najveći broj glava posvećen je ribarenju, ribarima i njihovoj obvezi davanja knezu, njegovu zamjeniku, prokaraturima, glavnom majstoru crkve i drugima. U starom Dubrovniku veterinar empirik spominje se od 1364. g. pod različitim nazivima. Plaća običnih konjušara bila je od 100 do 120 perpera godišnje uz besplatan stan, radionicu te mogućnost naplaćivanja svojih usluga općini i privatnicima. Imali su i monopol na izrađivanje potkova i čavala, tj. bili su plaćeni za obvezan boravak u Dubrovniku i stajanje na raspolaganju općini i svim privatnicima. Od liječenja konja spominje se jedna usluga, i to puštanje krvi koje se plaćalo jedan groš po konju. Usluga potkivanja za sva četiri ekstremiteta naplaćivala se od 4 do 6 groša, a nove potkove za četiri ekstremiteta odgovarajućim čavlima koštale su 3 groša.The Statute of Dubrovnik from 1272 is divided into eight statute books and have total of 484 chapters (the first book - 34 chapters, the second book - 33 chapters, the third book - 58 chapters, the fourth book - 80 chapters, the fifth book - 45 chapters, the sixth book - 68 chapters, the seventh – 67 and eighth - 99 chapters) and from a total of all chapters in all of the books 19 (3.92%) chapters are about animals and animal products. The third and fifth books aren’t about animals and animal products unlike 12 chapters in the first, one chapter in the second and third, three chapters in the sixth and two in the eight book. The largest number of chapters are dedicated to fishing, fishermen and their obligation to the prince, his deputy, procurators, and the main church master and to others. In the old Dubrovnik the veterinarian empiricist are mentioned in 1364 under different names. The salary of ordinary grooms was 100-120 perpers per year including a free apartment, workshop and the possibility of charging for their services to municipality and private individuals. They had also the monopoly on making horseshoes and nails ie they were paid for mandatory accommodation in Dubrovnik and to be at disposal to municipality and private individuals. From all the treatment of horses one service, the bloodletting, is mentioned which was paid one groat per horse. The farrier’s service for all four limbs are charged 4-6 groats, and new horseshoes for four limbs with appropriate nails are cost three groats