WHY IS IT HARD TO BE DIFFERENT?

The aim of the article titled "Why is it difficult to be different?" is to analyze the matter of “Living rights and educational rights of the disabled students”, which is hushed up although frequently witnessed in our living quarters, through a real life scenario. It also aims to emphasize that it is necessary to identify the responsible ones for the problems experienced by autistic students and their families and the situation caused by those who are reported in news in the printed media, and to point out enforcement of laws thereof. In this article, descriptive survey method was used as a method. The concepts of booing, autistic, student and scandal in Aksaray are discussed after searching for them in newspapers, websites and television news. As evidenced in the recent incident in Turkey, the lack of primary-school inclusive educational support in mainstream education services is a major drawback. The effects of the said drawback are amplified by the inadequate knowledge and experience of the teachers who are assigned therein regarding the education of children with disabilities, and their negative attitudes. The school principal and his assistant, who were responsible for the booing of autistic students in Aksaray, are dismissed from their administrative positions. Mukhtar, Director of National Education, Governor, and Minister of National Education may have difficulty to perform their duties with peace of mind and a clear conscience after this event. Thereafter, such events will happen again, but the officers will be worried about being dismissed.  Article visualizations

THE COMMUNAL EFFECTS OF BET MATCH FIXING IN FOOTBALL

The bet match fixing scandals that started to affect European football in 2009 comprised Europe and Asia countries. The bet match fixing scandal, started in the bottom of the league in 2010, arose in 2011 in Spor Toto Super League and turned the market upside down. In the investigation of bet chicanery in which unethical behaviors were to be determined; club leaders, managers, technical directors, journalists, football players, national players and many fans were investigated and some were even arrested. This study, investigating how bet chicanery scandal effects social morality, included a questionnaire of 33 questions, 7 of which considering independent variables and 26 considering bet players’ betting status and their point of view. In this study in which the titles “Football from Past to Present in Turkey”, “Bet from Past to Present in Turkey” and “Mach Fixing Past to Present in Turkey” were considered, we can see Turkish people’s betting statistics, their perspective of football clubs, attitudes towards these clubs and social effects about bet match fixing.  Article visualizations

Numerical Study of Chipless Tags for Radio-Frequency-Identification (RFID) Applications

We present a numerical investigation of effective chipless tags for radio-frequency-identification (RFID) applications. Chipless tags have been introduced recently as alternatives to standard tags with microchips. While they can significantly reduce the overall cost of RFID systems by eliminating microchips and procedures to mount them on tags, chipless tags bring new challenges, especially in terms of identification reliability. We focus on tag structures that consist of resonators and consider alternative scenarios to find out potential misidentification cases. We also present the robustness of resonator-type elements in terms of fabrication errors, as well as array strategies to significantly increase electromagnetic responses of tags at the cost of reduced compactness

AFFECTING FACTORS OF THE PARTICIPATION OF VISUALLY IMPAIRED ATHLETES IN SPORTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL THEORY

The aim of the study is to determine to examine the current literature concerning the dynamics that encourage participation in sportive/physical activity in visually impaired individuals about the social ecological theory offered by developmental psychologist Uri Bronfenbrenner. This theory argues that the environmental layers have an effect on the development processes of individuals. Three separate systems constitute Bronfenbrenner’s model. These are the microsystem, mesosystem and exo-system, while all of these systems can operate individually on the individual, they are also systems that can work together on the individual. The microsystem constitutes the smallest and closest environment the individual lives. In the microsystem, such as parents, friends, staff (coach, teacher, club president), school, form the micro-system layer. On the other hand, the mesosystem consists of the interactions of different microsystems of which the individual is a part. In other words, it is basically a whole consisting of different microsystems. For example, it includes the relations between an individual's home and school, peer group and family and other social institutions. The exo -system layer covers the social structures that make up the institutional impact and the variables that show the interaction with these structures, such as institutional support, legal regulations, financial support, guidance service, management and auditing. In the study, we used qualitative analysis methods and techniques. We preferred the “purposive sampling” in determining the sample group in the study. We collected data from 13 male and 1 female impaired active athletes participated in the research and the ages of these participants were in the range of 17-47 years, living in Istanbul, Turkey. We used semi-structured, open-ended questions with the thematic analysis method of data. We took notes, kept diaries and recorded all impressions with dates and times. The results of the research evidently layout that all the variables that visually impaired individuals interact throughout their lives have an impact on their participation in sports. In this context, individual well-being, family characteristics, the nature of the relationship with the geographical features of the region and adaptation to the age individuals lived showed that all the variables were in a relationship with each other like the links of the chain. Article visualizations

EFFECTS OF SPORTS TRAINING ON SOCIAL AND ACADEMIC SKILLS IN AUTISTIC INDIVIDUALS

Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an important public health problem. It refers to a developmental disability and can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges. According to the previous studies there is no precisely treatment for individuals with ASD. However, they can be improved and can be taught important skills such as expressing their feelings, overcoming their fears, developing their physical abilities and working and bonding with their peers by especially sport education. Sport education or training was implemented with 10 participants with ASD aged 5,5–29 years. One parent from each family who accompanied ten individuals with ASD during sporting events participated in this study. A standardized open-ended interview method was applied to the parents. Social Skill Interview Questions and Academic Skill Interview Questions were applied to the interviewees. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed. The purpose of the current study was to explore the effect of sports training on social and academic skills in individuals with ASD. Sport helped individual with ASD make progress in social skills such as communication, participation in the game, social relations, behavioral problems and waiting in line, body awareness and balance control, interests, following rules and instructions. On the other hand, it did not yield to the ability to transition from activity to activity and it did not contribute to a few individuals with ASD, while it contributed positively to many individuals with ASD, although some had rather slow success. In the academic skills of sports, perception studies supported skills such as preparation for first literacy, sound words and sentences, listening, relations between objects, and rhythmic counting. While it was recognized that sports contributed considerable improvement to some of the individuals in skills such as writing their own names, grammar, natural numbers, operations, and measures, unfortunately it did not help some of them in progress. It was observed that the majority of those who did not progress were younger. Sport training or education did not support to the ability to perform operations using division and calculator. Evidence suggests that sport education has ultimately a positive effect on the social and academic skills of individuals with ASD.   Article visualizations

Coordinator Organizations of the Ministries of health in the development of health tourism: Comparison of Turkey, Malaysia, and South Korea

Dünya’da önemi giderek artan, yılın 12 ayı boyunca devam edebilen ve katma değeri en yüksek turizm çeşitlerinden biri olan sağlık turizmi, ülkemizin de öncelikli gündem başlıklarından biridir. Sağlık turizmi alanında küresel rekabet üstünlüğü elde etmiş ülkelerin birçoğunda koordinatör kuruluş niteliğinde Bakanlıklara bağlı olarak çeşitli misyonlara sahip organizasyonlar oluşturulmuştur. Bu çalışmada Türkiye ile Malezya ve Güney Kore’nin benzer amaç, hedef ve vizyona sahip olan sağlık turizmi koordinatör kuruluşlarının karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma derleme niteliğindedir. Türkiye son 10 yılda özel sektörün liderliğinde medikal turizm başlığında önemli başarılar ortaya koymuştur. Devletin çeşitli başlıklarda destekleriyle medikal turizm de elde edilen başarının geliştirilmesi ve diğer sağlık turizmi kollarında da benzer başarının sergilenmesi amacıyla kurulan Uluslararası Sağlık Hizmetleri A.Ş., diğer ülke örnekleriyle de rekabet ve iş birliğini beraber yürütmeli ve başarılı uyguları ülkemizde de hayata geçirmelidir. Bu amaca hizmet edecek şekilde esas lokomotif gücü oluşturan özel sağlık sektörü ve acentelerin etkili desteklenmesi pazar liderliği hedefine ulaştırabilecektir. Bunun için sağlık sektörünün tüm paydaşları ile koordineli çalışmalar yürütülmeli, mevzuatların uluslararası geçerliliğinin sağlanması, farklı pazarlar için farklı pazarlama stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi, yurt dışında kurulacak irtibat ofisleri ile tanıtım faaliyetlerinin daha aktif bir şekilde yürütülmesi, farklı dillerde alınan veya alınması planlanan hizmetlerle ilgili kapsamlı bilgi paylaşımının yapılması, proje destekleri ve medya ödülleri ile teşviklerin yapılması gibi faaliyetler ile başarıya ulaşmak mümkün olacaktır.Health tourism, which is one of the types of tourism with the highest added value and that can continue for 12 months in the world, is one of the priority agenda topics of our country. In most of the countries that have gained a global competitive advantage in the field of health tourism, organizations with various missions have been established under the coordinator of the Health Ministries. In this study, the medical tourism with Turkey, Malaysia and South Korea aimed to compare the coordinator organizations which have similar goals, objectives, and visions. The study is a collected work. Turkey's private sector leadership in the last 10 years has demonstrated remarkable success in medical tourism title. Established with the support of the government in various headings to improve the success achieved in medical tourism and to demonstrate similar success in other health tourism branches, International Healthcare Services Incorporated Company. It should carry out competition and cooperation with other country examples and implement successful practices in our country. To serve this purpose, effective support of the private health sector and agencies, which constitute the main driving force, will be able to reach the target of market leadership. It will be possible to achieve success thanks to carrying out coordinated studies with all stakeholders of the health sector, ensuring the international validity of the legislation, developing different marketing strategies for different markets, conducting promotional activities more actively with liaison offices to be established abroad, sharing comprehensive information about services received or planned to be received in different languages, project supports and media awards and incentives

Yedinci Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Bilimsel Okuryazarlık Düzeyi ile Bazı Bilişsel Değişkenler Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

The aim of this study was to model the possible relationships between the seventh-grade students’ scientific literacy and their logical thinking abilities, cognitive styles (field-dependent/field-independent), functional mental capacities and mental rotation abilities. To that end, a theoretical model, which is believed to explain the relationship between the specified variables, was proposed and then tested by using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques. The sample of the study consisted of 823 seventh-grade students who were sampled by using the stratified random sampling method from the central districts of Ankara. The analysis of the data collected in the study supported the proposed theoretical model in the study. Based on the model, the logical thinking ability of the seventh-grade students was the only variable that directly affected the scientific literacy of the students. Field-dependent/field-independent cognitive styles affected the scientific literacy both directly and through all other cognitive variables indirectly. The functional mental capacity affected the scientific literacy both directly and through the mental rotation ability and the logical thinking ability indirectly. Mental rotation abilities affected scientific literacy both directly and through the logical thinking ability indirectly. Finally, the findings obtained from the study were compared with the research studies in the relevant field, and recommendations were presented for the researchers and practitioners of science education.Bu çalışmanın amacı, yedinci sınıf öğrencilerinin bilimsel okuryazarlık düzeyleri ile mantıksal düşünme yetenekleri, bilişsel stilleri (alan bağımlı/alan bağımsız), fonksiyonel mental kapasiteleri ve zihinsel döndürme yetenekleri arasındaki olası ilişkileri modellemektir. Bu amaçla belirtilen değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklayacağı düşünülen bir teorik model ortaya konmuş daha sonra bu model Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) teknikleri kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Ankara merkez ilçelerinden seçkisiz tabakalı örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen 823 yedinci sınıf öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada toplanan verilerin analizi araştırmada önerilen teorik modeli desteklemektedir. Modele göre, yedinci sınıf öğrencilerinin mantıksal düşünme yetenekleri öğrencilerin bilimsel okuryazarlık düzeylerini sadece doğrudan etkileyen tek değişkendir. Alan bağımlı/alan bağımsız bilişsel stiller hem doğrudan hem diğer bütün bilişsel değişkenler üzerinden dolaylı olarak bilimsel okuryazarlık düzeyini etkilemektedir. Fonksiyonel mental kapasite hem doğrudan hem de zihinsel döndürme yeteneği ve mantıksal düşünme yeteneği üzerinden dolaylı olarak bağımlı değişkeni etkilemektedir. Zihinsel döndürme yetenekleri hem doğrudan hem de sadece mantıksal düşünme yeteneği üzerinden dolaylı olarak bilimsel okuryazarlık düzeylerini etkilemektedir. Son olarak araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular, ilgili alan yazındaki araştırmalarla karşılaştırılarak, araştırmacılara ve fen eğitimi uygulayıcılarına öneriler sunulmuştur

Argümantasyon Temelli Sosyal Bilgiler Dersinde Öğrencilerin Argüman Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi

The purpose of this research is to determine the argument levels formed by students in the seventh-grade social studies course in which argumentation-based teaching is performed. The study was carried out by action research of the qualitative research methods. A total of 33 seventh-grade students including 15 male and 18 female students continuing their education in Şehit Cem Özgül Secondary School located in the central district of Adıyaman province in the academic year 2013-2014 constituted the study group of the research. Social studies course was carried out based on argumentation in the class including the study group which was assigned to achieve the purpose of the research. The "Argumentation Assessment Scale" which was developed by Erduran, Simon, and Osborne (2004) was used to determine the level of arguments formed by students depending on the problem status. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained, it was concluded that in the seventh-grade social studies course, in which argumentation-based teaching was performed, students produced arguments at Level 2 during the first activity at the most, at Level 3 during the second activity, at Level 5 during the third activity and at Level 4 during the fourth and fifth activities. This finding can be interpreted as that a positive development occurred in students' argument levels through the process and that their argument levels and quality increased. Furthermore, it was also revealed that the argument levels of students showed differences in terms of weekly activities, that students used more rebuttal in the activities to which they felt closer such as career choice and included current issues in their arguments. Based on these results, suggestions were made such as a more frequent inclusion of the activities designed in accordance with the method of argumentation in the social studies curriculum and course books, and teachers' requirement to prepare environments in which they could include students into the argumentation process.Bu araştırmanın amacı argümantasyon temelli öğretimin yapıldığı yedinci sınıf sosyal bilgiler dersinde öğrencilerin oluşturdukları argüman düzeylerini belirlemektir. Çalışma nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden eylem araştırması ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Adıyaman ili merkez ilçede bulunan Şehit Cem Özgül Ortaokulu’nda 2013-2014 eğitim-öğretim yılında eğitimlerine devam etmekte olan 15’i erkek, 18’i kız olmak üzere toplam 33 yedinci sınıf öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın amacına ulaşması için belirlenen çalışma grubunun yer aldığı sınıfta sosyal bilgiler dersi argümantasyon temelli yürütülmüştür. Problem durumuna bağlı olarak öğrencilerin oluşturdukları argümanların düzeyini belirlemek için Erduran, Simon ve Osborne (2004) tarafından geliştirilen “Argümantasyon Değerlendirme Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi sonucunda argümantasyon temelli öğretiminin yapıldığı yedinci sınıf sosyal bilgiler dersinde öğrencilerin ilk etkinlikte en fazla Düzey 2 seviyesinde, ikinci etkinlikte Düzey 3 seviyesinde, üçüncü etkinlikte Düzey 5 seviyesinde, dördüncü ve beşinci etkinliklerde ise Düzey 4 seviyesinde argüman ürettikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu bulgu öğrencilerin argüman düzeylerinde süreç boyunca olumlu bir gelişme olduğu, argüman düzeylerinin ve kalitelerinin arttığı şeklinde yorumlanabilir. Ayrıca öğrencilerin oluşturdukları argüman düzeylerinin haftalık etkinlikler açısından farklılıklar gösterdiği, özellikle öğrencilerin meslek seçimi gibi kendilerini daha yakın hissettikleri etkinliklerde daha fazla çürütücü kullandıkları, argümanlarında güncel konulara yer verdikleri de ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sonuçlardan hareketle sosyal bilgiler öğretim programında ve ders kitaplarında argümantasyon yöntemine uygun tasarlanmış etkinliklere daha fazla yer verilmesi, öğrencilerin daha fazla sayıda ve daha kaliteli argümanlar oluşturabilmeleri amacıyla öğretmenlerin argümantasyon yöntemine uygun ortamlar hazırlamaları gerektiği şeklinde önerilerde bulunulmuştur

Tissue Engineering for Skin Replacement Methods

The skin is the biggest structure of the body, and it plays a significant role in maintaining the unity of the body environment. The skin is important for the endurance of the organism as an outer coat for the thermal regulation and hydration preservation. With the intention of helping these significant utilities, the skin continually experiences regeneration and holds the capability to overhaul wound by repair and regeneration of several kinds of skin stem cells. Noteworthy, development has been accomplished throughout the recent times in the generation of engineered skin alternates which imitate human skin cells in vitro for replacement or modeling. Conversely, existing new skin alternatives do not reinstate completely the healthy skin anatomy and suffer from deficiency of natural supplements in skin covering, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and sweat glands. Improvements in stem cell biology and skin morphogenesis show significant potentials to evidently advance the engineering of skin replacements which would preferably be vague from normal skin. This chapter reviews these developments in the in vivo and in vitro techniques of engineered and manufactured skin scaffold biomaterials